Impact of Space Utilization and Work Time Flexibility on Energy Performance of Office Buildings

Norouziasas, Alireza; Attia, Shady; Hamdy, Mohamed

doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111032

Download

Article (Scientific journals)

Impact of Space Utilization and Work Time Flexibility on Energy Performance of Office Buildings

Norouziasas, Alireza; Attia, Shady; Hamdy, Mohamed

2024 • In Journal of Building Engineering, 98, p. 111032

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Permalink
https://hdl.handle.net/2268/323401

DOI
10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111032

Files (1)Send to Details Statistics Bibliography Similar publications

Files

Full Text

Impact of Space Utilization and Work Time Flexibility on Energy Performance of office buildings.pdf

Author postprint (10.37 MB)

Creative Commons License - Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivative

Download

All documents in ORBi are protected by a user license.

Send to

RIS BibTex APA Chicago Permalink X Linkedin

Details

Keywords :

Flexible arrangements; remote work; energy use intensity; zero energy building; nearly Zero-Emissions; building simulation

Abstract :

[en] This study investigates the impact of different space utilization on energy use intensity, heating load, cooling load, and thermal comfort of occupants using a combination of empirical data gathering and simulation-based studies. The increasing worldwide preoccupation with energy consumption and environmental sustainability has led to increased attention on optimizing interior spaces to mitigate total energy demand. The considered case study for conducting this research was the Norwegian living lab namely Zero Emission Building (ZEB) Flexible Lab in Trondheim, Norway. In this study, 10 different scenarios of occupancy schedules based on flexible arrangements from standard workweeks to extensive remote work configurations were designed and analyzed using IDA ICE 5.0. The findings demonstrate significant reductions in energy use across scenarios with increased teleworking and compressed work weeks. The remote scenario achieved the most significant decrease in Energy Use Intensity (EUI), with a reduction of 46% compared to the base case. Similarly, the implementation of flexible hours and remote working in scenarios resulted in a reduction of electric heating demand by up to 23%, underscoring the potential of occupancy-based strategies in enhancing building energy efficiency. However, uncomfortable hours increased by 59% in the 2-day remote working scenario compared to the base case, demonstrating the need to consider climate conditions when implementing remote work. The research offers valuable insights into the complex connections between flexible arrangements and energy efficiency, considering many elements such as occupancy schedule and use dynamics. This article offers a comprehensive analysis that may give architects, building managers, and policymakers valuable insights. This study contributes to the developing sustainable architecture by emphasizing the impact of dynamic occupancy on the energy performance of office buildings.

Disciplines :

Architecture

Author, co-author :

Norouziasas, Alireza

Attia, Shady ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département ArGEnCo > Techniques de construction des bâtiments

Hamdy, Mohamed ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département ArGEnCo > Techniques de construction des bâtiments

Language :

English

Title :

Impact of Space Utilization and Work Time Flexibility on Energy Performance of Office Buildings

Publication date :

01 December 2024

Journal title :

Journal of Building Engineering

eISSN :

2352-7102

Publisher :

Elsevier BV

Volume :

Pages :

111032

Peer reviewed :

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Development Goals :

3. Good health and well-being
11. Sustainable cities and communities

Additional URL :

https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S2352710224026007?httpAccept=text/xml

Funders :

NTNU - Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet

Available on ORBi :

since 14 October 2024

Statistics

Number of views

23 (4 by ULiège)

Number of downloads

15 (1 by ULiège)

More statistics

Scopus citations^®

Scopus citations^®
without self-citations

OpenCitations

OpenAlex citations

Bibliography

Zhong, X., Hu, M., Deetman, S., Steubing, B., Lin, H.X., Hernandez, G.A., Harpprecht, C., Zhang, C., Tukker, A., Behrens, P., Global greenhouse gas emissions from residential and commercial building materials and mitigation strategies to 2060. Nat. Commun., 2021, 10.1038/s41467-021-26212-z.
Höjer, M., Hongo, Y., Francart, N., Kishita, Y., Measuring space efficiency and estimating the potential for reduced operational and embodied energy use for office spaces. Sustain. Times, 2024, 10.3390/su16010332.
Ghorbani Naeini, H, Norouziasas, A, Piraei, F, Kazemi, M, Kazemi, M, Hamdy, M, Impact of building envelope parameters on occupants’ thermal comfort and energy use in courtyard houses. Archit. Eng. Des. Manag., 2023, 10.1080/17452007.2023.2254294.
Röck, M., Saade, M.R.M., Balouktsi, M., Rasmussen, F.N., Birgisdottir, H., Frischknecht, R., Habert, G., Lützkendorf, T., Passer, A., Embodied GHG emissions of buildings – the hidden challenge for effective climate change mitigation. Appl. Energy, 2020, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114107.
Miller, G.J., Novan, K., Jenn, A., Hourly accounting of carbon emissions from electricity consumption. Environ. Res. Lett., 2022, 10.1088/1748-9326/ac6147.
Yu, Z., Song, Y., Song, D., Liu, Y., Spatial interpolation-based analysis method targeting visualization of the indoor thermal environment. Build. Environ., 2021, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107484.
Latha, H., Patil, S., Kini, P.G., Influence of architectural space layout and building perimeter on the energy performance of buildings: a systematic literature review. Int. J. Energy Environ. Eng. 14 (2023), 431–474, 10.1007/s40095-022-00522-4.
Du, T., Jansen, S., Turrin, M., van den Dobbelsteen, A., Effects of architectural space layouts on energy performance: a review. Sustain. Times 12 (2020), 1–23, 10.3390/su12051829.
Li, X., Liu, S., Zhao, L., Meng, X., Fang, Y., An integrated building energy performance evaluation method: from parametric modeling to GA-NN based energy consumption prediction modeling. J. Build. Eng., 45, 2022, 10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103571.
Sonta, A., Dougherty, T.R., Jain, R.K., Data-driven optimization of building layouts for energy efficiency. Energy Build., 238, 2021, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.110815.
Papadakis, N., Al Katsaprakakis, D., A review of energy efficiency interventions in public buildings. Energies, 2023, 10.3390/en16176329.
Erebor, E.M., Ibem, E.O., Ezema, I.C., Sholanke, A.B., Energy efficiency design strategies in office buildings: a literature review. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci., 2021, 10.1088/1755-1315/665/1/012025.
Yuan, Y., Gao, L., Zeng, K., Chen, Y., Space-Level air conditioner electricity consumption and occupant behavior analysis on a university campus. Energy Build., 300, 2023, 113646, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.113646.
Yang, J., Zhang, Q., Effect of the spatial form of outpatient buildings on energy consumption in different climate zones in China. PLoS One, 18, 2023, e0293982, 10.1371/journal.pone.0293982.
Krarti, M., Energy performance of control strategies for smart glazed windows applied to office buildings. J. Build. Eng., 45, 2022, 10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103462.
Maisha, K., Frei, M., Quintana, M., Chua, Y.X., Jain, R., Miller, C., Utilizing wearable technology to characterize and facilitate occupant collaborations in flexible workspaces. J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 2023, 10.1088/1742-6596/2600/14/142009.
Caglar, D., Couto, V., Faccio, E., Sethi, B., Business Needs a Tighter Strategy for Remote Work. 2021.
Pan, J., Cho, T.Y., Sun, M., Debnath, R., Lonsdale, N., Wilcox, C., Bardhan, R., Future workspace needs flexibility and diversity: a machine learning-driven behavioural analysis of co-working space. PLoS One, 18, 2023, e0292370, 10.1371/journal.pone.0292370.
Yu, R., Burke, M., Raad, N., Exploring impact of future flexible working model evolution on urban environment, economy and planning. J. Urban Manag., 2019, 10.1016/j.jum.2019.05.002.
OECD. Public Employment and Management 2023: towards a More Flexible Public Service. 2023, OECD Publishing, Paris, 10.1787/5b378e11-en.
Champagne, E., Choinière, O., Granja, A.D., Government of Canada's teleworking and hybrid policies in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. Can. Publ. Adm., 2023, 10.1111/capa.12520.
Messenger, J.C., Introduction: telework in the 21st century – an evolutionary perspective. Telework 21st Century an Evol. Perspect., 2019, 10.4337/9781789903751.00005.
Carrasco-Garrido, C., De-Pablos-Heredero, C., Rodríguez-Sánchez, J.L., Exploring hybrid telework: a bibliometric analysis. Heliyon, 2023, e22472, 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22472.
Oseland, N., Beyond the workplace zoo: humanising the office. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003129974, 2021.
OECD. The organization for economic Co-operation and development (OECD) - United States department of state. https://www.state.gov/the-organization-for-economic-co-operation-and-development-oecd/, 2024. (Accessed 22 March 2024)
Ju, H., Li, X., Chang, C., Zhou, W., Tong, C., Wang, G., A probabilistic model for residential community heating load calculation based on occupancy patterns. J. Build. Eng., 92, 2024, 109816, 10.1016/j.jobe.2024.109816.
Oseland, N., A practical guide to post-occupancy evaluation: and researching building user experience. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003350798, 2023.
Hackl, B., Wagner, M., Attmer, L., Baumann, D., New Work: Auf dem Weg zur neuen Arbeitswelt. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-16266-5, 2017.
Hill, E.J., Hawkins, A.J., Ferris, M., Weitzman, M., Finding an extra day a week: the positive influence of perceived job flexibility on work and family life balance. Fam. Relat., 2001, 10.1111/j.1741-3729.2001.00049.x.
Whillans, A., Perlow, L., Turek, A., Experimenting during the shift to virtual team work: learnings from how teams adapted their activities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Inf. Organ., 31, 2021, 10.1016/j.infoandorg.2021.100343.
Smith-Jackson, T.L., Klein, K.W., Open-plan offices: task performance and mental workload. J. Environ. Psychol., 2009, 10.1016/j.jenvp.2008.09.002.
de Croon, E.M., Sluiter, J.K., Kuijer, P.P.F.M., Frings-Dresen, M.H.W., The effect of office concepts on worker health and performance: a systematic review of the literature. Ergonomics, 2005, 10.1080/00140130512331319409.
Wohlers, C., Hertel, G., Choosing where to work at work–towards a theoretical model of benefits and risks of activity-based flexible offices. Ergonomics, 2017, 10.1080/00140139.2016.1188220.
Eurofound and the International Labour Office. Working anytime, anywhere: the effects on the world of work. https://doi.org/10.2806/425484, 2017.
Shi, Y., Sorrell, S., Foxon, T., The impact of teleworking on domestic energy use and carbon emissions: an assessment for England. Energy Build., 2023, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.112996.
Eurofound. Third European quality of life survey - quality of life in europe: impacts of the crisis. Encycl. Qual. Life Well-Being Res., 2012, 165, 10.2806/42471.
Bambra, C., Whitehead, M., Sowden, A., Akers, J., Petticrew, M., “A hard day's night?” The effects of Compressed Working Week interventions on the health and work-life balance of shift workers: a Systematic review. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 62 (2008), 764–777, 10.1136/jech.2007.067249.
Singe, I., Croucher, R., The management of trust-based working time in Germany. Person. Rev., 2003, 10.1108/004834480310477551.
Schmidt, S., Schmidt, B.S.G., A working from home (WFH) 2022 - best practices implementation and case study of company agreement. Teh. Glas, 2022, 10.31803/tg-20220511094430.
Eurofound, Third European Company Survey – Overview Report: Workplace Practices – Patterns, Performance and Well-Being, 2015, Publ. Off. Eur. Union, Luxemb, 160 https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/en/publications/2015/third-european-company-survey-overview-report-workplace-practices-patterns.
O'Brien, W., Yazdani Aliabadi, F., Does telecommuting save energy? A critical review of quantitative studies and their research methods. Energy Build., 2020, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110298.
Kharvari, F., Azimi, S., O'Brien, W., A comprehensive simulation-based assessment of office building performance adaptability to teleworking scenarios in different Canadian climate zones. Build. Simulat., 2022, 10.1007/s12273-021-0864-x.
Cortiços, N.D., Duarte, C.C., Energy efficiency in large office buildings post-COVID-19 in Europe's top five economies. Energy Sustain. Dev. 68 (2022), 410–424, 10.1016/j.esd.2022.04.006.
Hu, T., Ji, Y., Fei, F., Zhu, M., Jin, T., Xue, P., Zhang, N., Optimization of COVID-19 prevention and control with low building energy consumption. Build. Environ., 2022, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109233.
Yun, G.Y., Kim, H., Kim, J.T., Effects of occupancy and lighting use patterns on lighting energy consumption. Energy Build, 2012, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.10.034.
Peng, Y., Rysanek, A., Nagy, Z., Schlüter, A., Using machine learning techniques for occupancy-prediction-based cooling control in office buildings. Appl. Energy, 2018, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.12.002.
Mahdavi, A., Mohammadi, A., Kabir, E., Lambeva, L., Occupants' operation of lighting and shading systems in office buildings. J. Build. Perform. Simul. 1 (2008), 57–65, 10.1080/19401490801906502.
Azar, E., Menassa, C.C., Agent-based modeling of occupants and their impact on energy use in commercial buildings. J. Comput. Civ. Eng., 2012, 10.1061/(asce)cp.1943-5487.0000158.
Zhao, J., Lasternas, B., Lam, K.P., Yun, R., Loftness, V., Occupant behavior and schedule modeling for building energy simulation through office appliance power consumption data mining. Energy Build., 2014, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.07.033.
Ding, S., Tang, C., Lopes, S., Li, D., Assessing energy performance and thermal satisfaction of flexible space usage in office buildings. Constr. Res. Congr. 2024, 2024, 2024, CRC, 10.1061/9780784485279.033.
Ivanko, D., Ding, Y., Nord, N., Analysis of heat use profiles in Norwegian educational institutions in conditions of COVID-lockdown. J. Build. Eng., 2021, 10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102576.
Regjeringen, Endringer i lover og forskrifter fra 1. januar 2023 fra Kommunal- og distriktsdepartementet, regjeringen. https://www.regjeringen.no/no/aktuelt/endringer-i-lover-og-forskrifter-fra-1.-januar-2023-fra-kommunal-og-distriktsdepartementet/id2952360/, 2022. (Accessed 22 March 2024)
Final, E., Summary, E., Towards nearly zero- energy buildings Final report – executive Summary towards nearly zero-energy buildings Definition of common principles under the EPBD. Sci. Technol. Built Environ., 2010, 28 http://www.postcarbon.org/Reader/PCReader-Brown-Buildings.pdf.
NS 3700. Standard Norge | standard.no. NS 3456:2022. https://online.standard.no/nb/ns-3456-2022, 2022. (Accessed 17 September 2024)
D'Agostino, D., Mazzarella, L., What is a Nearly zero energy building? Overview, implementation and comparison of definitions. J. Build. Eng. 21 (2019), 200–212, 10.1016/j.jobe.2018.10.019.
Selamawit, F., Schlanbudch, R., Sørnes, K., Inman, M., Andresen, I., A Norwegian ZEB Definition Guideline. 2016 (zeb.no).
Yin, H., Norouziasas, A., Hamdy, M., PCM as an energy flexibility asset: how design and operation can be optimized for heating in residential buildings?. Energy Build., 322, 2024, 114721, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.114721.
Felius, L.C., Hamdy, M., Hrynyszyn, B.D., Dessen, F., The impact of building automation control systems as retrofitting measures on the energy efficiency of a typical Norwegian single-family house. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci., 2020, 10.1088/1755-1315/410/1/012054.
Hrynyszyn, B.D., Felius, L.C., Upgrading of a Typical Norwegian Existing Wooden House According to the EnerPHit Standard. 2019, 183–193, 10.1007/978-3-030-00662-4_16.
Heide, V., Thingbø, H.S., Lien, A.G., Georges, L., Economic and energy performance of heating and ventilation systems in deep retrofitted Norwegian detached houses. Energies, 15, 2022, 10.3390/en15197060.
Azimi, S., O'Brien, W., Fit-for-purpose: measuring occupancy to support commercial building operations: a review. Build. Environ., 2022, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.108767.
Pilechiha, P., Norouziasas, A., Ghorbani Naeini, H., Jolma, K., Evaluation of occupant's adaptive thermal comfort behaviour in naturally ventilated courtyard houses. Smart Sustain. Built Environ. 11 (2022), 793–811, 10.1108/SASBE-02-2021-0020.
Wei, S., Tien, P.W., Chow, T.W., Wu, Y., Calautit, J.K., Deep learning and computer vision based occupancy CO2 level prediction for demand-controlled ventilation (DCV). J. Build. Eng., 56, 2022, 10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104715.
Vámos, V., Horváth, M., The effect of building refurbishment and changing occupancy on the district heating consumption of multifamily buildings: case study of Miskolc, Hungary. J. Build. Eng., 81, 2024, 10.1016/j.jobe.2023.108132.
Jazaeri, J., Gordon, R.L., Alpcan, T., Influence of building envelopes, climates, and occupancy patterns on residential HVAC demand. J. Build. Eng. 22 (2019), 33–47, 10.1016/j.jobe.2018.11.011.
Athienitis, A., Attia, S., Strategic design, optimization, and modelling issues of net-zero energy solar buildings. Eurosun 2010, 2010.
Seljom, P., Rosenberg, E., Fidje, A., Haugen, J.E., Meir, M., Rekstad, J., Jarlset, T., Modelling the effects of climate change on the energy system-A case study of Norway. Energy Pol., 2011, 10.1016/j.enpol.2011.08.054.
Simonsen, M., Aall, C., Jakob Walnum, H., Sovacool, B.K., Effective policies for reducing household energy use: insights from Norway. Appl. Energy, 2022, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.119201.
Lundstad, E., Tveito, O.E., Homogenization of daily mean temperature in Norway. MET Rep., 6, 2016, 2016.
Raziei, T., Köppen-Geiger climate classification of Iran and investigation of its changes during 20th century, J. Earth Sp. Phys. 43 (2017), 419–439.
Meteorologisk institutt, eklima. Free Access to Weather- and Climate Data from Norwegian Meteorological Institute Form Historical Data to Real Time Observations. 2016 www.eklima.no.
ASHRAE 169. Standard 169-2013; Climatic Data for Building Design Standards. 2013, ASHRAE Peachtree Corners, GA, USA, 8400.
Korunka, C., Kubicek, B., Risak, M., New Way of Working in Public Administration. 2018, 126 https://oeffentlicherdienst.gv.at/publikationen/.
Loli, A., Skaar, C., Bergsdal, H., Reenaas, M., Comparing embodied GHG emissions between environmental product declaration and generic data models: case of the ZEB laboratory in Trondheim, Norway. Build. Environ., 242, 2023, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110583.
Equa Simulation, A.B., Validation & certifications - simulation software | EQUA. https://www.equa.se/en/ida-ice/validation-certifications, 2024. (Accessed 9 April 2024)
Kropf, S., Zweifel, G., Validation of the building simulation program IDA-ICE according to CEN 13791 "thermal performance of buildings - calculation of internal temperatures of a room in summer without mechanical cooling - general criteria and validation procedures. Adv. HVAC Nat. Gas Technol., 2001, 24 http://www.equaonline.com/iceuser/validation/ICEvsprEN13791.pdf.
Equa Simulation, A.B., Validation of IDA indoor climate and energy 4.0 with respect to CEN standards EN 15255-2007 and EN 15265-2007. http://www.equaonline.com/iceuser/validation/CEN_VALIDATION_EN_15255_AND_15265.pdf, 2010.
Cornaro, C., Pierro, M., Puggioni, V.A., Roncarati, D., Outdoor characterization of phase change materials and Assessment of their energy saving potential to reach NZEB. Buildings, 7, 2017, 10.3390/buildings7030055.
Tällberg, R., Jelle, B.P., Loonen, R., Gao, T., Hamdy, M., Comparison of the energy saving potential of adaptive and controllable smart windows: a state-of-the-art review and simulation studies of thermochromic, photochromic and electrochromic technologies. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 2019, 10.1016/j.solmat.2019.02.041.
Cornaro, C., Pierro, M., Roncarati, D., Puggioni, V., Validation of a PCM simulation tool in IDA ICE dynamic building simulation software using experimental data from solar test boxes. Build. Simul. Appl., 2017, 159–166.
Mazzeo, D., Matera, N., Cornaro, C., Oliveti, G., Romagnoni, P., De Santoli, L., EnergyPlus, IDA ICE and TRNSYS predictive simulation accuracy for building thermal behaviour evaluation by using an experimental campaign in solar test boxes with and without a PCM module. Energy Build., 212, 2020, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.109812.
Cornaro, C., Basciano, G., Puggioni, V.A., Pierro, M., Energy saving assessment of semi-transparent photovoltaic modules integrated into NZEB. Buildings, 7, 2017, 10.3390/buildings7010009.
ASHRAE. Measurement of Energy and Demand Savings. 2002.
Cacabelos, A., Eguía, P., Febrero, L., Granada, E., Development of a new multi-stage building energy model calibration methodology and validation in a public library. Energy Build. 146 (2017), 182–199, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.04.071.
Ascione, F., Bianco, N., Böttcher, O., Kaltenbrunner, R., Vanoli, G.P., Net zero-energy buildings in Germany: design, model calibration and lessons learned from a case-study in Berlin. Energy Build. 133 (2016), 688–710, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.10.019.
Moschetti, R., Homaei, S., Taveres‐cachat, E., Grynning, S., Assessing responsive building envelope designs through robustness‐based multi‐criteria decision making in zero‐emission buildings. Energies, 2022, 10.3390/en15041314.
Guo, H., Ferrara, M., Coleman, J., Loyola, M., Meggers, F., Simulation and measurement of air temperatures and mean radiant temperatures in a radiantly heated indoor space. Energy, 193, 2020, 10.1016/j.energy.2019.116369.
O’ Donovan, A., O’ Sullivan, P.D., Murphy, M.D., Predicting air temperatures in a naturally ventilated nearly zero energy building: calibration, validation, analysis and approaches. Appl. Energy 250 (2019), 991–1010, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.04.082.
ASHRAE. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2022, Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality. 2022, Ashrae.
Nambiar, C., Hart, R., Rosenberg, M., Rosenberg, S., End Use Analysis of ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2019. 2023, ASHRAE J.
ISO 18523-1, ISO 18523-1:2016. Energy performance of buildings — schedule and condition of building, zone and space usage for energy calculation. Int. Organ. Stand., 253, 2016 https://www.iso.org/standard/62765.html. (Accessed 23 April 2024)
Nesteby, Å.I., Aarrestad, M.E., Lohne, J., Bohne, R.A., Integration of BREEAM-NOR in construction projects: utilizing the last planner system. Energy Proc., 2016, 10.1016/j.egypro.2016.09.110.
Direktoratet for byggekvalitet (DIBK). Byggteknisk Forskrift (TEK17) Med Veiledning, Dibk. 2017, 1–13.
SN-NSPEK 3031. Norsk spesifikasjon bygningers energiytelse energiforsyning. https://online.standard.no/sn-nspek-3031-2023, 2021.
Rahif, R., Amaripadath, D., Attia, S., Review on time-integrated overheating evaluation methods for residential buildings in temperate climates of europe. Energy Build., 252, 2021, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111463.
ISO/TC 163, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO / DIS 17772-1 Energy performance of buildings - Indoor environmental Quality - Part 1: Indoor environmental input parameters for the design and assessment of energy performance of buildings, ISO. 2015 (2016). https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:17772:-1:dis:ed-1:v1:en.
Hamdy, M., Carlucci, S., Hoes, P.J., Hensen, J.L.M., The impact of climate change on the overheating risk in dwellings—a Dutch case study. Build. Environ. 122 (2017), 307–323, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.06.031.
Rahif, R., Norouziasas, A., Elnagar, E., Doutreloup, S., Pourkiaei, S.M., Amaripadath, D., Romain, A.C., Fettweis, X., Attia, S., Impact of climate change on nearly zero-energy dwelling in temperate climate: time-integrated discomfort, HVAC energy performance, and GHG emissions. Build. Environ., 223, 2022, 109397, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109397.
Hamdy, M., Hasan, A., Siren, K., Impact of adaptive thermal comfort criteria on building energy use and cooling equipment size using a multi-objective optimization scheme. Energy Build. 43 (2011), 2055–2067, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.04.006.
Nord, N., Tereshchenko, T., Qvistgaard, L.H., Tryggestad, I.S., Influence of occupant behavior and operation on performance of a residential Zero Emission Building in Norway. Energy Build., 2018, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.10.083.
Nakanishi, H., Energy saving effects of telework does telework really save energy?. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280599807, 2015.
Röder, D., Nagel, K., Integrated analysis of commuters' energy consumption. Procedia Comput. Sci., 2014, 699–706, 10.1016/j.procs.2014.05.479.
Burak Gunay, H., O'Brien, W., Beausoleil-Morrison, I., Development of an occupancy learning algorithm for terminal heating and cooling units. Build. Environ. 93 (2015), 71–85, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.06.009.
Gunay, H.B., O'Brien, W., Beausoleil-Morrison, I., Bisaillon, P., Shi, Z., Development and implementation of control-oriented models for terminal heating and cooling units. Energy Build. 121 (2016), 78–91, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.04.002.
Williams, E.D., Assessing the potential of telecommuting as an energy savings technology in Japan. IEEE Int. Symp. Electron, 2003, Environ., 147–152, 10.1109/isee.2003.1208064.
Li, D., Xu, X., fei Chen, C., Menassa, C., Understanding energy-saving behaviors in the American workplace: a unified theory of motivation, opportunity, and ability. Energy Res. Social Sci., 2019, 10.1016/j.erss.2019.01.020.
Zhang, Y., Barrett, P., Factors influencing occupants' blind-control behaviour in a naturally ventilated office building. Build. Environ. 54 (2012), 137–147, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.02.016.
Attia, S., Spatial and behavioral thermal adaptation in net zero energy buildings: an exploratory investigation. Sustain. Times, 2020, 10.3390/SU12197961.
Wang, W., Zhang, J., Brambley, M.R., Futrell, B., Performance simulation and analysis of occupancy-based control for office buildings with variable-Air-volume systems. Energies, 2020, 10.3390/en13153756.
Pomianowski, M.Z., Johra, H., Marszal-Pomianowska, A., Zhang, C., Sustainable and energy-efficient domestic hot water systems: a review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 2020, 10.1016/j.rser.2020.109900.
Larson, W., Zhao, W., Telework: urban form, energy consumption, and greenhouse gas implications. Econ. Inq. 55 (2017), 714–735, 10.1111/ecin.12399.