[en] [en] BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Discordance between CSF and PET biomarkers of β-amyloid (Aβ) might reflect an imbalance between soluble and aggregated species, possibly reflecting disease heterogeneity. Previous studies generally used binary cutoffs to assess discrepancies in CSF/PET biomarkers, resulting in a loss of information on the extent of discordance. In this study, we (1) jointly modeled Aβ-CSF/PET data to derive a continuous measure of the imbalance between soluble and fibrillar pools of Aβ, (2) investigated factors contributing to this imbalance, and (3) examined associations with cognitive trajectories.
METHODS: Across 822 cognitively unimpaired (n = 261) and cognitively impaired (n = 561) Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative individuals (384 [46.7%] females, mean age 73.0 ± 7.4 years), we fitted baseline CSF-Aβ42 and global Aβ-PET to a hyperbolic regression model, deriving a participant-specific Aβ-aggregation score (standardized residuals); negative values represent more soluble relative to aggregated Aβ and positive values more aggregated relative to soluble Aβ. Using linear models, we investigated whether methodological factors, demographics, CSF biomarkers, and vascular burden contributed to Aβ-aggregation scores. With linear mixed models, we assessed whether Aβ-aggregation scores were predictive of cognitive functioning. Analyses were repeated in an early independent validation cohort of 383 Amyloid Imaging to Prevent Alzheimer's Disease Prognostic and Natural History Study individuals (224 [58.5%] females, mean age 65.2 ± 6.9 years).
RESULTS: The imbalance model could be fit (pseudo-R2 = 0.94) in both cohorts, across CSF kits and PET tracers. Although no associations were observed with the main methodological factors, lower Aβ-aggregation scores were associated with larger ventricular volume (β = 0.13, p < 0.001), male sex (β = -0.18, p = 0.019), and homozygous APOE-ε4 carriership (β = -0.56, p < 0.001), whereas higher scores were associated with increased uncorrected CSF p-tau (β = 0.17, p < 0.001) and t-tau (β = 0.16, p < 0.001), better baseline executive functioning (β = 0.12, p < 0.001), and slower global cognitive decline (β = 0.14, p = 0.006). In the validation cohort, we replicated the associations with APOE-ε4, CSF t-tau, and, although modestly, with cognition.
DISCUSSION: We propose a novel continuous model of Aβ CSF/PET biomarker imbalance, accurately describing heterogeneity in soluble vs aggregated Aβ pools in 2 independent cohorts across the full Aβ continuum. Aβ-aggregation scores were consistently associated with genetic and AD-associated CSF biomarkers, possibly reflecting disease heterogeneity beyond methodological influences.
Disciplines :
Neurology
Author, co-author :
Mastenbroek, Sophie E ✱; From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands, Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.E.M., G.S., O.H., R.O., L.E.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Division of Clinical Geriatrics (A.S., M. Bucci, A.K.N., E.R.-V.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Coma Science Group (A.S.), GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège, Centre du Cerveau2 (A.S.), University Hospital of Liège, Belgium, Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (M.S., G.S., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (M.S., J.D.G.), Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (M.S., J.D.G.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (M.S.), Barcelona, Spain, Brain Research Center (I.L.A.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands, IXICO (R.W.), London, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (C.R.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona (M. Boada), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Spain, Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (M. Boada), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (P.J.V., R.O.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience (P.J.V.), Neurodegeneration, Alzheimer Center Limburg (P.J.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Division of Neurogeriatrics (P.J.V.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Theme Inflammation and Aging (M. Bucci, A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, GE Healthcare (G.F.), Amersham, United Kingdom, Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden, and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), and Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, United Kingdom
Sala, Arianna ✱; Université de Liège - ULiège > GIGA > GIGA Consciousness - Coma Science Group
Vállez García, David ; From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands, Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.E.M., G.S., O.H., R.O., L.E.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Division of Clinical Geriatrics (A.S., M. Bucci, A.K.N., E.R.-V.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Coma Science Group (A.S.), GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège, Centre du Cerveau2 (A.S.), University Hospital of Liège, Belgium, Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (M.S., G.S., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (M.S., J.D.G.), Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (M.S., J.D.G.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (M.S.), Barcelona, Spain, Brain Research Center (I.L.A.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands, IXICO (R.W.), London, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (C.R.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona (M. Boada), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Spain, Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (M. Boada), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (P.J.V., R.O.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience (P.J.V.), Neurodegeneration, Alzheimer Center Limburg (P.J.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Division of Neurogeriatrics (P.J.V.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Theme Inflammation and Aging (M. Bucci, A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, GE Healthcare (G.F.), Amersham, United Kingdom, Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden, and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), and Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, United Kingdom
Shekari, Mahnaz; From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands, Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.E.M., G.S., O.H., R.O., L.E.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Division of Clinical Geriatrics (A.S., M. Bucci, A.K.N., E.R.-V.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Coma Science Group (A.S.), GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège, Centre du Cerveau2 (A.S.), University Hospital of Liège, Belgium, Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (M.S., G.S., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (M.S., J.D.G.), Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (M.S., J.D.G.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (M.S.), Barcelona, Spain, Brain Research Center (I.L.A.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands, IXICO (R.W.), London, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (C.R.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona (M. Boada), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Spain, Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (M. Boada), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (P.J.V., R.O.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience (P.J.V.), Neurodegeneration, Alzheimer Center Limburg (P.J.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Division of Neurogeriatrics (P.J.V.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Theme Inflammation and Aging (M. Bucci, A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, GE Healthcare (G.F.), Amersham, United Kingdom, Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden, and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), and Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, United Kingdom
Salvadó, Gemma; From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands, Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.E.M., G.S., O.H., R.O., L.E.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Division of Clinical Geriatrics (A.S., M. Bucci, A.K.N., E.R.-V.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Coma Science Group (A.S.), GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège, Centre du Cerveau2 (A.S.), University Hospital of Liège, Belgium, Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (M.S., G.S., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (M.S., J.D.G.), Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (M.S., J.D.G.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (M.S.), Barcelona, Spain, Brain Research Center (I.L.A.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands, IXICO (R.W.), London, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (C.R.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona (M. Boada), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Spain, Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (M. Boada), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (P.J.V., R.O.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience (P.J.V.), Neurodegeneration, Alzheimer Center Limburg (P.J.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Division of Neurogeriatrics (P.J.V.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Theme Inflammation and Aging (M. Bucci, A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, GE Healthcare (G.F.), Amersham, United Kingdom, Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden, and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), and Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, United Kingdom
Lorenzini, Luigi; From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands, Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.E.M., G.S., O.H., R.O., L.E.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Division of Clinical Geriatrics (A.S., M. Bucci, A.K.N., E.R.-V.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Coma Science Group (A.S.), GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège, Centre du Cerveau2 (A.S.), University Hospital of Liège, Belgium, Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (M.S., G.S., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (M.S., J.D.G.), Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (M.S., J.D.G.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (M.S.), Barcelona, Spain, Brain Research Center (I.L.A.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands, IXICO (R.W.), London, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (C.R.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona (M. Boada), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Spain, Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (M. Boada), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (P.J.V., R.O.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience (P.J.V.), Neurodegeneration, Alzheimer Center Limburg (P.J.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Division of Neurogeriatrics (P.J.V.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Theme Inflammation and Aging (M. Bucci, A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, GE Healthcare (G.F.), Amersham, United Kingdom, Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden, and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), and Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, United Kingdom
Pieperhoff, Leonard; From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands, Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.E.M., G.S., O.H., R.O., L.E.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Division of Clinical Geriatrics (A.S., M. Bucci, A.K.N., E.R.-V.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Coma Science Group (A.S.), GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège, Centre du Cerveau2 (A.S.), University Hospital of Liège, Belgium, Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (M.S., G.S., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (M.S., J.D.G.), Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (M.S., J.D.G.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (M.S.), Barcelona, Spain, Brain Research Center (I.L.A.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands, IXICO (R.W.), London, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (C.R.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona (M. Boada), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Spain, Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (M. Boada), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (P.J.V., R.O.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience (P.J.V.), Neurodegeneration, Alzheimer Center Limburg (P.J.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Division of Neurogeriatrics (P.J.V.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Theme Inflammation and Aging (M. Bucci, A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, GE Healthcare (G.F.), Amersham, United Kingdom, Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden, and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), and Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, United Kingdom
Wink, Alle Meije ; From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands, Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.E.M., G.S., O.H., R.O., L.E.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Division of Clinical Geriatrics (A.S., M. Bucci, A.K.N., E.R.-V.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Coma Science Group (A.S.), GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège, Centre du Cerveau2 (A.S.), University Hospital of Liège, Belgium, Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (M.S., G.S., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (M.S., J.D.G.), Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (M.S., J.D.G.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (M.S.), Barcelona, Spain, Brain Research Center (I.L.A.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands, IXICO (R.W.), London, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (C.R.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona (M. Boada), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Spain, Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (M. Boada), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (P.J.V., R.O.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience (P.J.V.), Neurodegeneration, Alzheimer Center Limburg (P.J.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Division of Neurogeriatrics (P.J.V.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Theme Inflammation and Aging (M. Bucci, A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, GE Healthcare (G.F.), Amersham, United Kingdom, Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden, and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), and Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, United Kingdom
Lopes Alves, Isadora; From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands, Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.E.M., G.S., O.H., R.O., L.E.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Division of Clinical Geriatrics (A.S., M. Bucci, A.K.N., E.R.-V.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Coma Science Group (A.S.), GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège, Centre du Cerveau2 (A.S.), University Hospital of Liège, Belgium, Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (M.S., G.S., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (M.S., J.D.G.), Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (M.S., J.D.G.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (M.S.), Barcelona, Spain, Brain Research Center (I.L.A.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands, IXICO (R.W.), London, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (C.R.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona (M. Boada), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Spain, Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (M. Boada), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (P.J.V., R.O.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience (P.J.V.), Neurodegeneration, Alzheimer Center Limburg (P.J.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Division of Neurogeriatrics (P.J.V.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Theme Inflammation and Aging (M. Bucci, A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, GE Healthcare (G.F.), Amersham, United Kingdom, Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden, and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), and Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, United Kingdom
Wolz, Robin; From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands, Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.E.M., G.S., O.H., R.O., L.E.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Division of Clinical Geriatrics (A.S., M. Bucci, A.K.N., E.R.-V.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Coma Science Group (A.S.), GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège, Centre du Cerveau2 (A.S.), University Hospital of Liège, Belgium, Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (M.S., G.S., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (M.S., J.D.G.), Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (M.S., J.D.G.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (M.S.), Barcelona, Spain, Brain Research Center (I.L.A.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands, IXICO (R.W.), London, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (C.R.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona (M. Boada), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Spain, Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (M. Boada), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (P.J.V., R.O.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience (P.J.V.), Neurodegeneration, Alzheimer Center Limburg (P.J.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Division of Neurogeriatrics (P.J.V.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Theme Inflammation and Aging (M. Bucci, A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, GE Healthcare (G.F.), Amersham, United Kingdom, Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden, and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), and Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, United Kingdom
Ritchie, Craig; From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands, Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.E.M., G.S., O.H., R.O., L.E.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Division of Clinical Geriatrics (A.S., M. Bucci, A.K.N., E.R.-V.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Coma Science Group (A.S.), GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège, Centre du Cerveau2 (A.S.), University Hospital of Liège, Belgium, Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (M.S., G.S., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (M.S., J.D.G.), Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (M.S., J.D.G.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (M.S.), Barcelona, Spain, Brain Research Center (I.L.A.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands, IXICO (R.W.), London, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (C.R.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona (M. Boada), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Spain, Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (M. Boada), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (P.J.V., R.O.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience (P.J.V.), Neurodegeneration, Alzheimer Center Limburg (P.J.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Division of Neurogeriatrics (P.J.V.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Theme Inflammation and Aging (M. Bucci, A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, GE Healthcare (G.F.), Amersham, United Kingdom, Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden, and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), and Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, United Kingdom
Boada, Mercè ; From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands, Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.E.M., G.S., O.H., R.O., L.E.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Division of Clinical Geriatrics (A.S., M. Bucci, A.K.N., E.R.-V.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Coma Science Group (A.S.), GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège, Centre du Cerveau2 (A.S.), University Hospital of Liège, Belgium, Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (M.S., G.S., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (M.S., J.D.G.), Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (M.S., J.D.G.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (M.S.), Barcelona, Spain, Brain Research Center (I.L.A.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands, IXICO (R.W.), London, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (C.R.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona (M. Boada), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Spain, Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (M. Boada), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (P.J.V., R.O.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience (P.J.V.), Neurodegeneration, Alzheimer Center Limburg (P.J.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Division of Neurogeriatrics (P.J.V.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Theme Inflammation and Aging (M. Bucci, A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, GE Healthcare (G.F.), Amersham, United Kingdom, Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden, and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), and Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, United Kingdom
Visser, Pieter Jelle ; From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands, Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.E.M., G.S., O.H., R.O., L.E.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Division of Clinical Geriatrics (A.S., M. Bucci, A.K.N., E.R.-V.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Coma Science Group (A.S.), GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège, Centre du Cerveau2 (A.S.), University Hospital of Liège, Belgium, Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (M.S., G.S., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (M.S., J.D.G.), Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (M.S., J.D.G.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (M.S.), Barcelona, Spain, Brain Research Center (I.L.A.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands, IXICO (R.W.), London, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (C.R.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona (M. Boada), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Spain, Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (M. Boada), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (P.J.V., R.O.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience (P.J.V.), Neurodegeneration, Alzheimer Center Limburg (P.J.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Division of Neurogeriatrics (P.J.V.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Theme Inflammation and Aging (M. Bucci, A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, GE Healthcare (G.F.), Amersham, United Kingdom, Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden, and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), and Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, United Kingdom
Bucci, Marco; From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands, Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.E.M., G.S., O.H., R.O., L.E.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Division of Clinical Geriatrics (A.S., M. Bucci, A.K.N., E.R.-V.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Coma Science Group (A.S.), GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège, Centre du Cerveau2 (A.S.), University Hospital of Liège, Belgium, Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (M.S., G.S., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (M.S., J.D.G.), Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (M.S., J.D.G.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (M.S.), Barcelona, Spain, Brain Research Center (I.L.A.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands, IXICO (R.W.), London, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (C.R.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona (M. Boada), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Spain, Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (M. Boada), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (P.J.V., R.O.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience (P.J.V.), Neurodegeneration, Alzheimer Center Limburg (P.J.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Division of Neurogeriatrics (P.J.V.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Theme Inflammation and Aging (M. Bucci, A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, GE Healthcare (G.F.), Amersham, United Kingdom, Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden, and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), and Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, United Kingdom
Farrar, Gill ; From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands, Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.E.M., G.S., O.H., R.O., L.E.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Division of Clinical Geriatrics (A.S., M. Bucci, A.K.N., E.R.-V.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Coma Science Group (A.S.), GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège, Centre du Cerveau2 (A.S.), University Hospital of Liège, Belgium, Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (M.S., G.S., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (M.S., J.D.G.), Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (M.S., J.D.G.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (M.S.), Barcelona, Spain, Brain Research Center (I.L.A.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands, IXICO (R.W.), London, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (C.R.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona (M. Boada), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Spain, Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (M. Boada), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (P.J.V., R.O.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience (P.J.V.), Neurodegeneration, Alzheimer Center Limburg (P.J.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Division of Neurogeriatrics (P.J.V.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Theme Inflammation and Aging (M. Bucci, A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, GE Healthcare (G.F.), Amersham, United Kingdom, Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden, and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), and Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, United Kingdom
Hansson, Oskar ; From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands, Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.E.M., G.S., O.H., R.O., L.E.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Division of Clinical Geriatrics (A.S., M. Bucci, A.K.N., E.R.-V.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Coma Science Group (A.S.), GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège, Centre du Cerveau2 (A.S.), University Hospital of Liège, Belgium, Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (M.S., G.S., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (M.S., J.D.G.), Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (M.S., J.D.G.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (M.S.), Barcelona, Spain, Brain Research Center (I.L.A.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands, IXICO (R.W.), London, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (C.R.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona (M. Boada), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Spain, Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (M. Boada), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (P.J.V., R.O.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience (P.J.V.), Neurodegeneration, Alzheimer Center Limburg (P.J.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Division of Neurogeriatrics (P.J.V.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Theme Inflammation and Aging (M. Bucci, A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, GE Healthcare (G.F.), Amersham, United Kingdom, Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden, and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), and Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, United Kingdom
Nordberg, Agneta K ; From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands, Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.E.M., G.S., O.H., R.O., L.E.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Division of Clinical Geriatrics (A.S., M. Bucci, A.K.N., E.R.-V.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Coma Science Group (A.S.), GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège, Centre du Cerveau2 (A.S.), University Hospital of Liège, Belgium, Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (M.S., G.S., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (M.S., J.D.G.), Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (M.S., J.D.G.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (M.S.), Barcelona, Spain, Brain Research Center (I.L.A.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands, IXICO (R.W.), London, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (C.R.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona (M. Boada), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Spain, Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (M. Boada), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (P.J.V., R.O.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience (P.J.V.), Neurodegeneration, Alzheimer Center Limburg (P.J.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Division of Neurogeriatrics (P.J.V.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Theme Inflammation and Aging (M. Bucci, A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, GE Healthcare (G.F.), Amersham, United Kingdom, Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden, and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), and Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, United Kingdom
Ossenkoppele, Rik ; From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands, Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.E.M., G.S., O.H., R.O., L.E.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Division of Clinical Geriatrics (A.S., M. Bucci, A.K.N., E.R.-V.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Coma Science Group (A.S.), GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège, Centre du Cerveau2 (A.S.), University Hospital of Liège, Belgium, Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (M.S., G.S., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (M.S., J.D.G.), Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (M.S., J.D.G.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (M.S.), Barcelona, Spain, Brain Research Center (I.L.A.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands, IXICO (R.W.), London, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (C.R.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona (M. Boada), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Spain, Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (M. Boada), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (P.J.V., R.O.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience (P.J.V.), Neurodegeneration, Alzheimer Center Limburg (P.J.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Division of Neurogeriatrics (P.J.V.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Theme Inflammation and Aging (M. Bucci, A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, GE Healthcare (G.F.), Amersham, United Kingdom, Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden, and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), and Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, United Kingdom
Barkhof, Frederik ; From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands, Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.E.M., G.S., O.H., R.O., L.E.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Division of Clinical Geriatrics (A.S., M. Bucci, A.K.N., E.R.-V.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Coma Science Group (A.S.), GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège, Centre du Cerveau2 (A.S.), University Hospital of Liège, Belgium, Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (M.S., G.S., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (M.S., J.D.G.), Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (M.S., J.D.G.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (M.S.), Barcelona, Spain, Brain Research Center (I.L.A.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands, IXICO (R.W.), London, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (C.R.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona (M. Boada), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Spain, Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (M. Boada), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (P.J.V., R.O.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience (P.J.V.), Neurodegeneration, Alzheimer Center Limburg (P.J.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Division of Neurogeriatrics (P.J.V.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Theme Inflammation and Aging (M. Bucci, A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, GE Healthcare (G.F.), Amersham, United Kingdom, Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden, and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), and Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, United Kingdom
Gispert, Juan Domingo ; From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands, Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.E.M., G.S., O.H., R.O., L.E.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Division of Clinical Geriatrics (A.S., M. Bucci, A.K.N., E.R.-V.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Coma Science Group (A.S.), GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège, Centre du Cerveau2 (A.S.), University Hospital of Liège, Belgium, Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (M.S., G.S., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (M.S., J.D.G.), Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (M.S., J.D.G.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (M.S.), Barcelona, Spain, Brain Research Center (I.L.A.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands, IXICO (R.W.), London, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (C.R.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona (M. Boada), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Spain, Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (M. Boada), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (P.J.V., R.O.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience (P.J.V.), Neurodegeneration, Alzheimer Center Limburg (P.J.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Division of Neurogeriatrics (P.J.V.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Theme Inflammation and Aging (M. Bucci, A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, GE Healthcare (G.F.), Amersham, United Kingdom, Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden, and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), and Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, United Kingdom
Rodriguez-Vieitez, Elena ✱; From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands, Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.E.M., G.S., O.H., R.O., L.E.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Division of Clinical Geriatrics (A.S., M. Bucci, A.K.N., E.R.-V.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Coma Science Group (A.S.), GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège, Centre du Cerveau2 (A.S.), University Hospital of Liège, Belgium, Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (M.S., G.S., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (M.S., J.D.G.), Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (M.S., J.D.G.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (M.S.), Barcelona, Spain, Brain Research Center (I.L.A.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands, IXICO (R.W.), London, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (C.R.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona (M. Boada), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Spain, Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (M. Boada), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (P.J.V., R.O.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience (P.J.V.), Neurodegeneration, Alzheimer Center Limburg (P.J.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Division of Neurogeriatrics (P.J.V.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Theme Inflammation and Aging (M. Bucci, A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, GE Healthcare (G.F.), Amersham, United Kingdom, Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden, and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), and Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, United Kingdom
Collij, Lyduine E ✱; From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands, Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.E.M., G.S., O.H., R.O., L.E.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Division of Clinical Geriatrics (A.S., M. Bucci, A.K.N., E.R.-V.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Coma Science Group (A.S.), GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège, Centre du Cerveau2 (A.S.), University Hospital of Liège, Belgium, Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (M.S., G.S., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (M.S., J.D.G.), Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (M.S., J.D.G.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (M.S.), Barcelona, Spain, Brain Research Center (I.L.A.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands, IXICO (R.W.), London, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (C.R.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona (M. Boada), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Spain, Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (M. Boada), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (P.J.V., R.O.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience (P.J.V.), Neurodegeneration, Alzheimer Center Limburg (P.J.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands, Division of Neurogeriatrics (P.J.V.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Theme Inflammation and Aging (M. Bucci, A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, GE Healthcare (G.F.), Amersham, United Kingdom, Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden, and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), and Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, United Kingdom
Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative on behalf of the AMYPAD consortium
This work used data from AMYPAD PNHS that has received funding from the Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking under grant agreement no. 115952. This Joint Undertaking received support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme and EFPIA. This communication reflects the views of the authors and neither IMI nor the European Union and EFPIA are liable for any use that may be made of the information contained herein. Data collection and sharing for this project was funded by the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) (NIH Grant U01 AG024904) and DOD ADNI (Department of Defense award number W81XWH-12-2-0012). ADNI is funded by the National Institute on Aging, the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, and through generous contributions from the following: AbbVie, Alzheimer's Association; Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation; Araclon Biotech; BioClinica, Inc.; Biogen; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; CereSpir, Inc.; Cogstate; Eisai Inc.; Elan Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Eli Lilly and Company; EuroImmun; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd and its affiliated company Genentech, Inc.; Fujirebio; GE Healthcare; IXICO Ltd.; Janssen Alzheimer Immunotherapy Research & Development, LLC; Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development LLC; Lumosity; Lundbeck; Merck & Co., Inc.; Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC; NeuroRx Research; Neurotrack Technologies; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; Pfizer Inc.; Piramal Imaging; Servier; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company; and Transition Therapeutics. The Canadian Institutes of Health Research is providing funds to support ADNI clinical sites in Canada. Private sector contributions are facilitated by the Foundation for the NIH (fnih.org). The grantee organization is the Northern California Institute for Research and Education, and the study is coordinated by the Alzheimer's Therapeutic Research Institute at the University of Southern California. ADNI data are disseminated by the Laboratory for Neuro Imaging at the University of Southern California. Study Funding Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking, 115952.This work used data from AMYPAD PNHS that has received funding from the Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking under grant agreement no. 115952. This Joint Undertaking received support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme and EFPIA. This communication reflects the views of the authors and neither IMI nor the European Union and EFPIA are liable for any use that may be made of the information contained herein. Data collection and sharing for this project was funded by the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) (NIH Grant U01 AG024904) and DOD ADNI (Department of Defense award number W81XWH-12-2-0012). ADNI is funded by the National Institute on Aging, the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, and through generous contributions from the following: AbbVie, Alzheimer's Association; Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation; Araclon Biotech; BioClinica, Inc.; Biogen; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; CereSpir, Inc.; Cogstate; Eisai Inc.; Elan Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Eli Lilly and Company; EuroImmun; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd and its affiliated company Genentech, Inc.; Fujirebio; GE Healthcare; IXICO Ltd.; Janssen Alzheimer Immunotherapy Research & Development, LLC; Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development LLC; Lumosity; Lundbeck; Merck & Co., Inc.; Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC; NeuroRx Research; Neurotrack Technologies; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; Pfizer Inc.; Piramal Imaging; Servier; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company; and Transition Therapeutics. The Canadian Institutes of Health Research is providing funds to support ADNI clinical sites in Canada. Private sector contributions are facilitated by the Foundation for the NIH ( fnih.org ). The grantee organization is the Northern California Institute for Research and Education, and the study is coordinated by the Alzheimer's Therapeutic Research Institute at the University of Southern California. ADNI data are disseminated by the Laboratory for Neuro Imaging at the University of Southern California.
Mattsson N, Insel PS, Donohue M, et al. Independent information from cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-β and florbetapir imaging in Alzheimer's disease. Brain. 2015;138(pt 3): 772-783. doi:10.1093/brain/awu367
Sala A, Nordberg A, Rodriguez-Vieitez E; Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Longitudinal pathways of cerebrospinal fluid and positron emission tomography biomarkers of amyloid-β positivity. Mol Psychiatry. 2021;26(10):5864-5874. doi: 10.1038/s41380-020-00950-w
Jiang C, Wang Q, Xie S, et al. β-Amyloid discordance of cerebrospinal fluid and positron emission tomography imaging shows distinct spatial tau patterns. Brain Commun. 2022;4(2):fcac084. doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcac084
Reimand J, de Wilde A, Teunissen CE, et al. PET and CSF amyloid-β status are differently predicted by patient features: information from discordant cases. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2019;11(1):100. doi:10.1186/s13195-019-0561-5
Roberts BR, Lind M, Wagen AZ, et al. Biochemically-defined pools of amyloid-β in sporadic Alzheimer's disease: correlation with amyloid PET. Brain. 2017;140(5): 1486-1498. doi:10.1093/brain/awx057
de Wilde A, Reimand J, Teunissen CE, et al. Discordant amyloid-β PET and CSF biomarkers and its clinical consequences. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2019;11(1):78. doi: 10.1186/s13195-019-0532-x
Reimand J, Collij L, Scheltens P, Bouwman F, Ossenkoppele R; Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Association of amyloid-β CSF/PET discordance and tau load 5 years later. Neurology. 2020;95(19):e2648-e2657. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000010739
Toledo JB, Bjerke M, Da X, et al. Nonlinear association between cerebrospinal fluid and florbetapir F-18 β-amyloid measures across the spectrum of Alzheimer disease. JAMA Neurol. 2015;72(5):571-581. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.4829
Doecke JD, Rembach A, Villemagne VL, et al. Concordance between cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers with Alzheimer's disease pathology between three independent assay platforms. J Alzheimers Dis. 2018;61(1):169-183. doi:10.3233/JAD-170128
Hansson O, Seibyl J, Stomrud E, et al. CSF biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease concord with amyloid-β PET and predict clinical progression: a study of fully automated immunoassays in BioFINDER and ADNI cohorts. Alzheimers Dement. 2018;14(11): 1470-1481. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2018.01.010
Spallazzi M, Barocco F, Michelini G, et al. CSF biomarkers and amyloid PET: concordance and diagnostic accuracy in a MCI cohort. Acta Neurol Belg. 2019;119(3): 445-452. doi:10.1007/s13760-019-01112-8
Zwan M, van Harten A, Ossenkoppele R, et al. Concordance between cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers and [11C]PIB PET in amemory clinic cohort. J AlzheimersDis. 2014; 41(3):801-807. doi:10.3233/JAD-132561
Zwan MD, Rinne JO, Hasselbalch SG, et al. Use of amyloid-PET to determine cutpoints for CSF markers: a multicenter study. Neurology. 2016;86(1):50-58. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000002081
Lopes Alves I, Collij LE, Altomare D, et al. Quantitative amyloid PET in Alzheimer's disease: the AMYPAD prognostic and natural history study. Alzheimers Dement. 2020; 16(5):750-758. doi:10.1002/alz.12069
Korecka M, Shaw LM. Mass spectrometry-based methods for robust measurement of Alzheimer's disease biomarkers in biological fluids. J Neurochem. 2021;159(2): 211-233. doi:10.1111/jnc.15465
Ritchie CW, Molinuevo JL, Truyen L, Satlin A, Van der Geyten S, Lovestone S; European Prevention of Alzheimer's Dementia EPAD Consortium. Development of interventions for the secondary prevention of Alzheimer's dementia: the European Prevention of Alzheimer's Dementia (EPAD) project. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3(2): 179-186. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00454-X
Molinuevo JL, GramuntN, Gispert JD, et al. The ALFA project: a research platform to identify early pathophysiological features of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement (NY). 2016;2:82-92. doi:10.1016/j.trci.2016.02.003
Rodriguez-Gomez O, Sanabria A, Perez-Cordon A, et al. FACEHBI: a prospective study of risk factors, biomarkers and cognition in a cohort of individuals with subjective cognitive decline. Study rationale and research protocols. J Prev Alzheimers Dis. 2017;4(2):100-108. doi:10.14283/jpad.2016.122
Korecka M, Waligorska T, Figurski M, et al. Qualification of a surrogate matrix-based absolute quantification method for amyloid-β42 in human cerebrospinal fluid using 2D UPLC-tandem mass spectrometry. J Alzheimers Dis. 2014;41(2):441-451. doi: 10.3233/JAD-132489
Olsson A, Vanderstichele H, Andreasen N, et al. Simultaneous measurement of beta-amyloid(1-42), total tau, and phosphorylated tau (Thr181) in cerebrospinal fluid by the xMAP technology. Clin Chem. 2005;51(2):336-345. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2004.039347
Orellana A, García-González P, Valero S, et al. Establishing in-house cutoffs of CSF Alzheimer's disease biomarkers for the AT(N) stratification of the Alzheimer Center Barcelona Cohort. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(13):6891. doi:10.3390/ijms23136891, .
Ritchie CW, Muniz-Terrera G, Kivipelto M, et al. The European Prevention of Alzheimer's Dementia (EPAD) longitudinal cohort study: baseline data release V500.0. J Prevent Alzheimers Dis. 2020;7(1):8-13. doi:10.14283/jpad.2019.46
Bittner T, Zetterberg H, Teunissen CE, et al. Technical performance of a novel, fully automated electrochemiluminescence immunoassay for the quantitation of β-amyloid (1-42) in human cerebrospinal fluid. Alzheimers Dement. 2016;12(5):517-526. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2015.09.009
Milà-Alomà M, Ashton NJ, Shekari M, et al. Plasma p-tau231 and p-tau217 as state markers of amyloid-β pathology in preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Nat Med. 2022; 28(9):1797-1801. doi:10.1038/s41591-022-01925-w
Saunders TS, Jenkins N, Blennow K, Ritchie C, Muniz-Terrera G. Interactions between apolipoprotein E, sex, and amyloid-beta on cerebrospinal fluid p-tau levels in the European prevention of Alzheimer's dementia longitudinal cohort study (EPAD LCS). EBioMedicine. 2022;83:104241. doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104241
Landau SM, LuM, Joshi AD, et al. Comparing positron emission tomography imaging and cerebrospinal fluid measurements of β-amyloid. Ann Neurol. 2013;74(6):826-836. doi:10.1002/ana.23908
Klunk WE, Koeppe RA, Price JC, et al. The Centiloid Project: standardizing quantitative amyloid plaque estimation by PET. Alzheimers Dement. 2015;11:1-15.e154. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2014.07.003
Barthel H, Gertz HJ, Dresel S, et al. Cerebral amyloid-β PET with florbetaben (18F) in patients with Alzheimer's disease and healthy controls: a multicentre phase 2 diagnostic study. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10(5):424-435. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70077-1
Curtis C, Gamez JE, Singh U, et al. Phase 3 trial of flutemetamol labeled with radioactive fluorine 18 imaging and neuritic plaque density. JAMA Neurol. 2015;72: 287-294. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.4144
Shekari M, Verwer E, Yaqub M, et al. Harmonization of brain PET images in multicenter PET studies using Hoffman phantomscan. EJNMMI Phys. 2023;10(1):68. doi: 10.1186/s40658-023-00588-x
ShekariM, Niñerola-Baizán A, Salvadó G, et al. Harmonization of amyloid PET scans minimizes the impact of reconstruction parameters on centiloid values: Neuroimaging/Optimal neuroimaging measures for tracking disease progression. Alzheimers Dement. 2020;16(S4). doi:10.1002/alz.045294
Jack CR Jr, Bernstein MA, Fox NC, et al. The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI): MRI methods. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2008;27(4):685-691. doi: 10.1002/jmri.21049
DeCarli CMP, Fletcher E. Four Tissue Segmentation in ADNI II. 2013. Accessed July 3, 2023. alz.washington.edu/WEB/adni-proto.pdf.
Lorenzini L, Ingala S, Wink AM, et al. The Open-Access European Prevention of Alzheimer's Dementia (EPAD) MRI dataset and processing workflow. Neuroimage Clin. 2022;35:103106. doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103106
Milà-Alomà M, Brinkmalm A, Ashton NJ, et al. CSF synaptic biomarkers in the preclinical stage of Alzheimer disease and their association with MRI and PET: a cross-sectional study. Neurology. 2021;97(21):e2065-e2078. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000012853
Ortega G, Espinosa A, Alegret M, et al. Combination of white matter hyperintensities and Aβ burden is related to cognitive composites domain scores in subjective cognitive decline: the FACEHBI cohort. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2021;13(1):141. doi: 10.1186/s13195-021-00877-6
Crane PK, Carle A, Gibbons LE, et al. Development and assessment of a composite score for memory in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). Brain Imaging Behav. 2012;6(4):502-516. doi:10.1007/s11682-012-9186-z
Gibbons LE, Carle AC, Mackin RS, et al. A composite score for executive functioning, validated in Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) participants with baseline mild cognitive impairment. Brain Imaging Behav. 2012;6(4):517-527. doi: 10.1007/s11682-012-9176-1
RCoreTeam. RStudio: Integrated Development for R. RStudio, Inc., 2015;42:84. rstudio.com.
Janelidze S, Zetterberg H, Mattsson N, et al. CSF Aβ42/Aβ40 and Aβ42/Aβ38 ratios: better diagnostic markers of Alzheimer disease. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2016;3: 154-165. doi:10.1002/acn3.274
Cacciaglia R, Salvadó G, Molinuevo JL, et al. Age, sex and APOE-e4 modify the balance between soluble and fibrillar β-amyloid in non-demented individuals: topographical patterns across two independent cohorts. Mol Psychiatry. 2022;27(4): 2010-2018. doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01436-7
Buckley RF, Mormino EC, Chhatwal J, et al. Associations between baseline amyloid, sex, and APOE on subsequent tau accumulation in cerebrospinal fluid. Neurobiol Aging. 2019;78:178-185. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.02.019
Wang J, Wang M, Ren S, et al. The effect of gender and APOE ϵ4 status on brain amyloid-β deposition in different age groups of mild cognitively impaired individuals: a PET-CT study. J Alzheimers Dis. 2023;94(2):763-775. doi:10.3233/JAD-221166
Karlsson L, Vogel J, Arvidsson I, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid reference proteins increase accuracy and interpretability of biomarkers for brain diseases. bioRxiv. 2023. doi: 10.1101/2023.06.08.544222
Leuzy A, Chiotis K, Hasselbalch SG, et al. Pittsburgh compound B imaging and cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-β in a multicentre European memory clinic study. Brain. 2016;139(pt 9):2540-2553. doi:10.1093/brain/aww160
Lewczuk P, Matzen A, Blennow K, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid Aβ 42/40 corresponds better than Aβ 42 to amyloid PET in Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017; 55(2):813-822. doi:10.3233/JAD-160722
Sengupta U, Nilson AN, Kayed R. The role of amyloid-β oligomers in toxicity, propagation, and immunotherapy. EBioMedicine. 2016;6:42-49. doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.03.035
van Dyck CH, Swanson CJ, Aisen P, et al. Lecanemab in early Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med. 2023;388(1):9-21. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2212948
