[en] Brief introduction: What are microclimates and why are they important?: Microclimate science has developed into a global discipline. Microclimate science is increasingly used to understand and mitigate climate and biodiversity shifts. Here, we provide an overview of the current status of microclimate ecology and biogeography in terrestrial ecosystems, and where this field is heading next. Microclimate investigations in ecology and biogeography: We highlight the latest research on interactions between microclimates and organisms, including how microclimates influence individuals, and through them populations, communities and entire ecosystems and their processes. We also briefly discuss recent research on how organisms shape microclimates from the tropics to the poles. Microclimate applications in ecosystem management: Microclimates are also important in ecosystem management under climate change. We showcase new research in microclimate management with examples from biodiversity conservation, forestry and urban ecology. We discuss the importance of microrefugia in conservation and how to promote microclimate heterogeneity. Methods for microclimate science: We showcase the recent advances in data acquisition, such as novel field sensors and remote sensing methods. We discuss microclimate modelling, mapping and data processing, including accessibility of modelling tools, advantages of mechanistic and statistical modelling and solutions for computational challenges that have pushed the state-of-the-art of the field. What's next?: We identify major knowledge gaps that need to be filled for further advancing microclimate investigations, applications and methods. These gaps include spatiotemporal scaling of microclimate data, mismatches between macroclimate and microclimate in predicting responses of organisms to climate change, and the need for more evidence on the outcomes of microclimate management.
Disciplines :
Environmental sciences & ecology
Author, co-author :
Kemppinen, Julia ; Geography Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
Lembrechts, Jonas J. ; Research Group Plants and Ecoystems (PLECO), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
Van Meerbeek, Koenraad ; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Carnicer, Jofre ; Department of Evolutionary Biology, Environmental Sciences and Ecology, University of Barcelona/CREAF/IRBIO, Barcelona, Spain
Chardon, Nathalie Isabelle ; Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
Kardol, Paul ; Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
Lenoir, Jonathan ; UMR CNRS 7058 Ecologie et Dynamique Des systèmes anthropisés (EDYSAN), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
Liu, Daijun ; Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
Maclean, Ilya ; Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, United Kingdom
Pergl, Jan ; Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Pruhonice, Czech Republic
Saccone, Patrick ; GLORIA Coordination Team, OeAW, IGF and BOKU, DIBB, Wien, Austria
Senior, Rebecca A. ; Conservation Ecology Group, Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
Shen, Ting ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Integrative Biological Sciences (InBioS) ; Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, China
Słowińska, Sandra ; Climate Research Department, Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Vandvik, Vigdis ; Department of Biological Sciences and Bjerknes Centre of Climate Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
von Oppen, Jonathan ; Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity & Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
Aalto, Juha ; No departments at the Finnish Meteorological Institute, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
Ayalew, Biruk ; Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Bates, Olivia; Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
Bertelsmeier, Cleo ; Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
Bertrand, Romain ; Centre de Recherche sur la Biodiversité et l’Environnement (CRBE UMR5300), Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, CNRS, IRD, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
Beugnon, Rémy ; German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany ; Leipzig Institute for Meteorology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany ; CNRS, EPHE, IRD, CEFE, University of Montpellier, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
Borderieux, Jeremy ; AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR Silva, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
Brůna, Josef ; Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Pruhonice, Czech Republic
Buckley, Lauren ; Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
Bujan, Jelena ; Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
Casanova-Katny, Angelica ; Laboratorio de Ecofisiología Vegetal y Cambio Climático, Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias y Salud Pública, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
Christiansen, Ditte Marie ; Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, Sweden
Collart, Flavien ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de Biologie, Ecologie et Evolution > Biologie de l'évolution et de la conservation - Unité aCREA-Ulg (Conseils et Recherches en Ecologie Appliquée) ; Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
De Lombaerde, Emiel ; Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Gontrode-Melle, Belgium
De Pauw, Karen ; Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Gontrode-Melle, Belgium
Depauw, Leen ; Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Gontrode-Melle, Belgium
Di Musciano, Michele ; Department of Life Health and Environmental Science, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
Díaz Borrego, Raquel ; CREAF, Barcelona, Spain
Díaz-Calafat, Joan ; Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
Ellis-Soto, Diego ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, United States
Esteban, Raquel ; Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
de Jong, Geerte Fälthammar ; Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
Gallois, Elise ; School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Garcia, Maria Begoña ; Pyrenean Institute of Ecology (CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
Gillerot, Loïc ; Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Gontrode-Melle, Belgium
Greiser, Caroline ; Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Gril, Eva ; UMR CNRS 7058 “Ecologie et Dynamique Des Systèmes Anthropisés” (EDYSAN), Amiens, France
Haesen, Stef ; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Hampe, Arndt ; INRAE, University of Bordeaux, BIOGECO, Cestas, France
Hedwall, Per-Ola ; Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
Hes, Gabriel ; Centre de Recherche sur la Biodiversité et l’Environnement (CRBE UMR5300), Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, CNRS, IRD, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
Hespanhol, Helena ; BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal
Hoffrén, Raúl ; Department of Geography and Land Management, University of Zaragoza (Spain), Zaragoza, Spain
Hylander, Kristoffer ; Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Jiménez-Alfaro, Borja ; Biodiversity Research Institute, University of Oviedo, Mieres, Spain
Jucker, Tommaso ; School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
Klinges, David ; School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
Kolstela, Joonas ; No departments at the Finnish Meteorological Institute, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
Kopecký, Martin ; Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
Kovács, Bence ; Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Vácrátót, Hungary ; Department of Plant Systematics, Ecology and Theoretical Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
Maeda, Eduardo Eiji ; Department of Geosciences and Geography, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Máliš, František ; Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia
Man, Matěj ; Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Pruhonice, Czech Republic
Mathiak, Corrie ; Chair of Soil Science, Geography Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
Meineri, Eric ; Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
Naujokaitis-Lewis, Ilona ; National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
Nijs, Ivan ; Plants and Ecosystems, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
Normand, Signe ; Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
Nuñez, Martin ; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, United States
Orczewska, Anna ; Faculty of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
Peña-Aguilera, Pablo ; Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
Pincebourde, Sylvain ; Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS - Université de Tours, Tours, France
Plichta, Roman ; Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
Quick, Susan ; Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Renault, David ; CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Evolution), UMR, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
Ricci, Lorenzo ; Department of Life Health and Environmental Science, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
Rissanen, Tuuli ; Department of Geosciences and Geography, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Segura-Hernández, Laura ; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, United States
Selvi, Federico ; Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Firenze, Palermo, Italy
Serra-Diaz, Josep M. ; AgroParisTech, Silva, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
Soifer, Lydia ; School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
Spicher, Fabien ; UMR CNRS 7058, Écologie et Dynamique Des Systèmes Anthropisés (EDYSAN), Amiens, France
Svenning, Jens-Christian ; Department of Biology, Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO) & Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Tamian, Anouch ; IPHC CNRS UMR 7178, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
Thomaes, Arno ; Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Brussels, Belgium
Thoonen, Marijke ; Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Brussels, Belgium
Trew, Brittany ; Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, United Kingdom
Van de Vondel, Stijn ; Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
van den Brink, Liesbeth ; ECOBIOSIS, University of Concepcion, Chile, Germany ; Plant Ecology Group, University of Tübingen, Chile, Germany
Vangansbeke, Pieter ; Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Gontrode-Melle, Belgium ; Earth and Life Institute, Environmental Sciences, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
Verdonck, Sanne ; Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Vitkova, Michaela ; Department of Invasion Ecology, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
Vives-Ingla, Maria ; CREAF, Barcelona, Spain ; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
von Schmalensee, Loke ; Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Wang, Runxi ; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Wild, Jan ; Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Pruhonice, Czech Republic
Williamson, Joseph ; Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
Zellweger, Florian ; Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
Zhou, Xiaqu ; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Zuza, Emmanuel Junior ; School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
De Frenne, Pieter ; Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Gontrode-Melle, Belgium
SNF - Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung FWO - Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Vlaanderen Academy of Finland MICINN - Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion GAČR - Grantová Agentura České Republiky NERC - Natural Environment Research Council AVČR - Akademie Ved České Republiky Forskningsrådet Formas ANR - Agence Nationale de la Recherche ERC - European Research Council IPEV - Institut Polaire Français Paul Émile Victor Villum Fonden DFF - Danmarks Frie Forskningsfond Danmarks Grundforskningsfond
Funding text :
We thank our reviewers Janet Franklin and Michael Kearney and our editor Brian Enquist for their valuable comments. We thank Pekka Niittynen for providing a script for automating the management of author information and contributions. The Microclimate Ecology & Biogeography conference in Antwerp, Belgium in 2022 was supported by the Research Foundation Flanders (project W001919N). JK acknowledges funding from the Academy of Finland (grant no. 349606). JJL and IN acknowledge funding from the Research Foundation Flanders (project 12P1819N) and from BiodivERsA (ASICS project (ANR\u201020\u2010EBI5\u20100004, BiodivERsA, BiodivClim call 2019\u20132020)). JC acknowledges the funding from PID2020\u2010117636GB\u2010C21 and TED2021\u2010132007B\u2010I00. NIC was funded by a Swiss National Science Foundation Postdoc Mobility Fellowship (Grant ID: 194331). PK acknowledges funding from European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 864287 \u2014THRESHOLD\u2014ERC\u20102019\u2010COG). JL acknowledges funding from the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR), under the framework of the young investigators' funding scheme (JCJC Grant N\u00B0ANR\u201019\u2010CE32\u20100005\u201001: IMPRINT project). DL is financially supported by the FWF Austrian Science Foundation (Lise Meitner Programme M2714\u2010B29). JP and MV were supported by BiodivClim Call 2019 (TACR SS70010001; Technology Agency of the Czech Republic), the project DivLand (TACR SS02030018) and long\u2010term research development project RVO 67985939 (Czech Academy of Sciences). SS is supported by the project no. 2022/45/B/ST10/03423 funded by the National Science Centre in Poland. VV acknowledges funding from the Research Council of Norway (grant no. 315249, 274712, 244525). SN and JvO acknowledge funding from the Independent Research Fund of Denmark (grant no. 7027\u201000133B to SN). JA acknowledges the Academy of Finland Flagship funding (grant no. 337552). RB acknowledges funding from the Saxon State Ministry for Science, Culture and Tourism (SMWK)\u2014[3\u20107304/35/6\u20102021/48880]. JeBo acknowledges the funding from the AgroParisTech/ R\u00E9gion Grand\u2010Est joint grant 19_GE8_01020p05035. JoBr was supported by the Czech Science Foundation (project 20\u201028119S) and the long\u2010term research development project RVO 67985939 (Czech Academy of Sciences). ACK acknowledges funding from FOVI 210043 and ANILLO ACONCAGUA ANID ACT 210021. KDP acknowledges funding from the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO) (K.D.P. ASP035\u201019). LD acknowledges funding from the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO) (1221523\u2009N). DES acknowledges funding from NASA FINESST (80NSSC22K1535). RE acknowledges funding: UPV/EHU\u2010GV IT\u20101648\u201322 and PID2020\u2013113244GA\u2010C22 (funded by MCIN/ AEI /10.13039/501100011033). EG is funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) NE/S007407/1. MBG acknowledges the support of the REFUGIA project (PID2021\u2010129056OB\u2010I00). CG received funding from FORMAS [project nr. 2021\u2010 01993]. EG's PhD was funded by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR), under the framework of the young investigators' funding scheme (JCJC Grant N\u00B0ANR\u201019\u2010CE32\u20100005\u201001: IMPRINT project). SH received funding from a FLOF fellowship of the KU Leuven (project nr. 3E190655). HH research is funded by national funds by FCT, under the transitional rule of Decree Law 57/2016\u2014DL57/2016/CP 1334 CT0005. RH acknowledges funding from the Spanish Association of Terrestrial Ecology (AEET) through the programme \u2018Grants for research projects led by young researchers 2019\u2019. The research was supported by a grant from Formas to KH [2021\u201000816]. BJA is funded by grant MCI\u201020\u2010PID2019\u2010108636GA\u2010I00 of the Spanish Research Agency. TJ was supported by a NERC Independent Research Fellowship (grant code: NE/S01537X/1). MK was supported by the Czech Science Foundation (project 20\u201028119S) and the Czech Academy of Sciences (project RVO 67985939). BK was supported by the \u00DANKP\u201022\u20104 New National Excellence Program of the Ministry for Culture and Innovation from the source of the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund (\u00DANKP\u201022\u20104\u2010II\u2010ELTE\u2010318). FM was supported by Slovak Research and Development Agency project APVV\u201019\u20100319. MM was supported by the Czech Science Foundation (project 20\u201028119S) and the Czech Academy of Sciences (project RVO 67985939). CM acknowledges the IntegSaatprojekt and its funders (FKZ: 2220WK65X4), as well as the Honours Programme for Future Researchers at the Friedrich\u2010Schiller\u2010University. EM acknowledges the funding from the R\u00E9gion Sud Provence\u2010Alpes\u2010C\u00F4te d'Azur (AAP 2020 n\u00B002697 MICROMED project). JJL and IN acknowledge funding from the Research Foundation Flanders (project 12P1819N) and from BiodivERsA (ASICS project (ANR\u201020\u2010EBI5\u20100004, BiodivERsA, BiodivClim call 2019\u20132020)). DR is supported by the ASICS project (ANR\u201020\u2010EBI5\u20100004, BiodivERsA, BiodivClim call 2019\u20132020), the French Polar Institute (Project 136\u2010SUBANTECO), Zone Atelier CNRS Antarctique et Terres Australes (ZATA \u2018Antarctic\u2019) and CNRS (IRP PRICES). TR acknowledges funding from the Doctoral Programme in Geosciences. JMSD was supported by the ANR\u2010JCJC (Agence Nationale de la Recherche, jeunes chercheuses et jeunes chercheurs) SEEDFOR (ANR\u201021\u2010CE32\u20100003). JMSD acknowledges the support from NASA for UConn's Ecological Modelling Institute (#80NSSC 22\u2009K0883). JCS considers this work a contribution to the Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO), funded by the Danish National Research Foundation (grant DNRF173) and his VILLUM Investigator project \u2018Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World\u2019, funded by VILLUM FONDEN (grant 16549). SVDV is a PhD fellow supported by the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO; 1S90923N). LvdB acknowledges Conaf, and Comunidad agricola Quebrada de Talca, Chile. MV was supported by a research grant from the BiodivClim Call 2019 (grant nr. TACR SS70010001) and long\u2010term research development project RVO 67985939 from the Czech Academy of Sciences. can have the same acknowledgement as Jan Pergl. MV\u2010I was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through a doctoral grant (FPU17/05869). JW was supported by the Czech Science Foundation (project 20\u201028119S) and the Czech Academy of Sciences (project RVO 67985939). F.Z. was funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (project number 193645). E.Z. was funded by the Global Challenges Research Fund through the Open University and the EarthWatch Community Science Camp (NERC\u2010UKRI Grant no. NE/S017437/1).
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