Parasitology of one of the world’s foremost fisheries target species lacks a One Health approach

The global demand for affordable animal protein, particularly Nile tilapia, has driven increased adoption of (semi-)intensive farming practices. This intensification poses challenges like fish disease outbreaks, higher parasite loads, increased mortality rates, and environmental degradation. Addressing these issues requires a comprehensive understanding of the biology and ecology of these disrupted equilibria, emphasizing the need to characterize parasites, their pathogenic effects, and the conditions facilitating their emergence. Despite 276 known parasite species infecting Nile tilapia, existing reports are fragmented, often conducted locally or focused on a few species in experimental settings. A timely challenge is summarizing the state of knowledge and presenting links between human, animal, and environmental health. Unfortunately, limited studies focus on these parasites’ actual effects and environmental correlates, indicating little research effort. Comparing the number of parasite species described with few studies documenting their impacts reveals large knowledge gaps. The current information on these parasites lacks practical applicability for stakeholders in production and management. Bridging this knowledge gap requires both descriptive and experimental studies. Adopting the One Health approach in parasitological assessments and conducting further research will ensure aquaculture stakeholders can access valuable information for informed decision-making, prioritizing environmental integrity, fish health and welfare, and consumer well-being.