[en] International consensus supports the development of standardized protocols for measured glomerular filtration rate (mGFR) to facilitate the integration of mGFR testing in both clinical and research settings. To this end, the European Kidney Function Consortium convened an international group of experts with relevant experience in mGFR. The working group performed an extensive literature search to inform the development of recommendations for mGFR determination using 1-compartment plasma clearance models and iohexol as the exogenous filtration marker. Iohexol was selected as it is non-radio labeled, inexpensive, and safe, can be assayed at a central laboratory, and the other commonly used non-radio-labeled tracers have been (inulin) or are soon to be (iothalamate) discontinued. A plasma clearance model was selected over urine clearance as it requires no urine collection. A 1 compartment was preferred to 2 compartments as it requires fewer samples. The recommendations are based on published evidence complemented by expert opinion. The consensus paper covers practical advice for patients and health professionals, preparation, administration, and safety aspects of iohexol, laboratory analysis, blood sample collection and sampling times using both multiple and single-sample protocols, description of the mGFR mathematical calculations, as well as implementation strategies. Supplementary materials include patient and provider information sheets, standard operating procedures, a study protocol template, and support for mGFR calculation.
Disciplines :
Urology & nephrology
Author, co-author :
Ebert, Natalie; Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Public Health, Berlin, Germany
Schaeffner, Elke; Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Public Health, Berlin, Germany
Seegmiller, Jesse C; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
van Londen, Marco; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
Bökenkamp, Arend; Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Cavalier, Etienne ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de pharmacie > Chimie médicale
Delanaye, Pierre ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de pharmacie > Chimie médicale
Derain-Dubourg, Laurence; Service de Néphrologie, Dialyse, Hypertension et Exploration Fonctionnelle Rénale, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rénales Rares, Service de Néphrologie et Rhumatologie Pédiatriques, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
Eriksen, Bjørn O; Section of Nephrology, University Hospital of North Norway and Metabolic and Renal Research Group, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
Indridason, Olafur S; Division of Nephrology, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykavik, Iceland
Palsson, Runolfur; Division of Nephrology, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykavik, Iceland, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
Shafi, Tariq; Division of Kidney Diseases, Hypertension and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
Christensson, Anders; Department of Nephrology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Bevc, Sebastjan; Department of Nephrology, Department of Pharmacology, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
Carrara, Fabiola; Clinical Research Center for Rare Diseases, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
Courbebaisse, Marie; Université Paris Cité, Physiology Department, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
Dalton, R Neil; The WellChild Laboratory, Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, UK
van der Giet, Markus; Department of Nephrology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Melsom, Toralf; Section of Nephrology, University Hospital of North Norway and Metabolic and Renal Research Group, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
Methven, Shona; Department of Renal Medicine, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Scotland, UK
Nordin, Gunnar; Equalis AB, Uppsala, Sweden
Pottel, Hans ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des sciences cliniques ; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
Rule, Andrew D; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
Trillini, Matias; Clinical Research Center for Rare Diseases, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
White, Christine A; Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: cw38@queensu.ca
European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine Task Group on Chronic Kidney Disease (EFLM TG-CKD)
NE receives honoraria from Bayer Leverkusen AG for consultancy work. ES receives honoraria from the National Kidney Foundation. JS holds funding from the NIH (1U24DK137522_01 and receives honoraria from 2022 AACC/ADLM, 2023 AACC/ADLM and 2022 ASN annual meeting. EC receives consulting fees from Nephrolyx. PD is consultant for Nephrolyx. MC received consulting fees from Alnylam, Viatris, Withings, and U-sense and grants from Biohealth and Advicenne. MvdG received consulting fees from Pharvaris, Medtronic, Nephrolyx; lecture fees from: Bayer, Vifor, Omron, Medtronic, Astra-Zeneca, Berlin-Chemie, Novartis, Apontis, Streamed-Up, Akademie der Deutschen Hochdruckliga, MMW-Webinar; adboards from: Bayer, GSK, Apontis, Boehringer; and is founder and corporate participant of Nephrolyx. SB is on the advisory board for Astellas and Bayer and he participates in the Novartis APPLAUSE IgAN study. AB received honoraria from Novartis AG for consultancy work. RND is a Director of a University/Trust spin-out company, SpOtOn Clinical Diagnostics. The company does offer advice to clients on the measurement of renal function, including iohexol GFR. AR holds NIH/NIDDK and NIA grants and receives royalties from UpToDate. All other authors have nothing to disclose.The European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (EFLM) Board endorses this consensus statement, given positive feedback by the EFLM Task Group\u2013Chronic Kidney Disease and the Chair of Science Committee of the EFLM on the recommendations. We would like to acknowledge Andrew Goss and Katerina Luxemburgov\u00E1 for assistance with manuscript preparation. We would like to thank Ulf Nyman and Muhammad Barghouth for sharing their radiology and R code expertise. The authors cannot be made responsible for any results the user generates.
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 3 (2013), 1–150.
Tio, M.C., Shafi, T., Zhu, X., et al. Traditions and innovations in assessment of glomerular filtration rate using creatinine to cystatin C. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 32 (2023), 89–97.
Ebert, N., Bevc, S., Bokenkamp, A., et al. Assessment of kidney function: clinical indications for measured GFR. Clin Kidney J 14 (2021), 1861–1870.
Inker, L.A., Schmid, C.H., Tighiouart, H., et al. Estimating glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine and cystatin C. N Engl J Med 367 (2012), 20–29.
Schaeffner, E.S., Ebert, N., Delanaye, P., et al. Two novel equations to estimate kidney function in persons aged 70 years or older. Ann Intern Med 157 (2012), 471–481.
Pottel, H., Bjork, J., Rule, A.D., et al. Cystatin C-based equation to estimate GFR without the inclusion of race and sex. N Engl J Med 388 (2023), 333–343.
Grubb, A., Horio, M., Hansson, L.O., et al. Generation of a new cystatin C-based estimating equation for glomerular filtration rate by use of 7 assays standardized to the international calibrator. Clin Chem 60 (2014), 974–986.
Stevens, L.A., Schmid, C.H., Greene, T., et al. Factors other than glomerular filtration rate affect serum cystatin C levels. Kidney Int 75 (2009), 652–660.
Shafi, T., Zhu, X., Lirette, S.T., et al. Quantifying individual-level inaccuracy in glomerular filtration rate estimation : a cross-sectional study. Ann Intern Med 175 (2022), 1073–1082.
Carrara, F., Gaspari, F., GFR measured by iohexol: the best choice from a laboratory perspective. J Lab Precis Med, 3, 2018.
Soveri, I., Berg, U.B., Bjork, J., et al. Measuring GFR: a systematic review. Am J Kidney Dis 64 (2014), 411–424.
Speeckaert, M.M., Seegmiller, J., Glorieux, G., et al. Measured glomerular filtration rate: the query for a workable golden standard technique. J Pers Med, 11, 2021, 949.
White, C.A., Akbari, A., Allen, C., et al. Simultaneous glomerular filtration rate determination using inulin, iohexol, and (99m)Tc-DTPA demonstrates the need for customized measurement protocols. Kidney Int 99 (2021), 957–966.
Karger, A.B., Long, T., Inker, L.A., et al. Improved performance in measurement of serum cystatin C by laboratories participating in the College of American Pathologists 2019 CYS Survey. Arch Pathol Lab Med 146 (2022), 1218–1223.
Komenda, P., Beaulieu, M., Seccombe, D., Levin, A., Regional implementation of creatinine measurement standardization. J Am Soc Nephrol 19 (2008), 164–169.
Grubb, A., Blirup-Jensen, S., Lindstrom, V., et al. First certified reference material for cystatin C in human serum ERM-DA471/IFCC. Clin Chem Lab Med 48 (2010), 1619–1621.
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Int 105:4S (2024), S117–S314.
Delanaye, P., Ebert, N., Melsom, T., et al. Iohexol plasma clearance for measuring glomerular filtration rate in clinical practice and research: a review, part 1: how to measure glomerular filtration rate with iohexol?. Clin Kidney J 9 (2016), 682–699.
Gu, X., Yang, B., Methods for assessment of the glomerular filtration rate in laboratory animals. Kidney Dis (Basel) 8 (2022), 381–391.
Bui, T.V., Prot-Bertoye, C., Ayari, H., et al. Safety of inulin and sinistrin: combining several sources for pharmacovigilance purposes. Front Pharmacol, 12, 2021, 725417.
Pottel, H., Schaeffner, E., Ebert, N., et al. Iohexol plasma clearance for measuring glomerular filtration rate: effect of different ways to calculate the area under the curve. BMC Nephrol, 22, 2021, 166.
Balshem, H., Helfand, M., Schunemann, H.J., et al. GRADE guidelines: 3: rating the quality of evidence. J Clin Epidemiol 64 (2011), 401–406.
Agarwal, R., Delanaye, P., Glomerular filtration rate: when to measure and in which patients?. Nephrol Dial Transplant 34 (2019), 2001–2007.
Nilsson-Ehle, P., Iohexol clearance for the determination of glomerular filtration rate: 15 years' experience in clinical practice. EJIFCC 13 (2001), 48–52.
Frennby, B., Sterner, G., Almen, T., et al. The use of iohexol clearance to determine GFR in patients with severe chronic renal failure-a comparison between different clearance techniques. Clin Nephrol 43 (1995), 35–46.
Gaspari, F., Thakar, S., Carrara, F., et al. Safety of iohexol administration to measure glomerular filtration rate in different patient populations: a 25-year experience. Nephron 140 (2018), 1–8.
Laurie, A.J., Lyon, S.G., Lasser, E.C., Contrast material iodides: potential effects on radioactive iodine thyroid uptake. J Nucl Med 33 (1922), 237–238.
Wulf, N.R., Schmitz, J., Choi, A., Kapusnik-Uner, J., Iodine allergy: common misperceptions. Am J Health Syst Pharm 78 (2021), 781–793.
American College of Radiology. ACR Manual on Contrast Media. https://www.acr.org/-/media/acr/files/clinical-resources/contrast_media.pdf. (Accessed 4 May 2024)
Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters, American Academy of Allergy Asthma Immunology, American College of Allergy Asthma Immunology, Joint Council of Allergy Asthma Immunology. Drug allergy: an updated practice parameter. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 105 (2010), 259–273.
Beaty, A.D., Lieberman, P.L., Slavin, R.G., Seafood allergy and radiocontrast media: are physicians propagating a myth?. Am J Med 121 (2008), 158.e1–158.e4.
Boehm, I., Seafood allergy and radiocontrast media: are physicians propagating a myth?. Am J Med, 121, 2008, e19.
Seidel, H.M., Stewart, R.W., Ball, J.W., et al. Mosby's Guide to Physical Examination-E-Book. 2010, Elsevier Health Sciences.
Henriksen, J.H., Brochner-Mortensen, J., Malchow-Moller, A., Schlichting, P., Over-estimation of glomerular filtration rate by single injection [51Cr]EDTA plasma clearance determination in patients with ascites. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 40 (1980), 279–284.
Skluzacek, P.A., Szewc, R.G., Nolan, C.R. 3rd, et al. Prediction of GFR in liver transplant candidates. Am J Kidney Dis 42 (2003), 1169–1176.
Jakobsen, K., Eriksen, B.O., Fuskevag, O.M., et al. Continuous infusion of iohexol to monitor perioperative glomerular filtration rate. Int J Nephrol, 2022, 2022, 8267829.
Dixon, J.J., Lane, K., Dalton, R.N., et al. Validation of a continuous infusion of low dose iohexol to measure glomerular filtration rate: randomised clinical trial. J Transl Med, 13, 2015, 58.
Perelli, F., Turrini, I., Giorgi, M.G., et al. Contrast agents during pregnancy: pros and cons when really needed. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 19, 2022, 16699.
Telford, T., Keane, D.F., Garner, A.E., et al. Assessing the impact of inadequate hydration on isotope-GFR measurement. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 79 (2019), 86–90.
Anastasio, P., Cirillo, M., Spitali, L., et al. Level of hydration and renal function in healthy humans. Kidney Int 60 (2001), 748–756.
Baselt, R.C., Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man. 2017, Biomedical Publications.
Bosch, J.P., Saccaggi, A., Lauer, A., et al. Renal functional reserve in humans: effect of protein intake on glomerular filtration rate. Am J Med 75 (1983), 943–950.
Greene, S.A., Dalton, R.N., Turner, C., et al. Hyperglycemia with and without glycosuria: effect on inulin and para-amino hippurate clearance. Kidney Int 32 (1987), 896–899.
Melsom, T., Mathisen, U.D., Ingebretsen, O.C., et al. Impaired fasting glucose is associated with renal hyperfiltration in the general population. Diabetes Care 34 (2011), 1546–1551.
Sato, Y., Yoshihisa, A., Maki, T., Takeishi, Y., Effects of daily alcohol intake on glomerular filtration rate over three years. Fukushima J Med Sci 67 (2021), 1–7.
Noronha, I.L., Santa-Catharina, G.P., Andrade, L., et al. Glomerular filtration in the aging population. Front Med (Lausanne), 9, 2022, 769329.
Wilkinson, J., Fleming, J.S., Waller, D.G., Effect of food and activity on the reproducibility of isotopic GFR estimation. Nucl Med Commun 11 (1990), 697–700.
Omnipaque (iohexol) information sheet. Package Insert. GE Healthcare, 2010, 1–8.
Back, S.E., Krutzen, E., Nilsson-Ehle, P., Contrast media and glomerular filtration: dose dependence of clearance for three agents. J Pharm Sci 77 (1988), 765–767.
Delanaye, P., Melsom, T., Cavalier, E., et al. Iohexol plasma clearance: impact of weighing the syringe. Kidney Int Rep 6 (2021), 2478–2480.
Rowe, C., Sitch, A.J., Barratt, J., et al. Biological variation of measured and estimated glomerular filtration rate in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 96 (2019), 429–435.
Krutzen, E., Back, S.E., Nilsson-Ehle, P., Determination of glomerular filtration rate using iohexol clearance and capillary sampling. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 50 (1990), 279–283.
Foster, S.J., Sovak, M., Isomerism in iohexol and ioxilan: analysis and implications. Invest Radiol 23:suppl 1 (1988), S106–S109.
Jacobsen, T., The preclinical development of iohexol (Omnipaque). Farmakoterapi 38 (1982), 45–57.
Schmit, D.J., Carroll, L.J., Eckfeldt, J.H., Seegmiller, J.C., Verification of separate measurement procedures where analytical determinations influence the clinical interpretation of GFR: iohexol quantitation by HPLC and LC-MS/MS. Clin Biochem 67 (2019), 16–23.
Schwartz, G.J., Wang, H., Erway, B., et al. Multicenter laboratory comparison of iohexol measurement. J Appl Lab Med 2 (2018), 711–724.
Equalis. http://www.equalis.se/en/products-and-services/external-quality-assessment-eqa/eqa-schemes/g-l/iohexol-024/. (Accessed 9 October 2017)
Nordin, G., Ekvall, S., Kristoffersson, C., et al. Accuracy of determination of the glomerular filtration marker iohexol by European laboratories as monitored by external quality assessment. Clin Chem Lab Med 57 (2019), 1006–1011.
International Organization for Standardization. ISO 15189:2022(en) Medical Laboratories—requirements for quality and competence. https://www.iso.org/standard/76677.html. (Accessed 2 February 2023)
College of American Pathologists. Alternative Performance Assessment. 2020. https://documents-cloud.cap.org/pdf/alternative_performance_assessment_toolbox.pdf. (Accessed 2 February 2023)
Gaspari, F., Perico, N., Ruggenenti, P., et al. Plasma clearance of nonradioactive iohexol as a measure of glomerular filtration rate. J Am Soc Nephrol 6 (1995), 257–263.
Krutzen, E., Back, S.E., Nilsson-Ehle, I., Nilsson-Ehle, P., Plasma clearance of a new contrast agent, iohexol: a method for the assessment of glomerular filtration rate. J Lab Clin Med 104 (1984), 955–961.
Vicente, F.B., Vespa, G., Miller, A., Haymond, S., Quantification of iohexol in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Methods Mol Biol 1383 (2016), 185–193.
Kilbride, H.S., Stevens, P.E., Eaglestone, G., et al. Accuracy of the MDRD (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease) study and CKD-EPI (CKD Epidemiology Collaboration) equations for estimation of GFR in the elderly. Am J Kidney Dis 61 (2013), 57–66.
Delanaye, P., Cavalier, E., Froissart, M., Krzesinski, J.M., Reproducibility of GFR measured by chromium-51-EDTA and iohexol. Nephrol Dial Transplant 23 (2008), 4077–4078 author reply 4078.
Eriksen, B.O., Stefansson, V.T.N., Jenssen, T.G., et al. Elevated blood pressure is not associated with accelerated glomerular filtration rate decline in the general non-diabetic middle-aged population. Kidney Int 90 (2016), 404–410.
Gaspari, F., Perico, N., Matalone, M., et al. Precision of plasma clearance of iohexol for estimation of GFR in patients with renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 9 (1998), 310–313.
Mohamed, A.A.A., Bökenkamp, A., Cavalier, E., et al. Diverse protocols for measuring glomerular filtration rate using iohexol clearance. Nephrol Dial Transplant 39 (2024), 1037–1039.
Delanaye, P., Flamant, M., Dubourg, L., et al. Single- versus multiple-sample method to measure glomerular filtration rate. Nephrol Dial Transplant 33 (2018), 1778–1785.
Jacobsson, L., A method for the calculation of renal clearance based on a single plasma sample. Clin Physiol 3 (1983), 297–305.
Levey, A.S., Inker, L.A., Assessment of glomerular filtration rate in health and disease: a state of the art review. Clin Pharmacol Ther 102 (2017), 405–419.
Ebert, N., Loesment, A., Martus, P., et al. Iohexol plasma clearance measurement in older adults with chronic kidney disease-sampling time matters. Nephrol Dial Transplant 30 (2015), 1307–1314.
Stolz, A., Hoizey, G., Toupance, O., et al. Evaluation of sample bias for measuring plasma iohexol clearance in kidney transplantation. Transplantation 89 (2010), 440–445.
Wuerzner, G., Firsov, D., Bonny, O., Circadian glomerular function: from physiology to molecular and therapeutical aspects. Nephrol Dial Transplant 29 (2014), 1475–1480.
Dubourg, L., Lemoine, S., Joannard, B., et al. Comparison of iohexol plasma clearance formulas vs. inulin urinary clearance for measuring glomerular filtration rate. Clin Chem Lab Med 59 (2021), 571–579.
Delanaye, P., Vidal-Petiot, E., Stehle, T., et al. Comparison of plasma clearance with early-compartment correction equations and urinary clearance in high GFR ranges. Kidney Int Rep 6 (2021), 1622–1628.
White, C.A., Gaynor-Sodeifi, K., Norman, P., et al. Accuracy of shorter iohexol glomerular filtration rate measurement protocols in individuals with preserved kidney function. Kidney360, Published online July 15, 2024, 10.34067/KID.0000000000000511.
Schwartz, G.J., Furth, S., Cole, S.R., et al. Glomerular filtration rate via plasma iohexol disappearance: pilot study for chronic kidney disease in children. Kidney Int 69 (2006), 2070–2077.
Brochner-Mortensen, J., A simple method for the determination of glomerular filtration rate. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 30 (1972), 271–274.
Tondel, C., Salvador, C.L., Hufthammer, K.O., et al. Iohexol plasma clearance in children: validation of multiple formulas and single-point sampling times. Pediatr Nephrol 33 (2018), 683–696.
Pottel, H., Hoste, L., De Waele, L., et al. Measuring glomerular filtration rate using 51Cr-EDTA: body surface area normalization before or after Brochner-Mortensen correction?. Nucl Med Commun 35 (2014), 1150–1155.
Delanaye, P., Radermecker, R.P., Rorive, M., et al. Indexing glomerular filtration rate for body surface area in obese patients is misleading: concept and example. Nephrol Dial Transplant 20 (2005), 2024–2028.
Granerus, G., Jacobsson, L., Beräkning av 51Cr-EDTA single injection clearance - jamförelse mellan flerpunkts- och enpunktsformel. Svensk Förening för Medicinsk Radiologi Förhandlingar 19 (1985), 71–73.
Boijsen, M., Jacobsson, L., Tylen, U., Glomerular filtration rate estimated from a single plasma sample after contrast-enhanced radiological examinations. Clin Physiol 8 (1988), 309–316.
Brown, S.C., O'Reilly, P.H., Iohexol clearance for the determination of glomerular filtration rate in clinical practice: evidence for a new gold standard. J Urol 146 (1991), 675–679.
Eriksson, C.G., Kallner, A., Glomerular filtration rate: a comparison between Cr-EDTA clearance and a single sample technique with a non-ionic contrast agent. Clin Biochem 24 (1991), 261–264.
Lundqvist, S., Hietala, S.O., Berglund, C., Karp, K., Simultaneous urography and determination of glomerular filtration rate: a comparison of total plasma clearances of iohexol and 51Cr-EDTA in plegic patients. Acta Radiol 35 (1994), 391–395.
Rydstrom, M., Tengstrom, B., Cederquist, I., Ahlmen, J., Measurement of glomerular filtration rate by single-injection, single-sample techniques, using 51Cr-EDTA or iohexol. Scand J Urol Nephrol 29 (1995), 135–139.
Gaspari, F., Guerini, E., Perico, N., et al. Glomerular filtration rate determined from a single plasma sample after intravenous iohexol injection: is it reliable?. J Am Soc Nephrol 7 (1996), 2689–2693.
Lundqvist, S., Hietala, S.O., Groth, S., Sjodin, J.G., Evaluation of single sample clearance calculations in 902 patients: a comparison of multiple and single sample techniques. Acta Radiol 38 (1997), 68–72.
Bird, N.J., Peters, C., Michell, A.R., Peters, A.M., Comparison of GFR measurements assessed from single versus multiple samples. Am J Kidney Dis 54 (2009), 278–288.
Eriksen, B.O., Schaeffner, E., Melsom, T., et al. Comparability of plasma iohexol clearance across population-based cohorts. Am J Kidney Dis 76 (2020), 54–62.
Chantler, C., Garnett, E.S., Parsons, V., Veall, N., Glomerular filtration rate measurement in man by the single injection methods using 51Cr-EDTA. Clin Sci 37 (1969), 169–180.
White, C., Gaebe, K., Gaynor-Sodeifi, K., et al. Evaluation of shorter measured glomerular filtration rate procedures in young adults with type 1 diabetes. Can J Diabetes 46:suppl (2022), S26–S27.
Fleming, J.S., Persaud, L., Zivanovic, M.A., A general equation for estimating glomerular filtration rate from a single plasma sample. Nucl Med Commun 26 (2005), 743–748.
Sterner, G., Frennby, B., Mansson, S., et al. Determining “true” glomerular filtration rate in healthy adults using infusion of inulin and comparing it with values obtained using other clearance techniques or prediction equations. Scand J Urol Nephrol 42 (2008), 278–285.
Brandstrom, E., Grzegorczyk, A., Jacobsson, L., et al. GFR measurement with iohexol and 51Cr-EDTA: a comparison of the two favoured GFR markers in Europe. Nephrol Dial Transplant 13 (1998), 1176–1182.
Benz-de Bretagne, I., Le Guellec, C., Halimi, J.M., et al. New sampling strategy using a Bayesian approach to assess iohexol clearance in kidney transplant recipients. Ther Drug Monit 34 (2012), 289–297.
Destere, A., Salmon Gandonniere, C., Asberg, A., et al. A single Bayesian estimator for iohexol clearance estimation in ICU, liver failure and renal transplant patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 88 (2022), 2793–2801.
Taubert, M., Ebert, N., Martus, P., et al. Using a three-compartment model improves the estimation of iohexol clearance to assess glomerular filtration rate. Sci Rep, 8, 2018, 17723.
Zwart, T.C., de Vries, A.P.J., Engbers, A.G.J., et al. Model-based estimation of iohexol plasma clearance for pragmatic renal function determination in the renal transplantation setting. Clin Pharmacokinet 60 (2021), 1201–1215.
Asberg, A., Bjerre, A., Almaas, R., et al. Measured GFR by utilizing population pharmacokinetic methods to determine iohexol clearance. Kidney Int Rep 5 (2020), 189–198.
Riff, C., Besombes, J., Gatault, P., et al. Assessment of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in kidney transplant recipients using Bayesian estimation of the iohexol clearance. Clin Chem Lab Med 58 (2020), 577–587.
Taubert, M., Schaeffner, E., Martus, P., et al. Advancement of pharmacokinetic models of iohexol in patients aged 70 years or older with impaired kidney function. Sci Rep, 11, 2021, 22656.
Soeorg, H., Noortoots, A., Karu, M., et al. Glomerular filtration rate in children and young adults with haemato-oncological disease and infection is best described by three-compartment iohexol model. Pediatr Blood Cancer, 69, 2022, e29305.
Glasgow, R.E., Harden, S.M., Gaglio, B., et al. RE-AIM planning and evaluation framework: adapting to new science and practice with a 20-year review. Front Public Health, 7, 2019, 64.
Landes, S.J., McBain, S.A., Curran, G.M., An introduction to effectiveness-implementation hybrid designs. Psychiatry Res, 280, 2019, 112513.
Urbanski, M.A., Wilk, A.S., Escoffery, C., Patzer, R.E., Dissemination and implementation science: a primer and applications in nephrology. Kidney360 3 (2022), 185–189.
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Process for requesting new/revised ICD-10-PCS procedure codes. https://www.cms.gov/medicare/coding-billing/icd-10-codes/process-for-requesting-new-revised-icd-10-pcs-procedure-codes#:∼:text=New%20ICD%2D10%2DPCS%20procedure%20code%20request%20submissions%20through%20MEARIS,ICD%2D10%20C%26M%20Committee%20meeting. (Accessed 17 April 2024)
