Article (Scientific journals)
Investigating episodic mass loss in evolved massive stars II. Physical properties of red supergiants at subsolar metallicity
de Wit, S.; Bonanos, A.Z.; Antoniadis, K. et al.
2024In Astronomy and Astrophysics, 689, p. 46
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Keywords :
stars: atmospheres; stars: fundamental parameters; stars: late-type; stars: mass-loss; stars: massive; supergiants; Mass loss; Property; Stars: atmosphere; Stars: mass-loss; Stars: massive; Stars:fundamental parameters; Stars:late type; Sub-solar metallicity; Supergiant; TiO; Astronomy and Astrophysics; Space and Planetary Science; astro-ph.SR; astro-ph.GA
Abstract :
[en] Mass loss during the red supergiant (RSG) phase plays a crucial role in the evolution of an intermediate-mass star; however, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. We aim to increase the sample of well-characterized RSGs at subsolar metallicity by deriving the physical properties of 127 RSGs in nine nearby southern galaxies. For each RSG, we provide spectral types and used MARCS atmospheric models to measure stellar properties from their optical spectra, such as the effective temperature, extinction, and radial velocity. By fitting the spectral energy distribution, we obtained the stellar luminosity and radius for 92 RSGs, finding that ∼50% of them have log(L/L) ≥ 5.0 and six RSGs have R ≳ 1400 R. We also find a correlation between the stellar luminosity and mid-IR excess of 33 dusty variable sources. Three of these dusty RSGs have luminosities exceeding the revised Humphreys-Davidson limit. We then derived a metallicity-dependent J − Ks color versus temperature relation from synthetic photometry and two new empirical J − Ks color versus temperature relations calibrated on literature TiO and J-band temperatures. To scale our derived cool TiO temperatures to values that are in agreement with the evolutionary tracks, we derived two linear scaling relations calibrated on J-band and i-band temperatures. We find that the TiO temperatures are more discrepant as a function of the mass-loss rate, and discuss future prospects of the TiO bands as a mass-loss probe. Finally, we speculate that three hot dusty RSGs may have experienced a recent mass ejection (12% of the K-type sample) and classify them as candidate Levesque-Massey variables.
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
de Wit, S. ;  IAASARS, National Observatory of Athens, Penteli, Greece ; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Physics, Zografos, Greece
Bonanos, A.Z. ;  IAASARS, National Observatory of Athens, Penteli, Greece
Antoniadis, K. ;  IAASARS, National Observatory of Athens, Penteli, Greece ; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Physics, Zografos, Greece
Zapartas, E. ;  IAASARS, National Observatory of Athens, Penteli, Greece ; Institute of Astrophysics FORTH, Heraklion, Greece
Ruiz, A. ;  IAASARS, National Observatory of Athens, Penteli, Greece
Britavskiy, Mikola  ;  Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Groupe d'astrophysique des hautes énergies (GAPHE) ; ORB - Observatoire Royal de Belgique [BE]
Christodoulou, E. ;  IAASARS, National Observatory of Athens, Penteli, Greece ; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Physics, Zografos, Greece
De, K.;  Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
Maravelias, G. ;  IAASARS, National Observatory of Athens, Penteli, Greece ; Institute of Astrophysics FORTH, Heraklion, Greece
Munoz-Sanchez, G. ;  IAASARS, National Observatory of Athens, Penteli, Greece ; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Physics, Zografos, Greece
Tsopela, A.;  Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College, 6127 Wilder Laboratory, Hanover, United States
Language :
English
Title :
Investigating episodic mass loss in evolved massive stars II. Physical properties of red supergiants at subsolar metallicity
Publication date :
September 2024
Journal title :
Astronomy and Astrophysics
ISSN :
0004-6361
eISSN :
1432-0746
Publisher :
EDP Sciences
Volume :
689
Pages :
A46
Peer reviewed :
Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi
Funding text :
S.dW., A.Z.B., K.A., E.Z., E.C., G.M., and G.M.S. acknowledge funding support from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Grant agreement No. 772086. E.Z. also acknowledges support from the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (H.F.R.I.) under the \u201C3rd Call for H.F.R.I. Research Projects to Support Post-Doctoral Researchers\u201D (Project No: 7933). N.B. acknowledges support from the postdoctoral program (IPD-STEMA) of Liege University, and the Belgian federal government grant for Ukrainian postdoctoral researchers (contract UF/2022/10). K.D.\u2019s work was supported by NASA through the NASA Hubble Fellowship grant #HST-HF2-51477.001 awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., for NASA, under contract NAS5-26555. Based on observations collected at the European Southern Observatory under ESO program 105.20HJ and 109.22W2. This research has made use of NASA\u2019s Astrophysics Data System. This research has made use of the SVO Filter Profile Service ( http://svo2.cab.inta-csic.es/theory/fps/ ) supported by the Spanish MINECO through grant AYA2017-84089. Spitzer: This work is based in part on observations made with the Spitzer Space Telescope, which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under a contract with NASA. Gaia: This work has made use of data from the European Space Agency (ESA) mission Gaia ( https://www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia ), processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC, https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/gaia/dpac/consortium ). Funding for the DPAC has been provided by national institutions, in particular, the institutions participating in the Gaia Multilateral Agreement. WISE: This publication makes use of data products from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, which is a joint project of the University of California, Los Angeles, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Pan-STARRS1: The Pan-STARRS1 Surveys (PS1) and the PS1 public science archive have been made possible through contributions by the Institute for Astronomy, the University of Hawaii, the Pan-STARRS Project Office, the Max-Planck Society and its participating institutes, the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, The Johns Hopkins University, Durham University, the University of Edinburgh, the Queen\u2019s University Belfast, the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network Incorporated, the National Central University of Taiwan, the Space Telescope Science Institute, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grant No. NNX08AR22G issued through the Planetary Science Division of the NASA Science Mission Directorate, the National Science Foundation Grant No. AST-1238877, the University of Maryland, Eotvos Lorand University (ELTE), the Los Alamos National Laboratory, and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. ATLAS: This work includes data from the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS) project. ATLAS is primarily funded to search for near-earth asteroids through NASA grants NN12AR55G, 80NSSC18K0284, and 80NSSC18K1575; byproducts of the NEO search include images and catalogs from the survey area. The ATLAS science products have been made possible through the contributions of the University of Hawaii Institute for Astronomy, the Queen\u2019s University Belfast, the Space Telescope Science Institute, and the South African Astronomical Observatory.Acknowledgements. S.dW., A.Z.B., K.A., E.Z., E.C., G.M., and G.M.S. acknowledge funding support from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Grant agreement No. 772086. E.Z. also acknowledges support from the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (H.F.R.I.) under the \u201C3rd Call for H.F.R.I. Research Projects to Support Post-Doctoral Researchers\u201D (Project No: 7933). N.B. acknowledges support from the postdoctoral program (IPD-STEMA) of Liege University, and the Belgian federal government grant for Ukrainian postdoctoral researchers (contract UF/2022/10). K.D.\u2019s work was supported by NASA through the NASA Hubble Fellowship grant #HST-HF2-51477.001 awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., for NASA, under contract NAS5-26555. Based on observations collected at the European Southern Observatory under ESO program 105.20HJ and 109.22W2. This research has made use of NASA\u2019s Astrophysics Data System. This research has made use of the SVO Filter Profile Service (http://svo2.cab.inta-csic.es/ theory/fps/) supported by the Spanish MINECO through grant AYA2017-84089. Spitzer: This work is based in part on observations made with the Spitzer Space Telescope, which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under a contract with NASA. Gaia: This work has made use of data from the European Space Agency (ESA) mission Gaia (https://www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia), processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC, https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/ gaia/dpac/consortium). Funding for the DPAC has been provided by national institutions, in particular, the institutions participating in the Gaia Multilateral Agreement. WISE: This publication makes use of data products from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, which is a joint project of the University of California, Los Angeles, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Pan-STARRS1: The Pan-STARRS1 Surveys (PS1) and the PS1 public science archive have been made possible through contributions by the Institute for Astronomy, the University of Hawaii, the Pan-STARRS Project Office, the Max-Planck Society and its participating institutes, the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, The Johns Hopkins University, Durham University, the University of Edinburgh, the Queen\u2019s University Belfast, the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network Incorporated, the National Central University of Taiwan, the Space Telescope Science Institute, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grant No. NNX08AR22G issued through the Planetary Science Division of the NASA Science Mission Directorate, the National Science Foundation Grant No. AST-1238877, the University of Maryland, Eotvos Lorand University (ELTE), the Los Alamos National Laboratory, and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. ATLAS: This work includes data from the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS) project. ATLAS is primarily funded to search for near-earth asteroids through NASA grants NN12AR55G, 80NSSC18K0284, and 80NSSC18K1575; byproducts of the NEO search include images and catalogs from the survey area. The ATLAS science products have been made possible through the contributions of the University of Hawaii Institute for Astronomy, the Queen\u2019s University Belfast, the Space Telescope Science Institute, and the South African Astronomical Observatory.
Commentary :
22 pages, 18 figures, submitted to A&A
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