[en] Strong gravitational lensing of quasars has the potential to unlock the poorly understood physics of these fascinating objects, as well as serve as a probe of the lensing mass distribution and of cosmological parameters. In particular, gravitational microlensing by compact bodies in the lensing galaxy can enable mapping of quasar structure to <10<SUP>−6</SUP> arcsec scales. Some of this potential has been realized over the past few decades, however the upcoming era of large sky surveys promises to bring this promise to full fruition. In this article, we review the theoretical framework of this field, describe the prominent current methods for parameter inference from quasar microlensing data across different observing modalities, and discuss the constraints so far derived on the geometry and physics of quasar inner structure. We also review the application of strong lensing and microlensing to constraining the granularity of the lens potential, i.e. the contribution of the baryonic and dark matter components, and the local mass distribution in the lens, i.e. the stellar mass function. Finally, we discuss the future of the field, including the new possibilities that will be opened by the next generation of large surveys and by new analysis methods now being developed.
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
Vernardos, G.; Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique, -, Lehman College, New York
Sluse, Dominique ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) ; STAR Institute, Quartier Agora - Allée du six Aout 19c, B-4000, Liége, Belgium
Pooley, D.; Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas, -
Schmidt, R. W.; Astronomisches Rechen-Institut
Millon, M.; Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, California, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, California
Weisenbach, L.; Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Dennis Sciama Building, Burnaby Road, PO1 3FX, Portsmouth, UK
Motta, V.; Valparaiso University, Department of Physics and Astronomy
Anguita, T.; Instituto de Astrofísica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Av. Fernandez Concha 700, Santiago, Las Condes, Chile, Millennium Institute of Astrophysics, Nuncio Monseñor Sótero Sanz 100, Santiago, Providencia, Chile, Millennium Institute of Astrophysics, Nuncio Monseñor Sótero Sanz 100, Santiago, Providencia, Chile
Saha, P.; University of Zurich, Institute of Physics
O'Dowd, M.; Department of Astrophysics, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West and 79th Street, 10024, NY, USA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College of the City University of New York, 10468, Bronx, NY, USA, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, 10016, New York, NY, USA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College of the City University of New York, 10468, Bronx, NY, USA, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, 10016, New York, NY, USA
Peel, A.; Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique
Schechter, P. L.; MIT, Department of Physics, MIT, Center for Space Research/Kavli Institute, MIT, Center for Space Research/Kavli Institute
C. Abajas E. Mediavilla J.A. Muñoz L.Č. Popović A. Oscoz The influence of gravitational microlensing on the broad emission lines of quasars Astrophys J 2002 576 2 640 652 2002ApJ..576.640A 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XnvVWgsbc%3D 10.1086/341793
C. Abajas E. Mediavilla J.A. Muñoz P. Gómez-Álvarez R. Gil-Merino Microlensing of a biconical broad-line region Astrophys J 2007 658 2 748 762 2007ApJ..658.748A 10.1086/511023
P. Abolmasov N.I. Shakura Microlensing evidence for super-Eddington disc accretion in quasars Mon Not R Astron Soc 2012 427 1867 1876 2012MNRAS.427.1867A 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21881.x
P. Abolmasov N.I. Shakura Resolving the inner structure of QSO discs through fold-caustic-crossing events Mon Not R Astron Soc 2012 423 676 693 2012MNRAS.423.676A 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20904.x
M.A. Abramowicz C.P. Fragile Foundations of black hole accretion disk theory Living Rev Relativ 2013 16 1 2013LRR..16..1A 10.12942/lrr-2013-1 28179840 5256006
M.A. Abramowicz B. Czerny J.P. Lasota E. Szuszkiewicz Slim accretion discs Astron J 1988 332 646
E. Agol J. Krolik Imaging a quasar accretion disk with microlensing Astrophys J 1999 524 49 64 1999ApJ..524..49A 10.1086/307800
E. Agol B. Jones O. Blaes Keck mid-infrared imaging of QSO 22370305 Astrophys J 2000 545 657 663 2000ApJ..545.657A
C. Alcock R.A. Allsman D.R. Alves T.S. Axelrod A.C. Becker D.P. Bennett K.H. Cook N. Dalal A.J. Drake K.C. Freeman M. Geha K. Griest M.J. Lehner S.L. Marshall D. Minniti C.A. Nelson B.A. Peterson P. Popowski M.R. Pratt P.J. Quinn C.W. Stubbs W. Sutherland A.B. Tomaney T. Vandehei D. Welch The MACHO project: microlensing results from 5.7 years of Large Magellanic Cloud observations Astrophys J 2000 542 281 307 2000ApJ..542.281A 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXnvF2ns7w%3D 10.1086/309512
J.T. Allen P.C. Hewett N. Maddox G.T. Richards V. Belokurov A strong redshift dependence of the broad absorption line quasar fraction Mon Not R Astron Soc 2011 410 860 884 2011MNRAS.410.860A 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtlaktbc%3D 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17489.x
A. Amorim M. Bauböck M.C. Bentz W. Brandner M. Bolzer Y. Clénet R. Davies P.T. de Zeeuw J. Dexter A. Drescher A. Eckart F. Eisenhauer N.M. Förster Schreiber P.J.V. Garcia R. Genzel S. Gillessen D. Gratadour S. Hönig D. Kaltenbrunner M. Kishimoto S. Lacour D. Lutz F. Millour H. Netzer C.A. Onken T. Ott T. Paumard K. Perraut G. Perrin P.O. Petrucci O. Pfuhl M.A. Prieto D. Rouan J. Shangguan T. Shimizu J. Stadler A. Sternberg O. Straub C. Straubmeier R. Street E. Sturm L.J. Tacconi K.R.W. Tristram P. Vermot S. von Fellenberg F. Widmann J. Woillez GRAVITY Collaboration The central parsec of NGC 3783: a rotating broad emission line region, asymmetric hot dust structure, and compact coronal line region Astron Astrophys 2021 648 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXht12gs7zJ 10.1051/0004-6361/202040061
M.-C. Angonin M. Remy J. Surdej C. Vanderriest First spectroscopic evidence of microlensing on a BAL quasar? The case of H1413+117 Astron Astrophys 1990 233 5 1990A&A..233L..5A
T. Anguita R.W. Schmidt E.L. Turner J. Wambsganss R.L. Webster K.A. Loomis D. Long R. Mcmillan The multiple quasar Q2237+0305 under a microlensing caustic Astron Astrophys 2008 480 327 334 2008A&A..480.327A 10.1051/0004-6361:20078221
R. Antonucci Unified models for active galactic nuclei and quasars Annu Rev Astron Astrophys 1993 31 473 521 1993ARA&A.31.473A 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXhslOmsA%3D%3D 10.1146/annurev.aa.31.090193.002353
P. Awad J.H.H. Chan M. Millon F. Courbin E. Paic Probing compact dark matter objects with microlensing in gravitationally lensed quasars Astron Astrophys 2023 673 A88 2023A&A..673A.88A 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXhtlGmtb3E 10.1051/0004-6361/202245615 arXiv:2304.01320
B.R. Barsdell D.G. Barnes C.J. Fluke Analysing astronomy algorithms for graphics processing units and beyond Mon Not R Astron Soc 2010 408 1936 1944 2010MNRAS.408.1936B 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17257.x
A.J. Barth A. Pancoast V.N. Bennert B.J. Brewer G. Canalizo A.V. Filippenko E.L. Gates J.E. Greene W. Li M.A. Malkan D.J. Sand D. Stern T. Treu J.H. Woo R.J. Assef H.J. Bae T. Buehler S.B. Cenko K.I. Clubb M.C. Cooper A.M. Diamond-Stanic S.F. Hönig M.D. Joner C.D. Laney M.S. Lazarova A.M. Nierenberg J.M. Silverman E.J. Tollerud J.L. Walsh The Lick AGN monitoring project 2011: Fe II reverberation from the outer broad-line region Astrophys J 2013 769 128 2013ApJ..769.128B 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXht1ygtLnL 10.1088/0004-637X/769/2/128
R. Barvainis Hot dust and the near-infrared bump in the continuum spectra of quasars and active galactic nuclei Astrophys J 1987 320 537 1987ApJ..320.537B 10.1086/165571
N.F. Bate R.L. Webster J.S.B. Wyithe Smooth matter and source size in microlensing simulations of gravitationally lensed quasars Mon Not R Astron Soc 2007 381 1591 1596 2007MNRAS.381.1591B 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12330.x
N.F. Bate D.J.E. Floyd R.L. Webster J.S.B. Wyithe A microlensing study of the accretion disc in the quasar MG 0414+0534 Mon Not R Astron Soc 2008 391 1955 1960 2008MNRAS.391.1955B 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXitVWgt7k%3D 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.14020.x
N.F. Bate D.J.E. Floyd R.L. Webster J.S.B. Wyithe A microlensing measurement of dark matter fractions in three lensing galaxies Astrophys J 2011 731 71 2011ApJ..731..71B 10.1088/0004-637X/731/1/71
N.F. Bate G. Vernardos M.J. O’Dowd M.D. Neri-Larios HST imaging of four lensed quasars Mon Not R Astron Soc 2018 479 4796 4814 2018MNRAS.479.4796B 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXhsVWnt7fK 10.1093/mnras/sty1793
K.E. Belle G.F. Lewis Microlensing of broad absorption line quasars: polarization variability Publ Astron Soc Pac 2000 112 320 2000PASP.112.320B 10.1086/316523
N. Bennert H. Falcke H. Schulz A.S. Wilson B.J. Wills Size and structure of the narrow-line region of quasars Astrophys J 2002 574 105 109 2002ApJ..574L.105B
M. Benning M. Burger Modern regularization methods for inverse problems Acta Numerica 2018 27 1 111 3826506 10.1017/S0962492918000016 arXiv:1801.09922
M.C. Bentz S. Katz The agn black hole mass database Publ Astron Soc Pac 2015 127 67 2015PASP.127..67B
M.C. Bentz K.D. Denney C.J. Grier A.J. Barth B.M. Peterson M. Vestergaard V.N. Bennert G. Canalizo G.D. Rosa A.V. Filippenko E.L. Gates J.E. Greene W. Li M.A. Malkan R.W. Pogge D. Stern T. Treu J.H. Woo The low-luminosity end of the radius-luminosity relationship for active galactic nuclei Astrophys J 2013 767 149 2013ApJ..767.149B 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXht1Cnu7bE 10.1088/0004-637X/767/2/149
M.C. Bentz P.R. Williams R. Street C.A. Onken M. Valluri T. Treu A detailed view of the broad-line region in NGC 3783 from velocity-resolved reverberation mapping Astrophys J 2021 920 112 2021ApJ..920.112B 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXislOkurzM 10.3847/1538-4357/ac19af
Best H, Fagin J, Vernardos G, O’Dowd M (2022) Resolving the vicinity of supermassive black holes with gravitational microlensing. http://arxiv.org/abs/2210.10500
S. Bhatiani X. Dai E. Guerras Confirmation of planet-mass objects in extragalactic systems Astrophys J 2019 885 77 2019ApJ..885..77B 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXit1Snsbw%3D 10.3847/1538-4357/ab46ac
A.D. Biggs A vla monitoring study of JVAS B1422+231: investigation of time delays and detection of extrinsic variability Mon Not R Astron Soc 2023 10.1093/mnras/stad870
A.D. Biggs I.W.A. Browne A revised lens time delay for JVAS B0218+357 from a reanalysis of VLA monitoring data Mon Not R Astron Soc 2018 476 5393 5407 2018MNRAS.476.5393B 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXntVKku7w%3D 10.1093/MNRAS/STY565
Birrer S et al (2024) Time-delay cosmography: measuring the Hubble constant and other cosmological parameters with strong gravitational lensing. Space Sci Rev 220
J.A. Blackburne C.S. Kochanek The effect of a time-varying accretion disk size on quasar microlensing light curves Astrophys J 2010 718 1079 1084 2010ApJ..718.1079B 10.1088/0004-637X/718/2/1079
J.A. Blackburne D. Pooley S. Rappaport P.L. Schechter Sizes and temperature profiles of quasar accretion disks from chromatic microlensing Astrophys J 2011 729 34 2011ApJ..729..34B 10.1088/0004-637X/729/1/34
J.A. Blackburne C.S. Kochanek B. Chen X. Dai G. Chartas The optical, ultraviolet, and X-ray structure of the quasar HE 0435–1223 Astrophys J 2014 789 125 2014ApJ..789.125B 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhslaju7fO 10.1088/0004-637X/789/2/125
R.D. Blandford C.F. Mckee Reverberation mapping of the emission line regions of Seyfert galaxies and quasars Astrophys J 1982 255 419 439 1982ApJ..255.419B 1:CAS:528:DyaL38Xit1Kjt7k%3D
M.B. Bogdanov A.M. Cherepashchuk Reconstruction of the strip brightness distribution in a quasar accretion disk from gravitational microlensing data Astron Rep 2002 46 626 633 2002ARep..46.626B
B. Borguet D. Hutsemékers A polar+equatorial wind model for broad absorption line quasars Astron Astrophys 2010 515 2010A&A..515A.22B 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhsVejsb7L 10.1051/0004-6361/200913255
R.R. Bourassa R. Kantowski The theory of transparent gravitational lenses Astrophys J 1975 195 13 21 1975ApJ..195..13B
R.R. Bourassa R. Kantowski T.D. Norton The spheroidal gravitational lens Astrophys J 1973 185 747 756 1973ApJ..185.747B
V. Bozza Microlensing with an advanced contour integration algorithm: Green’s theorem to third order, error control, optimal sampling and limb darkening Mon Not R Astron Soc 2010 408 2188 2200 2010MNRAS.408.2188B 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17265.x
L. Braibant D. Hutsemékers D. Sluse T. Anguita C.J. García-Vergara Microlensing of the broad-line region in the quadruply imaged quasar HE0435-1223 Astron Astrophys 2014 565 2014A&A..565L.11B 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhtl2gtrrM 10.1051/0004-6361/201423633
L. Braibant D. Hutsemékers D. Sluse T. Anguita The different origins of high- and low-ionization broad emission lines revealed by gravitational microlensing in the Einstein cross Astron Astrophys 2016 592 2016A&A..592A.23B 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXhslaru7nE 10.1051/0004-6361/201628594
L. Braibant D. Hutsemékers D. Sluse R. Goosmann Constraining the geometry and kinematics of the quasar broad emission line region using gravitational microlensing: I. Models and simulations Astron Astrophys 2017 607 2017A&A..607A.32B 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXitFalur7N 10.1051/0004-6361/201731086
A. Bruce A. Lawrence C. MacLeod M. Elvis M.J. Ward J.S. Collinson S. Gezari P.J. Marshall M.C. Lam R. Kotak C. Inserra J. Polshaw N. Kaiser R.P. Kudritzki E.A. Magnier C. Waters Spectral analysis of four ‘hypervariable’ AGN: a microneedle in the haystack? Mon Not R Astron Soc 2017 467 1259 1280 2017MNRAS.467.1259B 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXit1ynsrvM 10.1093/mnras/stx168
E.M. Cackett J. Gelbord Y.-R. Li K. Horne J.-M. Wang A.J. Barth J.-M. Bai W.-H. Bian R.W. Carroll P. Du R. Edelson M.R. Goad L.C. Ho C. Hu V.C. Khatu B. Luo J. Miller Y.-F. Yuan Supermassive black holes with high accretion rates in active galactic nuclei. XI. Accretion disk reverberation mapping of MRK 142 Astrophys J 2020 896 1 2020ApJ..896..1C 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXitFCjtLjE 10.3847/1538-4357/ab91b5
E.M. Cackett M.C. Bentz E. Kara Reverberation mapping of active galactic nuclei: from X-ray corona to dusty torus iScience 2021 24 6 2021iSci..24j2557C 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXitFOmtrrN 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102557 34151226 8188568
C.R. Canizares Manifestations of a cosmological density of compact objects in quasar light Astrophys J 1982 263 508 1982ApJ..263.508C
M. Cappellari Structure and kinematics of early-type galaxies from integral field spectroscopy Annu Rev Astron Astrophys 2016 54 597 665 2016ARA&A.54.597C 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XhsF2gsbnJ 10.1146/annurev-astro-082214-122432
J.A. Cardelli B.D. Savage Two lines of sight with exceedingly anomalous ultraviolet interstellar extinction Astrophys J 1988 325 864 879 1988ApJ..325.864C 1:CAS:528:DyaL1cXhsVSiurY%3D
K.-H. Chae D.A. Turnshek R.E. Schulte-Ladbeck S.M. Rao O.L. Lupie Hubble Space Telescope observations of the gravitationally lensed cloverleaf broad absorption line QSO H14131143: imaging polarimetry and evidence for microlensing of a scattering region Astrophys J 2001 561 653 659 2001ApJ..561.653C
J.H.H. Chan K. Rojas M. Millon F. Courbin V. Bonvin G. Jauffret Measuring accretion disk sizes of lensed quasars with microlensing time delay in multi-band light curves Astron Astrophys 2021 647 2021A&A..647A.115C 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXhtlakt73N 10.1051/0004-6361/202038971
K. Chang S. Refsdal Flux variations of QSO 0957+561 A, B and image splitting by stars near the light path Nature 1979 282 561 1979Natur.282.561C
K. Chang S. Refsdal Star disturbances in gravitational lens galaxies Astron Astrophys 1984 132 168 1984A&A..132.168C
G. Chartas E. Agol M. Eracleous G. Garmire M.W. Bautz N.D. Morgan Caught in the act: Chandra observations of microlensing of the radio-loud quasar MG J0414+0534 Astrophys J 2002 568 2 509 521 2002ApJ..568.509C 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XjsFOnur8%3D 10.1086/339162
G. Chartas M. Eracleous E. Agol S.C. Gallagher Chandra Observations of the cloverleaf quasar H1413+117: a unique laboratory for microlensing studies of a LoBAL quasar Astrophys J 2004 606 1 78 84 2004ApJ..606..78C 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXksVelt7w%3D 10.1086/382743
G. Chartas M. Eracleous X. Dai E. Agol S. Gallagher Discovery of probable relativistic Fe emission and absorption in the cloverleaf quasar H 1413+117 Astrophys J 2007 661 2 678 692 2007ApJ..661.678C 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXnsV2gsrw%3D 10.1086/516816
G. Chartas C.S. Kochanek X. Dai S. Poindexter G. Garmire X-ray microlensing in RXJ1131-1231 and HE1104-1805 Astrophys J 2009 693 174 185 2009ApJ..693.174C 10.1088/0004-637X/693/1/174
G. Chartas C.S. Kochanek X. Dai D. Moore A.M. Mosquera J.A. Blackburne Revealing the structure of an accretion disk through energy-dependent X-ray microlensing Astrophys J 2012 757 2 137 2012ApJ..757.137C 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xhs1Gju7nM 10.1088/0004-637X/757/2/137
G. Chartas H. Krawczynski L. Zalesky C.S. Kochanek X. Dai C.W. Morgan A. Mosquera Measuring the innermost stable circular orbits of supermassive black holes Astrophys J 2017 837 26 2017ApJ..837..26C 10.3847/1538-4357/aa5d50
G. Chartas M. Cappi C. Vignali M. Dadina V. James G. Lanzuisi M. Giustini M. Gaspari S. Strickland E. Bertola Multiphase powerful outflows detected in high-z quasars Astrophys J 2021 920 24 2021ApJ..920..24C 10.3847/1538-4357/ac0ef2
D. Chelouche Gravitational microlensing and the structure of quasar outflows Astrophys J 2005 629 667 2005ApJ..629.667C 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtVGmt7vF
B. Chen X. Dai C.S. Kochanek G. Chartas J.A. Blackburne C.W. Morgan X-ray monitoring of gravitational lenses with Chandra Astrophys J 2012 755 1 24 2012ApJ..755..24C 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xhs1GktbjJ 10.1088/0004-637X/755/1/24
G.C.F. Chen S.H. Suyu K.C. Wong C.D. Fassnacht T. Chiueh A. Halkola I.S. Hu M.W. Auger L.V.E. Koopmans D.J. Lagattuta J.P. McKean S. Vegetti Sharp – III. First use of adaptive-optics imaging to constrain cosmology with gravitational lens time delays Mon Not R Astron Soc 2016 462 3457 3475 2016MNRAS.462.3457C 10.1093/mnras/stw991
B. Chen R. Kantowski X. Dai E. Baron P.V. der Mark Accelerating gravitational microlensing simulations using the Xeon Phi coprocessor Astron Comput 2017 19 60 65 2017A&C..19..60C 10.1016/j.ascom.2017.03.005
M. Chiba T. Minezaki N. Kashikawa H. Kataza K.T. Inoue Subaru mid-infrared imaging of the quadruple lenses PG 1115+080 and B1422+231: limits on substructure lensing 1 Astrophys J 2005 627 53 2005ApJ..627..53C 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXnsVCiur4%3D
S. Collin C. Boisson M. Mouchet A.M. Dumont S. Coupé D. Porquet E. Rokaki Are quasars accreting at super-Eddington rates? Astron Astrophys 2002 388 771 786 2002A&A..388.771C 10.1051/0004-6361:20020550
A.B. Congdon C.R. Keeton S.J. Osmer Microlensing of an extended source by a power-law mass distribution Mon Not R Astron Soc 2007 376 263 272 2007MNRAS.376.263C 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.11426.x
M.A. Cornachione C.W. Morgan Quasar microlensing variability studies favor shallow accretion disk temperature profiles Astrophys J 2020 895 93 2020ApJ..895..93C 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXitFCjur%2FI 10.3847/1538-4357/ab8aed
M.A. Cornachione C.W. Morgan H.R. Burger V.N. Shalyapin L.J. Goicoechea F.J. Vrba S.E. Dahm T.M. Tilleman Near-infrared and optical continuum emission region size measurements in the gravitationally lensed quasars Q0957+561 and SBS0909+532 Astrophys J 2020 905 7 2020ApJ..905..7C 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXhtlaltr8%3D 10.3847/1538-4357/abc25d
M.A. Cornachione C.W. Morgan M. Millon M.C. Bentz F. Courbin V. Bonvin E.E. Falco A microlensing accretion disk size measurement in the lensed quasar WFI 2026–4536 Astrophys J 2020 895 125 2020ApJ..895.125C 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXitFCjurnL 10.3847/1538-4357/ab557a
B. Czerny Y.-R. Li K. Hryniewicz S. Panda C. Wildy M. Sniegowska J.-M. Wang J. Sredzinska V. Karas Failed radiatively accelerated dusty outflow model of the broad line region in active galactic nuclei. I. Analytical solution Astrophys J 2017 846 154 2017ApJ..846.154C 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXntlynurs%3D 10.3847/1538-4357/aa8810
X. Dai E. Guerras Probing extragalactic planets using quasar microlensing Astrophys J 2018 853 27 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXitFKks73N 10.3847/2041-8213/aaa5fb
Dai L, Pascale M (2021) New approximation of magnification statistics for random microlensing of magnified sources. http://arxiv.org/abs/2104.12009
X. Dai G. Chartas E. Agol M.W. Bautz G.P. Garmire Chandra Observations of QSO 2237+0305 Astrophys J 2003 589 1 100 110 2003ApJ..589.100D 10.1086/374548
X. Dai C.S. Kochanek G. Chartas S. Kozłowski C.W. Morgan G. Garmire E. Agol The sizes of the X-ray and optical emission regions of RXJ 1131-1231 Astrophys J 2010 709 278 285 2010ApJ..709.278D 10.1088/0004-637X/709/1/278
N. Dalal C.S. Kochanek Direct detection of cold dark matter substructure Astrophys J 2002 572 25 33 2002ApJ..572..25D 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xlt1Oqs7c%3D
S.W. Davis A. Laor The radiative efficiency of accretion flows in individual active galactic nuclei Astrophys J 2011 728 98 2011ApJ..728..98D 10.1088/0004-637X/728/2/98
R. Dempsey N.L. Zakamska The size-luminosity relationship of quasar narrow-line regions Mon Not R Astron Soc 2018 477 4615 4626 2018MNRAS.477.4615D 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXhtlSrsLfJ 10.1093/mnras/sty941
J. Dexter E. Agol Quasar accretion disks are strongly inhomogeneous Astrophys J Lett 2011 727 24 2011ApJ..727L.24D 10.1088/2041-8205/727/1/L24
T. Di Matteo Magnetic reconnection: flares and coronal heating in active galactic nuclei Mon Not R Astron Soc 1998 299 1 15 20 10.1046/j.1365-8711.1998.01950.x
E. Di Valentino L.A. Anchordoqui Ö. Akarsu Y. Ali-Haimoud L. Amendola N. Arendse M. Asgari M. Ballardini S. Basilakos E. Battistelli M. Benetti S. Birrer F.R. Bouchet M. Bruni E. Calabrese D. Camarena S. Capozziello A. Chen J. Chluba A. Chudaykin E.Ó. Colgáin F.-Y. Cyr-Racine P. de Bernardis J. de Cruz Pérez J. Delabrouille J. Dunkley C. Escamilla-Rivera A. Ferté F. Finelli W. Freedman N. Frusciante E. Giusarma A. Gómez-Valent W. Handley I. Harrison L. Hart A. Heavens H. Hildebrandt D. Holz D. Huterer M.M. Ivanov S. Joudaki M. Kamionkowski T. Karwal L. Knox S. Kumar L. Lamagna J. Lesgourgues M. Lucca V. Marra S. Masi S. Matarrese A. Mazumdar A. Melchiorri O. Mena L. Mersini-Houghton V. Miranda C. Moreno-Pulido D.F. Mota J. Muir A. Mukherjee F. Niedermann A. Notari R.C. Nunes F. Pace A. Paliathanasis A. Palmese S. Pan D. Paoletti V. Pettorino F. Piacentini V. Poulin M. Raveri A.G. Riess V. Salzano E.N. Saridakis A.A. Sen A. Shafieloo A.J. Shajib J. Silk A. Silvestri M.S. Sloth T.L. Smith J. Solà Peracaula C. van de Bruck L. Verde L. Visinelli B.D. Wandelt D. Wang J.-M. Wang A.K. Yadav W. Yang Cosmology intertwined III: fσ8 and S8 Astropart Phys 2021 131 10.1016/j.astropartphys.2021.102604
J.M. Diego O.A. Hannuksela P.L. Kelly G. Pagano T. Broadhurst K. Kim T.G.F. Li G.F. Smoot Observational signatures of microlensing in gravitational waves at LIGO/Virgo frequencies Astron Astrophys 2019 627 2019A&A..627A.130D 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXisVSjsLnO 10.1051/0004-6361/201935490
G. Dobler C.R. Keeton J. Wambsganss Microlensing of central images in strong gravitational lens systems Mon Not R Astron Soc 2007 377 977 986 2007MNRAS.377.977D 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.11695.x
R. Edelson J.M. Gelbord K. Horne I.M. McHardy B.M. Peterson P. Arévalo A.A. Breeveld G.D. Rosa P.A. Evans M.R. Goad G.A. Kriss W.N. Brandt N. Gehrels D. Grupe J.A. Kennea C.S. Kochanek J.A. Nousek I. Papadakis M. Siegel D. Starkey P. Uttley S. Vaughan S. Young A.J. Barth M.C. Bentz B.J. Brewer D.M. Crenshaw E.D.B.A.D.L. Cáceres K.D. Denney M. Dietrich J. Ely M.M. Fausnaugh C.J. Grier P.B. Hall J. Kaastra B.C. Kelly K.T. Korista P. Lira S. Mathur H. Netzer A. Pancoast L. Pei R.W. Pogge J.S. Schimoia T. Treu M. Vestergaard C. Villforth H. Yan Y. Zu Space telescope and optical reverberation mapping project. II. Swift and HST reverberation mapping of the accretion disk of NGC 5548 Astrophys J 2015 806 129 2015ApJ..806.129E 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XhsFGlt7bN 10.1088/0004-637X/806/1/129
A. Eigenbrod F. Courbin G. Meylan E. Agol T. Anguita R.W. Schmidt J. Wambsganss Microlensing variability in the gravitationally lensed quasar QSO 2237+0305 ≡ the Einstein cross. II. Energy profile of the accretion disk Astron Astrophys 2008 490 933 943 2008A&A..490.933E 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXnsVOqtw%3D%3D 10.1051/0004-6361
A. Eigenbrod F. Courbin D. Sluse G. Meylan E. Agol Microlensing variability in the gravitationally lensed quasar QSO 2237+0305 ≡ the Einstein cross Astron Astrophys 2008 480 647 661 2008A&A..480.647E 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXlsVelsLw%3D 10.1051/0004-6361:20078703
M. Elitzur L.C. Ho J.R. Trump Evolution of broad-line emission from active galactic nuclei Mon Not R Astron Soc 2014 438 3340 3351 2014MNRAS.438.3340E 10.1093/mnras/stt2445
A. Esteban-Gutiérrez N. Agües-Paszkowsky E. Mediavilla J. Jiménez-Vicente J.A. Muñoz S. Heydenreich The impact of the mass spectrum of lenses in quasar microlensing studies. Constraints on a mixed population of primordial black holes and stars Astrophys J 2020 904 176 2020ApJ..904.176E 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXhtlalu7Y%3D 10.3847/1538-4357/abbdf7
A. Esteban-Gutiérrez N. Agües-Paszkowsky E. Mediavilla J. Jiménez-Vicente J.A. Muñoz S. Heydenreich Abundance of LIGO/Virgo black holes from microlensing observations of quasars with reverberation mapping size estimates Astrophys J 2022 929 123 2022ApJ..929.123E 10.3847/1538-4357/ac57c5
Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope results. III. Imaging of the galactic center supermassive black hole Astrophys J Lett 2022 930 2022ApJ..930L.14E 10.3847/2041-8213/ac6429
A.C. Fabian M.J. Rees L. Stella N.E. White X-ray fluorescence from the inner disc in Cygnus X-1 Mon Not R Astron Soc 1989 238 729 736 1989MNRAS.238.729F 1:CAS:528:DyaL1MXktlSrtro%3D 10.1093/mnras/238.3.729
A.C. Fabian A. Zoghbi R.R. Ross P. Uttley L.C. Gallo W.N. Brandt A.J. Blustin T. Boller M.D. Caballero-Garcia J. Larsson J.M. Miller G. Miniutti G. Ponti R.C. Reis C.S. Reynolds Y. Tanaka A.J. Young Broad line emission from iron K- and L-shell transitions in the active galaxy 1H0707-495 Nature 2009 459 7246 540 542 2009Natur.459.540F 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXmsFajsLw%3D 10.1038/nature08007 19478778
A.C. Fabian E. Kara D.J. Walton D.R. Wilkins R.R. Ross K. Lozanov P. Uttley L.C. Gallo A. Zoghbi G. Miniutti T. Boller W.N. Brandt E.M. Cackett C.-Y. Chiang T. Dwelly J. Malzac J.M. Miller E. Nardini G. Ponti R.C. Reis C.S. Reynolds J.F. Steiner Y. Tanaka A.J. Young XMM observation of the narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy IRAS 13224-3809: rapid variability, high spin and a soft lag Mon Not R Astron Soc 2013 429 4 2917 2923 2013MNRAS.429.2917F 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXisVahuro%3D 10.1093/mnras/sts504
R. Fadely C.R. Keeton Near-infrared K and L’ flux ratios in six lensed quasars Astron J 2011 141 101 2011AJ..141.101F 10.1088/0004-6256/141/3/101
E.E. Falco V.M. Gorenstein I.I. Shapiro On model-dependent bounds on h0 from gravitational images: application to Q0957+561A, B Astrophys J 1985 289 1
E.E. Falco C.D. Impey C.S. Kochanek J. Leha B.A. Mcleod H.-W. Rix C.R. Keeton J.A. Mun C.Y. Peng Dust and extinction curves in galaxies with z>0: the interstellar medium of gravitational lens galaxies Astrophys J 1999 523 617 632 1999ApJ..523.617F 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXms1Slt70%3D
G.J. Ferland C. Hu J.M. Wang J.A. Baldwin R.L. Porter P.A.M.V. Hoof R.J.R. Williams Implications of infalling fe ii-emitting clouds in active galactic nuclei: anisotropic properties Astrophys J 2009 707 2009ApJ..707L.82F 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXmvVGjuw%3D%3D 10.1088/0004-637X/707/1/L82
G.J. Ferland R.L. Porter P.A.M. van Hoof R.J.R. Williams N.P. Abel M.L. Lykins G. Shaw W.J. Henney P.C. Stancil The 2013 release of cloudy Rev Mex Astron Astrofís 2013 49 137 163 2013RMxAA.49.137F 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXnslehur4%3D 10.48550/arXiv.1302.4485
C. Fian E. Mediavilla A. Hanslmeier A. Oscoz M. Serra-Ricart J.A. Muñoz J. Jiménez-Vicente Size of the accretion disk in the graviationally lensed quasar SDSS J1004+4112 from the statistics of microlensing magnifications Astrophys J 2016 830 2 149 2016ApJ..830.149F 10.3847/0004-637X/830/2/149
C. Fian E. Mediavilla J. Jiménez-Vicente J.A. Muñoz A. Hanslmeier Estimate of the accretion disk size in the gravitationally lensed quasar HE 0435-1223 using microlensing magnification statistics Astrophys J 2018 869 132 2018ApJ..869.132F 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXhsFOns7jJ 10.3847/1538-4357/aaeed5
C. Fian E. Mediavilla J. Jiménez-Vicente V. Motta J.A. Muñoz D. Chelouche P. Goméz-Alvarez K. Rojas A. Hanslmeier Revealing the structure of the lensed quasar Q 0957+561: I. Accretion disk size Astron Astrophys 2021 654 2021A&A..654A.70F 10.1051/0004-6361/202039854
C. Fian E. Mediavilla V. Motta J. Jiménez-Vicente J.A. Muñoz D. Chelouche A. Hanslmeier Microlensing of the broad emission lines in 27 gravitationally lensed quasars: broad line region structure and kinematics Astron Astrophys 2021 653 2021A&A..653A.109F 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXisVKiu7bK 10.1051/0004-6361/202039829
D.J.E. Floyd N.F. Bate R.L. Webster The accretion disc in the quasar SDSS J0924+0219 Mon Not R Astron Soc 2009 398 233 239 2009MNRAS.398.233F 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXht1Sms7bP 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15045.x
C.J. Fluke R.L. Webster Investigating the geometry of quasars with microlensing Mon Not R Astron Soc 1999 302 68 74 1999MNRAS.302..68F 10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02109.x
C.J. Fluke D.G. Barnes B.R. Barsdell A.H. Hassan Astrophysical supercomputing with GPUs: critical decisions for early adopters Publ Astron Soc Aust 2011 28 15 27 2011PASA..28..15F
M. Foxley-Marrable T.E. Collett G. Vernardos D.A. Goldstein D. Bacon The impact of microlensing on the standardisation of strongly lensed type IA supernovae Mon Not R Astron Soc 2018 478 5081 5090 2018MNRAS.478.5081F 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXhtlOrsbrJ http://arxiv.org/abs/1802.07738
A.A. Galeev R. Rosner G.S. Vaiana Structured coronae of accretion disks Astrophys J 1979 229 318 326 1979ApJ..229.318G 10.1086/156957
S.C. Gallagher W.N. Brandt G. Chartas R. Priddey G.P. Garmire R.M. Sambruna An exploratory Chandra survey of a well-defined sample of 35 large bright quasar survey broad absorption line quasars Astrophys J 2006 644 2 709 724 2006ApJ..644.709G 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xnt1Cqsr0%3D 10.1086/503762
L.C. Gallo D.R. Wilkins K. Bonson C.-Y. Chiang D. Grupe M.L. Parker A. Zoghbi A.C. Fabian S. Komossa A.L. Longinotti Suzaku observations of MRK 335: confronting partial covering and relativistic reflection Mon Not R Astron Soc 2015 446 1 633 650 2015MNRAS.446.633G 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXltlemtr0%3D 10.1093/mnras/stu2108
E. Gardner C. Done The origin of the uv/optical lags in NGC 5548 Mon Not R Astron Soc 2017 470 3591 3605 2017MNRAS.470.3591G 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXitleju7nL 10.1093/mnras/stx946
H. Garsden G.F. Lewis Gravitational microlensing: a parallel, large-data implementation New Astron 2010 15 181 2010NewA..15.181G
H. Garsden N.F. Bate G.F. Lewis Gravitational microlensing of a reverberating quasar broad-line region – I. Method and qualitative results Mon Not R Astron Soc 2011 418 2 1012 1027 2011MNRAS.418.1012G 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19552.x
B.S. Gaudi A.O. Petters Gravitational microlensing near caustics. I. Folds Astrophys J 2002 574 970 984 2002ApJ..574.970G 10.1086/341063
B.S. Gaudi A.O. Petters Gravitational microlensing near caustics. II. Cusps Astrophys J 2002 580 468 2002ApJ..580.468G
R. Gil-Merino L.J. Goicoechea V.N. Shalyapin A. Oscoz New database for a sample of optically bright lensed quasars in the northern hemisphere Astron Astrophys 2018 616 2018A&A..616A.118G 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXisFWgs7rO 10.1051/0004-6361/201832737
L.J. Goicoechea B.P. Artamonov V.N. Shalyapin A.V. Sergeyev O.A. Burkhonov T.A. Akhunov I.M. Asfandiyarov V.V. Bruevich S.A. Ehgamberdiev E.V. Shimanovskaya A.P. Zheleznyak Liverpool-maidanak monitoring of the Einstein cross in 2006-2019 Astron Astrophys 2020 637 2020A&A..637A.89G 10.1051/0004-6361/202037902
V.M. Gorenstein E.E. Falco I.I. Shapiro Degeneracies in parameter estimates for models of gravitational lens systems Astrophys J 1988 327 693 1988ApJ..327.693G
J.R. Gott Are heavy halos made of low mass stars? A gravitational lens test Astrophys J 1981 243 140 146 1981ApJ..243.140G
A. Gould J. Miralda-Escude Signatures of accretion disks in quasar microlensing Astrophys J 1997 483 13 1997ApJ..483L.13G
A.W. Graham The black hole mass – spheroid luminosity relation Mon Not R Astron Soc 2007 379 711 722 2007MNRAS.379.711G 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.11950.x
A.W. Graham E. Laurikainen R. Peletier D. Gadotti Galaxy bulges and their massive black holes: a review Galactic bulges 2016 Cham Springer 263 313 10.1007/978-3-319-19378-6_11
J. Granot P.L. Schechter J. Wambsganss The mean number of extra microimage pairs for macrolensed quasars Astrophys J 2003 583 575 583 2003ApJ..583.575G
P.J. Green Lens-aided multi-angle spectroscopy (LAMAS) reveals small-scale outflow structure in quasars Astrophys J 2006 644 733 2006ApJ..644.733G 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xnt1Cqsrk%3D 10.1086/503760
L. Greencard V. Rokhlin A fast algorithm for particle simulations J Comput Phys 1987 73 315 348 1987JCoPh.73.325G 918448
B. Grieger R. Kayser S. Refsdal Gravitational micro-lensing as a clue to quasar structure Astron Astrophys 1988 194 54 1988A&A..194..54G
B. Grieger R. Kayser T. Schramm The deconvolution of the quasar structure from microlensing light curves Astron Astrophys 1991 252 508 1991A&A..252.508G
C.J. Grier A. Pancoast A.J. Barth M.M. Fausnaugh B.J. Brewer T. Treu B.M. Peterson The structure of the broad-line region in active galactic nuclei. II. Dynamical modeling of data from the AGN10 reverberation mapping campaign Astrophys J 2017 849 146 2017ApJ..849.146G 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXnsVOkurc%3D 10.3847/1538-4357/aa901b
C.J. Grier Y. Shen K. Horne W.N. Brandt J.R. Trump P.B. Hall K. Kinemuchi D. Starkey D.P. Schneider L.C. Ho Y. Homayouni J.I.-H. Li I.D. McGreer B.M. Peterson D. Bizyaev Y. Chen K.S. Dawson S. Eftekharzadeh Y. Guo S. Jia L. Jiang J.-P. Kneib F. Li Z. Li J. Nie A. Oravetz D. Oravetz K. Pan P. Petitjean K.A. Ponder J. Rogerson M. Vivek T. Zhang H. Zou The Sloan Digital Sky Survey reverberation mapping project: initial C IV lag results from four years of data Astrophys J 2019 887 38 2019ApJ..887..38G 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXms1ahsbc%3D 10.3847/1538-4357/ab4ea5
M. Grzędzielski A. Janiuk B. Czerny Q. Wu Modified viscosity in accretion disks: application to galactic black hole binaries, intermediate mass black holes, and active galactic nuclei Astron Astrophys 2017 603 2017A&A..603A.110G 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXitVWmtLjJ 10.1051/0004-6361/201629672
E. Guerras E. Mediavilla J. Jiménez-Vicente C.S. Kochanek J. Muñoz Ja E. Falco V. Motta Microlensing of quasar broad emission lines: constraints on broad line region size Astrophys J 2013 764 160 2013ApJ..764.160G 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhtFGqt7jF 10.1088/0004-637X/764/2/160
E. Guerras E. Mediavilla J. Jimenez-Vicente C.S. Kochanek J.A. Muñoz E. Falco V. Motta K. Rojas Microlensing of quasar ultraviolet iron emission Astrophys J 2013 778 123 2013ApJ..778.123G 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXmvFyltLw%3D 10.1088/0004-637X/778/2/123
E. Guerras X. Dai E. Mediavilla A second-order moment of microlensing variability as a novel tool to constrain source emission size or discrete lens demographics in extragalactic research Astrophys J 2020 896 111 2020ApJ..896.111G 10.3847/1538-4357/ab76b9
P.W. Guilbert M.J. Rees ‘Cold’ material in non-thermal sources Mon Not R Astron Soc 1988 233 475 484 1988MNRAS.233.475G 1:CAS:528:DyaL1cXltVSiu7k%3D 10.1093/mnras/233.2.475
W.-J. Guo Y.-R. Li Z.-X. Zhang L.C. Ho J.-M. Wang Accretion disk size measurements of active galactic nuclei monitored by the Zwicky Transient Facility Astrophys J 2022 929 19 2022ApJ..929..19G 10.3847/1538-4357/ac4e84
F. Haardt L. Maraschi A two-phase model for the X-ray emission from Seyfert galaxies Astrophys J Lett 1991 380 51 1991ApJ..380L.51H 10.1086/186171
F. Haardt L. Maraschi X-ray spectra from two-phase accretion disks Astrophys J 1993 413 507 1993ApJ..413.507H 10.1086/173020
F. Haardt L. Maraschi G. Ghisellini A model for the X-ray and ultraviolet emission from Seyfert galaxies and galactic black holes Astrophys J Lett 1994 432 95 1994ApJ..432L.95H 10.1086/187520
L.J. Hainline C.W. Morgan J.N. Beach C.S. Kochanek H.C. Harris T. Tilleman R. Fadely E.E. Falco T.X. Le A new microlensing event in the doubly imaged quasar Q 0957+561 Astrophys J 2012 744 104 2012ApJ..744.104H 10.1088/0004-637X/744/2/104
L.J. Hainline C.W. Morgan C.L. Macleod Z.D. Landaal C.S. Kochanek H.C. Harris T. Tilleman L.J. Goicoechea V.N. Shalyapin E.E. Falco Time delay and accretion disk size measurements in the lensed quasar SBS 0909+532 from multiwavelength microlensing analysis Astrophys J 2013 774 69 2013ApJ..774..69H 10.1088/0004-637X/774/1/69
C.A. Hales G.F. Lewis Resolving the structure at the heart of bal quasars through microlensing induced polarisation variability Publ Astron Soc Aust 2007 24 30 40 2007PASA..24..30H 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXot1arsr8%3D 10.1071/AS07002
P.B. Hall E.S. Noordeh L.S. Chajet E. Weiss C.J. Nixon Modelling spikes in quasar accretion disc temperature Mon Not R Astron Soc 2014 442 1090 1109 2014MNRAS.442.1090H 10.1093/mnras/stu890
P.B. Hall G.T. Sarrouh K. Horne Non-blackbody disks can help explain inferred AGN accretion disk sizes Astrophys J 2018 854 93 2018ApJ..854..93H 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXitlegs7rJ 10.3847/1538-4357/aaa768
F. Hamann G. Chartas S. McGraw P.R. Hidalgo J. Shields D. Capellupo J. Charlton M. Eracleous Extreme-velocity quasar outflows and the role of X-ray shielding Mon Not R Astron Soc 2013 435 133 148 2013MNRAS.435.133H 10.1093/mnras/stt1231
P. Hartley N. Jackson D. Sluse H.R. Stacey H. Vives-Arias Strong lensing reveals jets in a sub-microJy radio-quiet quasar Mon Not R Astron Soc 2019 485 3 3009 3023 2019MNRAS.485.3009H 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXitF2kurc%3D 10.1093/mnras/stz510
P. Hartley N. Jackson S. Badole J.P. McKean D. Sluse H. Vives-Arias Using strong lensing to understand the microjy radio emission in two radio quiet quasars at redshift 1.7 Mon Not R Astron Soc 2021 508 4625 4638 2021MNRAS.508.4625H 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XhvVWjsLzM 10.1093/mnras/stab2758
M.R.S. Hawkins A new look at microlensing limits on dark matter in the galactic halo Astron Astrophys 2015 575 2015A&A..575A.107H 10.1051/0004-6361/201425400
M.R.S. Hawkins The signature of primordial black holes in the dark matter halos of galaxies Astron Astrophys 2020 633 107 2020A&A..633A.107H 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXhslCjtLnJ 10.1051/0004-6361/201936462
M.R.S. Hawkins New evidence for a cosmological distribution of stellar mass primordial black holes Mon Not R Astron Soc 2022 512 5706 5714 2022MNRAS.512.5706H 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XivFOisb7I 10.1093/mnras/stac863
D. Heyrovský A. Loeb Microlensing of an elliptical source by a point mass Astrophys J 1997 490 1 38 50 1997ApJ..490..38H 10.1086/304855
N. Higginbottom D. Proga C. Knigge K.S. Long J.H. Matthews S.A. Sim Line-driven disk winds in active galactic nuclei: the critical importance of ionization and radiative transfer Astrophys J 2014 789 19 2014ApJ..789..19H 10.1088/0004-637X/789/1/19
Y. Homayouni J.R. Trump C.J. Grier K. Horne Y. Shen W.N. Brandt K.S. Dawson G.F. Alvarez P.J. Green P.B. Hall J.V.H. Santisteban L.C. Ho K. Kinemuchi C.S. Kochanek J.I.-H. Li B.M. Peterson D.P. Schneider D.A. Starkey D. Bizyaev K. Pan D. Oravetz A. Simmons The Sloan Digital Sky Survey reverberation mapping project: Mg II lag results from four years of monitoring Astrophys J 2020 901 55 2020ApJ..901..55H 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXitlamtbfE 10.3847/1538-4357/ababa9
K. Horne W.F. Welsh B.M. Peterson Echo mapping of broad Hβ emission in NGC 5548 Astrophys J 1991 367 5 1991ApJ..367L..5H
C. Hu P. Du K.X. Lu Y.R. Li F. Wang J. Qiu J.M. Bai S. Kaspi L.C. Ho H. Netzer J.M. Wang Supermassive black holes with high accretion rates in active galactic nuclei. III. Detection of Fe II reverberation in nine narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies Astrophys J 2015 804 138 2015ApJ..804.138H 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhtFaku7%2FK 10.1088/0004-637X/804/2/138
I. Hubeny E. Agol O. Blaes J.H. Krolik Non-LTE models and theoretical spectra of accretion disks in active galactic nuclei. III. Integrated spectra for hydrogen-helium disks Astrophys J 2000 533 710 728 2000ApJ..533.710H 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXjvFSgt70%3D
J. Huchra M. Gorenstein S. Kent I. Shapiro G. Smith E. Horine F.L. Whipple R. Perley 2237+0305: a new and unusual gravitational lens Astron J 1985 90 691 1985AJ...90.691H 1:CAS:528:DyaL2MXitFahtrw%3D
D. Hutsemékers Selective gravitational microlensing and line profile variations in the BAL quasar H1413+117 Astron Astrophys 1993 280 435 1993A&A..280.435H
D. Hutsemékers The use of gravitational microlensing to scan the structure of BAL QSOS Astrophys Space Sci 1994 216 361 1994Ap&SS.216.361H
D. Hutsemékers D. Sluse Geometry and kinematics of the broad emission line region in the lensed quasar Q2237+0305 Astron Astrophys 2021 654 2021A&A..654A.155H 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXislKgtrnO 10.1051/0004-6361/202141820
D. Hutsemékers B. Borguet D. Sluse P. Riaud T. Anguita Microlensing in H1413+117: disentangling line profile emission and absorption in a broad absorption line quasar Astron Astrophys 2010 519 2010A&A..519A.103H 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXislClurg%3D 10.1051/0004-6361/200913247
D. Hutsemékers D. Sluse L. Braibant T. Anguita Polarization microlensing in the quadruply imaged broad absorption line quasar H1413+117 Astron Astrophys 2015 584 2015A&A..584A.61H 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XitFSjsr3J 10.1051/0004-6361/201527243
D. Hutsemékers L. Braibant D. Sluse T. Anguita R. Goosmann New constraints on quasar broad absorption and emission line regions from gravitational microlensing Front Astron Space Sci 2017 4 18 2017FrASS..4..18H 10.3389/fspas.2017.00018
D. Hutsemekers L. Braibant D. Sluse R. Goosmann Constraining the geometry and kinematics of the quasar broad emission line region using gravitational microlensing: II. Comparing models with observations in the lensed quasar HE0435-1223 Astron Astrophys 2019 629 2019A&A..629A.43H 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXks1OktrY%3D 10.1051/0004-6361/201731087
D. Hutsemékers D. Sluse P. Kumar Spatially separated continuum sources revealed by microlensing in the gravitationally lensed broad absorption line quasar SDSS J081830.46+060138.0 Astron Astrophys 2020 633 2020A&A..633A.101H 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXhslCjtbzL 10.1051/0004-6361/201936973
D. Hutsemékers D. Sluse D. Savic G.T. Richards Microlensing of the broad emission line region in the lensed quasar J1004+4112 Astron Astrophys 2023 10.1051/0004-6361/202245490
J.B. Hyde M. Bernardi The luminosity and stellar mass fundamental plane of early-type galaxies Mon Not R Astron Soc 2009 396 1171 1185 2009MNRAS.396.1171H 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.14783.x
S. Ichimaru Bimodal behavior of accretion disks: theory and application to Cygnus X-1 transitions Astrophys J 1977 214 840 855 1977ApJ..214.840I 10.1086/155314
K.T. Inoue On the origin of the flux ratio anomaly in quadruple lens systems Mon Not R Astron Soc 2016 461 164 175 2016MNRAS.461.164I 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXlvFWktbk%3D 10.1093/mnras/stw1270
M.J. Irwin R.L. Webster P.C. Hewett R.T. Corrigan R.I. Jedrzejewski Photometric variations in the Q2237+0305 system: first detection of a microlensing event Astron J 1989 98 1989 1989AJ...98.1989I
Y.-F. Jiang S.W. Davis J.M. Stone Iron opacity bump changes the stability and structure of accretion disks in active galactic nuclei Astrophys J 2016 827 10 2016ApJ..827..10J 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXkvFaksLs%3D 10.3847/0004-637x/827/1/10
J. Jiménez-Vicente E. Mediavilla The initial mass function of lens galaxies from quasar microlensing Astrophys J 2019 885 75 2019ApJ..885..75J 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXit1SmsLw%3D 10.3847/1538-4357/ab46b8
J. Jiménez-Vicente E. Mediavilla Fast multipole method for gravitational lensing: application to high-magnification quasar microlensing Astrophys J 2022 941 80 2022ApJ..941..80J 10.3847/1538-4357/ac9e59
J. Jiménez-Vicente E. Mediavilla J.A. Muñoz C.S. Kochanek A robust determination of the size of quasar accretion disks using gravitational microlensing Astrophys J 2012 751 106 2012ApJ..751.106J 10.1088/0004-637X/751/2/106
J. Jiménez-Vicente E. Mediavilla C.S. Kochanek J.A. Muñoz V. Motta E. Falco A.M. Mosquera The average size and temperature profile of quasar accretion disks Astrophys J 2014 783 47 2014ApJ..783..47J
J. Jiménez-Vicente E. Mediavilla C.S. Kochanek J.A. Muñoz Dark matter mass fraction in lens galaxies: new estimates from microlensing Astrophys J 2015 799 149 2015ApJ..799.149J 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXptVOhtLY%3D 10.1088/0004-637X/783/1/47
J. Jiménez-Vicente E. Mediavilla C.S. Kochanek J.A. Muñoz Probing the dark matter radial profile in lens galaxies and the size of X-ray emitting region in quasars with microlensing Astrophys J 2015 806 251 2015ApJ..806.251J 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXks1Cgtb0%3D 10.1088/0004-637X/799/2/149
S. Jorstad et al. The Event Horizon Telescope image of the quasar NRAO 530 Astrophys J 2023 943 170 2023ApJ..943.170J 10.3847/1538-4357/acaea8
P. Jovanović L.Č. Popović S. Simić Influence of gravitational microlensing on broad absorption lines of QSOs: the case of the Fe K α line New Astron Rev 2009 53 7–10 156 161 2009NewAR.53.156J 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtlygsL7P 10.1016/j.newar.2009.07.008
S. Kaspi P.S. Smith H. Netzer D. Maoz B.T. Jannuzi U. Giveon Reverberation measurements for 17 quasars and the size-mass-luminosity relations in active galactic nuclei Astrophys J 2000 533 631 649 2000ApJ..533.631K 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXjvFSgt78%3D
S. Kaspi W.N. Brandt D. Maoz H. Netzer D.P. Schneider O. Shemmer Reverberation mapping of high-luminosity quasars: first results Astrophys J 2007 659 997 2007ApJ..659.997K 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXlvFCntLY%3D
J.I. Katz Nonrelativistic Compton scattering and models of quasars Astrophys J 1976 206 910 916 1976ApJ..206.910K 10.1086/154455
N. Katz S. Balbus B. Paczynski Random scattering approach to gravitational microlensing Astrophys J 1986 306 2 1986ApJ..306..2K
G. Kauffmann T.M. Heckman S.D.M. White S. Charlot C. Tremonti J. Brinchmann G. Bruzual E.W. Peng M. Seibert M. Bernardi M. Blanton J. Brinkmann F. Castander I. Csábai M. Fukugita Z. Ivezic J.A. Munn R.C. Nichol N. Padmanabhan A.R. Thakar D.H. Weinberg D. York Stellar masses and star formation histories for 105 galaxies from the sloan digital sky survey Mon Not R Astron Soc 2003 341 33 53 2003MNRAS.341..33K
R. Kayser R. Kayser T. Schramm L. Nieser Gravitational microlensing Gravitational lenses 1992 Heidelberg Springer 143 155 10.1007/3-540-55797-0_94
R. Kayser S. Refsdal R. Stabell Astrophysical aplications of gravitational micro-lensing Astron Astrophys 1986 166 36 1986A&A..166..36K
D.J. Kedziora H. Garsden G.F. Lewis Gravitational microlensing as a probe of the electron-scattering region in Q2237+0305 Mon Not R Astron Soc 2011 415 1409 1418 2011MNRAS.415.1409K 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18787.x
C.R. Keeton S. Burles P.L. Schechter J. Wambsganss Differential microlensing of the continuum and broad emission lines in SDSS J0924 + 0219, the most anomalous lensed quasar Astrophys J 2006 639 1 6 2006ApJ..639..1K 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XivV2ltbY%3D
Khavinson D, Neumann G (2004) On the number of zeros of certain rational harmonic functions. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.math/0401188
M. Kishimoto S.F. Hönig T. Beckert G. Weigelt The innermost region of AGN tori: implications from the HST/NICMOS type 1 point sources and near-ir reverberation Astron Astrophys 2007 476 713 721 2007A&A..476.713K 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhs1agt7g%3D 10.1051/0004-6361:20077911
M. Kishimoto S.F. Hönig R. Antonucci R. Barvainis T. Kotani K.R.W. Tristram G. Weigelt K. Levin The innermost dusty structure in active galactic nuclei as probed by the Keck interferometer Astron Astrophys 2011 527 2011A&A..527A.121K 10.1051/0004-6361/201016054
M. Kishimoto S.F. Hönig R. Antonucci F. Millour K.R.W. Tristram G. Weigelt Mapping the radial structure of AGN tori Astron Astrophys 2011 536 2011A&A..536A.78K 10.1051/0004-6361/201117367
J. Koda C. Blake T. Davis C. Magoulas C.M. Springob M. Scrimgeour A. Johnson G.B. Poole L. Staveley-Smith Are peculiar velocity surveys competitive as a cosmological probe? Mon Not R Astron Soc 2014 445 4 4267 4286 2014MNRAS.445.4267K 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XitVWjsr7O 10.1093/mnras/stu1610
J.A. Kollmeier C.A. Onken C.S. Kochanek A. Gould D.H. Weinberg M. Dietrich R. Cool A. Dey D.J. Eisenstein B.T. Jannuzi E.L. Floc’ D. Stern Black hole masses and Eddington ratios at 0.3
L.V.E. Koopmans A.G.D. Bruyn Microlensing of multiply-imaged compact radio sources evidence for compact halo objects in the disk galaxy of B1600+434 Astron Astrophys 2000 358 793 811 2000A&A..358.793K
E. Koptelova E. Shimanovskaya B. Artamonov A. Yagola Analysis of the Q2237+0305 light-curve variability with regularization technique Mon Not R Astron Soc 2007 381 1655 1662 2007MNRAS.381.1655K 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12335.x
K.T. Korista M.R. Goad The variable diffuse continuum emission of broad-line clouds Astrophys J 2001 553 695 708 2001ApJ..553.695K
K.T. Korista D. Alloin P. Barr J. Clavel R.D. Cohen D.M. Crenshaw I.N. Evans K. Horne A.P. Koratkar G.A. Kriss J.H. Krolik M.A. Malkan S.L. Morris H. Netzer P.T. O’Brien B.M. Peterson G.A. Reichert P.M. Rodriguez-Pascual W. Wamsteker K.S.J. Anderson D.J. Axon E. Benitez P. Berlind R. Bertram J.H. Blackwell Jr N.G. Bochkarev C. Boisson M. Carini R. Carrillo T.E. Carone F.-Z. Cheng J.A. Christensen K.K. Chuvaev M. Dietrich J.J. Dokter V. Doroshenko D. Dultzin-Hacyan M.N. England B.R. Espey A.V. Filippenko C.M. Gaskell M.R. Goad L.C. Ho J.P. Huchra X.J. Jiang S. Kaspi W. Kollatschny A. Laor J.-P. Luminet G.M. MacAlpine J.W. MacKenty Y.F. Malkov D. Maoz P.G. Martin T. Matheson B. McCollum N. Merkulova L. Metik M. Mignoli H.R. Miller M.G. Pastoriza D. Pelat J. Penfold M. Perez G.C. Perola J.L. Persaud J. Peters R. Pitts R.W. Pogge I. Pronik V.I. Pronik R.L. Ptak L. Rawley M.C. Recondo-Gonzalez J.M. Rodriguez-Espinosa W. Romanishin A.C. Sadun I. Salamanca M. Santos-Lleo K. Sekiguchi S.G. Sergeev A.I. Shapovalova J.C. Shields C. Shrader J.M. Shull N.A. Silbermann M.L. Sitko D.R. Skillman H.A. Smith S.M. Smith M.A.J. Snijders L.S. Sparke G.M. Stirpe R.E. Stoner W.-H. Sun U. Thiele S. Tokarz Z.I. Tsvetanov D.A. Turnshek S. Veilleux R.M. Wagner S.J. Wagner I. Wanders T. Wang W.F. Welsh R.J. Weymann R.J. White B.J. Wilkes B.J. Wills C. Winge H. Wu Z.L. Zou Steps toward determination of the size and structure of the broad-line region in active galactic nuclei. VIII. An intensive HST, IUE, and ground-based study of NGC 5548 Astrophys J Suppl Ser 1995 97 13
S. Koshida T. Minezaki Y. Yoshii Y. Kobayashi Y. Sakata S. Sugawara K. Enya M. Suganuma H. Tomita T. Aoki B.A. Peterson Reverberation measurements of the inner radius of the dust torus in 17 Seyfert galaxies Astrophys J 2014 788 159 2014ApJ..788.159K 10.1088/0004-637X/788/2/159
H. Krawczynski G. Chartas Simulations of the Fe Kα energy spectra from gravitationally microlensed quasars Astrophys J 2017 843 2 118 2017ApJ..843.118K 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXkvVGgs7o%3D 10.3847/1538-4357/aa7896
T. Kundic J. Wambsganss Gravitational microlensing: the effect of random motion of individual stars in the lensing galaxy Astrophys J 1993 404 455 1993ApJ..404.455K 10.1192/bjp.111.479.1009-a
G. Lamer A. Schwope L. Wisotzki L. Christensen Strange magnification pattern in the large separation lens SDSS J1004+4112 from optical to X-rays Astron Astrophys 2006 454 493 501 2006A&A..454.493L 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xpt1amu7Y%3D 10.1051/0004-6361:20064934
D. Lančová D. Abarca W. Kluźniak M. Wielgus A. Sądowski R. Narayan J. Schee G. Török M. Abramowicz Puffy accretion disks: sub-Eddington, optically thick, and stable Astrophys J 2019 884 37 10.3847/2041-8213/ab48f5
A. Laor Line profiles from a disk around a rotating black hole Astrophys J 1991 376 90 1991ApJ..376..90L 1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXls12ru7Y%3D 10.1086/170257
A. Laor E. Behar On the origin of radio emission in radio-quiet quasars Mon Not R Astron Soc 2008 390 847 862 2008MNRAS.390.847L 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhsVSjt7rN 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13806.x
J.P. Lasota Active galactic nuclei 2023 New York Wiley 1 320 10.1002/9781394163724
J.P. Lasota A.R. King G. Dubus X-ray transients: hyper- or hypo-luminous? Astrophys J Lett 2015 801 2015ApJ..801L..4L 10.1088/2041-8205/801/1/L4
A. Lawrence The uv peak in active galactic nuclei: a false continuum from blurred reflection? Mon Not R Astron Soc 2012 423 451 463 2012MNRAS.423.451L 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhtFOht7zK 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20889.x
D. Lawther M. Vestergaard S. Raimundo J.Y. Koay B.M. Peterson X. Fan D. Grupe S. Mathur Flares in the changing look AGN MRK 590 – I. The UV response to X-ray outbursts suggests a more complex reprocessing geometry than a standard disc Mon Not R Astron Soc 2023 519 3903 3922 2023MNRAS.519.3903L 10.1093/mnras/stac3515
L. Ledvina D. Heyrovský M. Dovčiak X-ray line profile variations during quasar microlensing Astrophys J 2018 863 1 66 2018ApJ..863..66L 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXisVamsrfM 10.3847/1538-4357/aad0f3
J. Lehar E.E. Falco C.S. Kochanek B.A. McLeod J.A. Muñoz C.D. Impey H.-W. Rix C.R. Keeton C.Y. Peng Hubble space telescope observations of 10 two-image gravitational lenses Astrophys J 2000 536 584 2000ApJ..536.584L
Lemon C et al (2024) Searching for strong gravitational lenses. Space Sci Rev 220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-024-01042-9
G.F. Lewis Gravitational microlensing time delays at high optical depth: image parities and the temporal properties of fast radio bursts Mon Not R Astron Soc 2020 497 1583 1589 2020MNRAS.497.1583L 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXhsFCmtrzP 10.1093/mnras/staa2044
G.F. Lewis K.E. Belle Microlensing of broad absorption line quasars Mon Not R Astron Soc 1998 297 69 76 1998MNRAS.297..69L
G.F. Lewis R.A. Ibata Quasar image shifts resulting from gravitational microlensing Astrophys J 1998 501 2 478 485 1998ApJ..501.478L 10.1086/305860
G.F. Lewis R.A. Ibata Gravitational microlensing of quasar broad-line regions at large optical depths Mon Not R Astron Soc 2004 348 1 24 33 2004MNRAS.348..24L 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07349.x
G.F. Lewis M.J. Irwin The statistics of micolensing light curves – I. Amplification probability distributions Mon Not R Astron Soc 1995 276 103 1995MNRAS.276.103L
G.F. Lewis J. Miralda-Escudé D.C. Richardson J. Wambsganss Microlensing light curves: a new and efficient numerical method Mon Not R Astron Soc 1993 261 647 1993MNRAS.261.647L
G.F. Lewis M.J. Irwin P.C. Hewett C.B. Foltz Microlensing-induced spectral variability in Q2237+0305 Mon Not R Astron Soc 1998 295 573 586 1998MNRAS.295.573L 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXjtFalsLk%3D
Y.R. Li J.M. Wang L.C. Ho P. Du J.M. Bai A Bayesian approach to estimate the size and structure of the broad-line region in active galactic nuclei using reverberation mapping data Astrophys J 2013 779 110 2013ApJ..779.110L 10.1088/0004-637X/779/2/110
Y.P. Li F. Yuan X. Dai Reconciling the quasar microlensing disc size problem with a wind model of active galactic nucleus Mon Not R Astron Soc 2019 483 2275 2281 2019MNRAS.483.2275L 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXhsVegsrc%3D 10.1093/mnras/sty3245
A.P. Lightman T.R. White Effects of cold matter in active galactic nuclei: a broad hump in the X-ray spectra Astrophys J 1988 335 57 1988ApJ..335..57L 10.1086/166905
R. Luhtaru P.L. Schechter K.M. de Soto What makes quadruply lensed quasars quadruple? Astrophys J 2021 915 4 2021ApJ..915..4L 10.3847/1538-4357/abfda1
D. Lynden-Bell Galactic nuclei as collapsed old quasars Nature 1969 223 690 694 1969Natur.223.690L 10.1038/223690a0
C.L. MacLeod C.W. Morgan A.M. Mosquera C.S. Kochanek M. Tewes F. Courbin G. Meylan B. Chen X. Dai G. Chartas A consistent picture emerges: a compact X-ray continuum emission region in the gravitationally lensed quasar SDSS J0924+0219 Astrophys J 2015 806 258 2015ApJ..806.258M 10.1088/0004-637X/806/2/258
V.V. Makarov N.J. Secrest Quasars with proper motions and the link to double and multiple AGNs Astrophys J 2022 933 1 28 2022ApJ..933..28M 10.3847/1538-4357/ac7047
S. Mao Gravitational microlensing of gamma-ray bursts Astrophys J 1993 402 382 386 1993ApJ..402.382M
S. Mao P. Schneider Evidence for substructure in lens galaxies? Mon Not R Astron Soc 1998 295 587 594 1998MNRAS.295.587M
A. Marconi L.K. Hunt The relation between black hole mass, bulge mass, and near-infrared luminosity Astrophys J 2003 589 21 24 2003ApJ..589L.21M
P. Marziani J.W. Sulentic T. Zwitter D. Dultzin-Hacyan M. Calvani Searching for the physical drivers of the eigenvector 1 correlation space Astrophys J 2001 558 553 560 2001ApJ..558.553M 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXns1CntbY%3D
P. McGill J. Anderson S. Casertano K.C. Sahu P. Bergeron S. Blouin P. Dufour L.C. Smith N.W. Evans V. Belokurov R.L. Smart A. Bellini A. Calamida M. Dominik N. Kains J. Klüter M.B. Nielsen J. Wambsganss First semi-empirical test of the white dwarf mass-radius relationship using a single white dwarf via astrometric microlensing Mon Not R Astron Soc 2023 520 1 259 280 2023MNRAS.520.259M 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXhsl2rsrnK 10.1093/mnras/stac3532
E. Mediavilla J.A. Muñoz C.S. Kochanek E.E. Falco S. Arribas V. Motta The first precise determination of an optical-far-ultraviolet extinction curve beyond the local group (z=0.83) Astrophys J 2005 619 749 2005ApJ..619.749M 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXitl2murw%3D
E. Mediavilla J.A. Munoz P. Lopez T. Mediavilla C. Abajas C. Gonzalez-Morcillo R. Gil-Merino A fast and very accurate approach to the computation of microlensing magnification patterns based on inverse polygon mapping Astrophys J 2006 653 942 953 2006ApJ..653.942M 10.1086/508796
E. Mediavilla J.A. Muñoz E. Falco V. Motta E. Guerras H. Canovas C. Jean A. Oscoz A.M. Mosquera Microlensing-based estimate of the mass fraction in compact objects in lens galaxies Astrophys J 2009 706 1451 1462 2009ApJ..706.1451M 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhs1aht7fF 10.1088/0004-637X/706/2/1451
E. Mediavilla T. Mediavilla J.A. Muñoz O. Ariza P. Lopez C. Gonzalez-Morcillo J. Jiménez-Vicente New developments on inverse polygon mapping to calculate gravitational lensing magnification maps: optimized computations Astrophys J 2011 741 42 2011ApJ..741..42M 10.1088/0004-637X/741/1/42
E. Mediavilla J. Jiménez-Vicente J.A. Muñoz T. Mediavilla Resolving the innermost region of the accretion disk of the lensed quasar Q2237+0305 through gravitational microlensing Astrophys J Lett 2015 814 2015ApJ..814L.26M 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XmtVyqsbg%3D 10.1088/2041-8205/814/2/L26
E. Mediavilla J. Jiménez-Vicente J.A. Muñoz E. Battaner Peculiar transverse velocities of galaxies from quasar microlensing. Tentative estimate of the peculiar velocity dispersion at Z∼0.5 Astrophys J 2016 832 1 46 2016ApJ..832..46M 10.3847/0004-637X/832/1/46
E. Mediavilla J. Jiménez-Vicente J.A. Muñoz H. Vives-Arias J. Calderón-Infante Limits on the mass and abundance of primordial black holes from quasar gravitational microlensing Astrophys J 2017 836 18 10.3847/2041-8213/aa5dab
E. Mediavilla J. Jiménez-vicente J. Mejía-restrepo V. Motta E. Falco J.A. Muñoz C. Fian E. Guerras Individual estimates of the virial factor in 10 quasars: implications on the kinematics of the broad-line region Astrophys J 2020 895 111 2020ApJ..895.111M 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXitFCjtb%2FF 10.3847/1538-4357/ab8ae0
A. Melo V. Motta N. Godoy J. Mejia-Restrepo R.J. Assef E. Mediavilla E. Falco F. ávila-Vera R. Jerez First black hole mass estimation for the quadruple lensed system WGD2038-4008 Astron Astrophys 2021 656 2021A&A..656A.108M 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XitVWrsbo%3D 10.1051/0004-6361/202141869
A. Merloni A.C. Fabian Thunderclouds and accretion discs: a model for the spectral and temporal variability of Seyfert 1 galaxies Mon Not R Astron Soc 2001 328 3 958 968 2001MNRAS.328.958M 10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04925.x
R.B. Metcalf H. Zhao Flux ratios as a probe of dark substructures in quadruple-image gravitational lenses Astrophys J Lett 2002 567 5 8 2002ApJ..567L..5M
M.J. Middleton L. Heil F. Pintore D.J. Walton T.P. Roberts A spectral-timing model for ULXs in the supercritical regime Mon Not R Astron Soc 2015 447 3243 3263 2015MNRAS.447.3243M 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXltlaqs7s%3D 10.1093/mnras/stu2644
M. Millon F. Courbin V. Bonvin E. Paic G. Meylan M. Tewes D. Sluse P. Magain J.H.H. Chan A. Galan R. Joseph C. Lemon O. Tihhonova R.I. Anderson M. Marmier B. Chazelas M. Lendl A.H.M.J. Triaud A. Wyttenbach Cosmograil. XIX. Time delays in 18 strongly lensed quasars from 15 years of optical monitoring Astron Astrophys 2020 640 105 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXitVKlsLfK 10.1051/0004-6361/202037740
M. Millon A. Galan F. Courbin T. Treu S.H. Suyu X. Ding S. Birrer G.C.F. Chen A.J. Shajib D. Sluse K.C. Wong A. Agnello M.W. Auger E.J. Buckley-Geer J.H.H. Chan T. Collett TDCOSMO: I. An exploration of systematic uncertainties in the inference of H0 from time-delay cosmography Astron Astrophys 2020 639 1 19 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXitVamsbzF 10.1051/0004-6361/201937351
M. Millon C. Dalang C. Lemon D. Sluse E. Paic J.H.H. Chan F. Courbin Evidence for a milliparsec-separation supermassive binary black hole with quasar microlensing Astron Astrophys 2022 668 2022A&A..668A.77M 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXhsVegtrk%3D 10.1051/0004-6361/202244440
S. Mineshige A. Yonehara Gravitational microlens mapping of a quasar accretion disk Publ Astron Soc Jpn 1999 51 497 1999PASJ..51.497M
T. Minezaki M. Chiba N. Kashikawa K.T. Inoue H. Kataza Subaru mid-infrared imaging of the quadruple lenses. II. Unveiling lens structure of MG0414+0534 and Q2237+030 Astrophys J 2009 697 610 618 2009ApJ..697.610M 10.1088/0004-637X/697/1/610
G.E. Moore Cramming more components onto integrated circuits Electron Mag 1965 38 4
C.W. Morgan C.S. Kochanek N.D. Morgan E.E. Falco Microlensing of the lensed quasar SDSS 0924+0219 Astrophys J 2006 647 874 885 2006ApJ..647.874M 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtVWrt7vN 10.1086/505569
C.W. Morgan C.S. Kochanek X. Dai N.D. Morgan E.E. Falco M.E.T. Al X-ray and optical microlensing in the lensed quasar PG 1115 + 080 1 Astrophys J 2008 689 755 2008ApJ..689.755M
C.W. Morgan C.S. Kochanek N.D. Morgan E.E. Falco The quasar accretion disk size-black hole mass relation Astrophys J 2010 712 1129 1136 2010ApJ..712.1129M 10.1088/0004-637X/712/2/1129
C.W. Morgan L.J. Hainline B. Chen M. Tewes C.S. Kochanek X. Dai S. Kozlowski J.A. Blackburne A.M. Mosquera G. Chartas F. Courbin G. Meylan Further evidence that quasar X-ray emitting regions are compact: X-ray and optical microlensing in the lensed quasar Q J0158-4325 Astrophys J 2012 756 52 2012ApJ..756..52M 10.1088/0004-637X/756/1/52
C.W. Morgan G.E. Hyer V. Bonvin A.M. Mosquera M. Cornachione F. Courbin C.S. Kochanek E.E. Falco Accretion disk size measurement and time delays in the lensed quasar WFI 2033–4723 Astrophys J 2018 869 106 2018ApJ..869.106M 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXhsFOnsLzM 10.3847/1538-4357/aaed3e
M.J. Mortonson P.L. Schechter J. Wambsganss Size is everything: universal features of quasar microlensing with extended sources Astrophys J 2005 628 594 603 2005ApJ..628.594M 10.1086/431195
A.M. Mosquera C.S. Kochanek The microlensing properties of a sample of 87 lensed quasars Astrophys J 2011 738 96 2011ApJ..738..96M 10.1088/0004-637X/738/1/96
A.M. Mosquera J.A. Muñoz E. Mediavilla Detection of chromatic microlensing in Q 2237 + 0305 A Astrophys J 2009 691 1292 1299 2009ApJ..691.1292M 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXms1Ort7k%3D 10.1088/0004-637X/691/2/1292
A.M. Mosquera J.A. Muñoz E. Mediavilla C.S. Kochanek A study of gravitational lens chromaticity using ground-based narrowband photometry Astrophys J 2011 728 145 2011ApJ..728.145M 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXjt12ku70%3D 10.1088/0004-637X/728/2/145
A.M. Mosquera C.S. Kochanek B. Chen X. Dai J.A. Blackburne G. Chartas The structure of the X-ray and optical emitting regions of the lensed quasar Q 2237+0305 Astrophys J 2013 769 53 2013ApJ..769..53M
V. Motta E. Mediavilla J.A.M. Oz E. Falco C.S. Kochanek S. Arribas B. García-Lorenzo A. Oscoz M. Serra-Ricart Detection of the 2175 a ˚ extinction feature at z=0.83 Astrophys J 2002 574 719 2002ApJ..574.719M 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XmsFagtL8%3D
V. Motta E. Mediavilla E. Falco J.A. Munoz Measuring microlensing using spectra of multiply lensed quasars Astrophys J 2012 755 82 2012ApJ..755..82M 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xhs1GktbnF 10.1088/0004-637X/755/1/82
Moustakas L, O’Dowd M, Anguita T, Webster R, Chartas G, Cornachione M, Dai X, Fian C, Hutsemekers D, Jimenez-Vicente J, Labrie K, Lewis G, Macleod C, Mediavilla E, Morgan CW, Motta V, Nierenberg A, Pooley D, Rojas K, Sluse D, Vernardos G, Wambsganss J, Yong SY (2019) Astro2020 science white paper – quasar microlensing: revolutionizing our understanding of quasar structure and dynamics. arXiv e-prints. arXiv:1904.12967. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1904.12967
J.A. Muñoz E. Mediavilla C.S. Kochanek E.E. Falco A.M. Mosquera A study of gravitational lens chromaticity with the Hubble space telescope Astrophys J 2011 742 67 2011ApJ..742..67M 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XmsFeksw%3D%3D 10.1088/0004-637X/742/2/67
J.A. Muñoz H. Vives-Arias A.M. Mosquera J. Jiménez-Vicente C.S. Kochanek E. Mediavilla Structure of the accretion disk in the lensed quasar Q2237+0305 from multi-epoch and multi-wavelength narrowband photometry Astrophys J 2016 817 155 2016ApJ..817.155M 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXls12nsbY%3D 10.3847/0004-637x/817/2/155
N. Murray J. Chiang Disk winds and disk emission lines Astrophys J 1997 474 91 103 1997ApJ..474..91M 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXms1WntA%3D%3D
N. Murray J. Chiang S.A. Grossman G.M. Voit Accretion disk winds from active galactic nuclei Astrophys J 1995 451 498 1995ApJ..451.498M 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXpsVCisb4%3D
R.F. Mushotzky X-ray spectra and time variability of active galactic nuclei Adv Space Res 1984 3 10–12 157 165 1984AdSpR..3.157M 10.1016/0273-1177(84)90081-4
T. Nagao A. Marconi R. Maiolino The evolution of the broad-line region among sdss quasars Astron Astrophys 2006 447 157 172 2006A&A..447.157N 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XitFyjs7Y%3D 10.1051/0004-6361:20054024
R. Narayan I. Yi Advection-dominated accretion: a self-similar solution Astrophys J Lett 1994 428 13 16 1994ApJ..428L.13N
F. Neira T. Anguita G. Vernardos A quasar microlensing light-curve generator for LSST Mon Not R Astron Soc 2020 495 544 553 2020MNRAS.495.544N 10.1093/mnras/staa1208
A. Neronov I. Vovk Test of relativistic gravity using microlensing of relativistically broadened lines in gravitationally lensed quasars Phys Rev D 2016 93 2 2016PhRvD.93b3006N 3481827 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XhsVWhtL%2FK 10.1103/PhysRevD.93.023006
H. Netzer Revisiting the unified model of active galactic nuclei Annu Rev Astron Astrophys 2015 53 365 408 2015ARA&A.53.365N 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhsFajsLrP 10.1146/annurev-astro-082214-122302
C. Nixon A. King D. Price J. Frank Tearing up the disk: how black holes accrete Astrophys J Lett 2012 757 2012ApJ..757L.24N 10.1088/2041-8205/757/2/L24
I.D. Novikov K.S. Thorne C. DeWitt B.S. DeWitt Astrophysics of black holes 1973 New York Gordon & Breach 343 450
M. O’Dowd N.F. Bate R.L. Webster R. Wayth K. Labrie Differential microlensing measurements of quasar broad-line kinematics in Q2237+0305 Mon Not R Astron Soc 2011 415 1985 1998 2011MNRAS.415.1985O 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtFyqu7%2FM 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.18119.x
M.J. O’Dowd N.F. Bate R.L. Webster K. Labrie J. Rogers Microlensing constraints on broad absorption and emission line flows in the quasar H1413+117 Astrophys J 2015 813 62 2015ApJ..813..62O 10.1088/0004-637X/813/1/62
M. Oguri P.J. Marshall Gravitationally lensed quasars and supernovae in future wide-field optical imaging surveys Mon Not R Astron Soc 2010 405 2579 2010MNRAS.405.2579O 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16639.x
M. Oguri C.E. Rusu E.E. Falco The stellar and dark matter distributions in elliptical galaxies from the ensemble of strong gravitational lenses Mon Not R Astron Soc 2014 439 2494 2504 2014MNRAS.439.2494O 10.1093/mnras/stu106
T. Oshima K. Mitsuda R. Fujimoto N. Iyomoto K. Futamoto M. Hattori N. Ota K. Mori Y. Ikebe J.M. Miralles J.-P. Kneib Detection of an iron emission feature from the lensed broad absorption line QSO H1413+117 at z=2.56 Astrophys J Lett 2001 563 2 103 106 2001ApJ..563L.103O 10.1086/338653
R. Ostensen S. Refsdal R. Stabell J. Teuber P.I. Emanuelsen L. Festin R. Florentin-Nielsen G. Gahm Astron Astrophys 1996 309 59 1996A&A..309..59O
N. Ota N. Inada M. Oguri K. Mitsuda G.T. Richards Y. Suto W.N. Brandt F.J. Castander R. Fujimoto P.B. Hall C.R. Keeton R.C. Nichol D.P. Schneider D.E. Eisenstein J.A. Frieman E.L. Turner T. Minezaki Y. Yoshii Chandra Observations of SDSS J1004+4112: constraints on the lensing cluster and anomalous X-ray flux ratios of the quadruply imaged quasar Astrophys J 2006 647 1 215 221 2006ApJ..647.215O 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtVWksLfJ 10.1086/505385
B. Paczynski Gravitational microlensing at large optical depth Astrophys J 1986 301 503 1986ApJ..301.503P
P. Padovani D.M. Alexander R.J. Assef B.D. Marco P. Giommi R.C. Hickox G.T. Richards V. Smolčić E. Hatziminaoglou V. Mainieri M. Salvato Active galactic nuclei: what’s in a name? Astron Astrophys Rev 2017 25 2 2017A&ARv.25..2P 10.1007/s00159-017-0102-9
E. Paic G. Vernardos D. Sluse M. Millon F. Courbin J.H. Chan V. Bonvin Constraining quasar structure using high-frequency microlensing variations and continuum reverberation Astron Astrophys 2022 659 2022A&A..659A.21P 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38Xht12ks7%2FE 10.1051/0004-6361/202141808
A. Pancoast B.J. Brewer T. Treu Geometric and dynamical models of reverberation mapping data Astrophys J 2011 730 139 2011ApJ..730.139P 10.1088/0004-637X/730/2/139
A. Pancoast B.J. Brewer T. Treu Modelling reverberation mapping data – I. Improved geometric and dynamical models and comparison with cross-correlation results Mon Not R Astron Soc 2014 445 3055 3072 2014MNRAS.445.3055P 10.1093/mnras/stu1809
I.E. Papadakis M. DovĆiak E.S. Kammoun X-ray illuminated accretion discs and quasar microlensing disc sizes Astron Astrophys 2022 666 2022A&A..666A.11P 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XivFGmurjF 10.1051/0004-6361/202142962
M.L. Parker J.A. Tomsick J.M. Miller K. Yamaoka A. Lohfink M. Nowak A.C. Fabian W.N. Alston S.E. Boggs F.E. Christensen W.W. Craig F. Fürst P. Gandhi B.W. Grefenstette V. Grinberg C.J. Hailey F.A. Harrison E. Kara A.L. King D. Stern D.J. Walton J. Wilms W.W. Zhang NuSTAR and Suzaku observations of the hard state in Cygnus X-1: locating the inner accretion disk Astrophys J 2015 808 1 9 2015ApJ..808..9P 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXjsVWntLY%3D 10.1088/0004-637X/808/1/9
I.N. Pashchenko A.V. Plavin A.M. Kutkin Y.Y. Kovalev A bias in VLBI measurements of the core shift effect in AGN jets Mon Not R Astron Soc 2020 499 3 4515 4525 2020MNRAS.499.4515P 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXhs1WjtbjJ 10.1093/mnras/staa3140
B.M. Peterson A. Wandel Keplerian motion of broad-line region gas as evidence for supermassive black holes in active galactic nuclei Astrophys J 1999 521 95 98 1999ApJ..521L.95P
B.M. Peterson D.M. Crenshaw K.A. Meyers Variability of the emission-line spectra and optical continua of seyfert galaxies. III. Results for a homogeneous sample Astrophys J 1985 298 283 291 1985ApJ..298.283P 1:CAS:528:DyaL2MXmtVegs7w%3D
B.M. Peterson M.C. Bentz L.-B. Desroches A.V. Filippenko L.C. Ho S. Kaspi A. Laor D. Maoz E.C. Moran R.W. Pogge A.C. Quillen Multiwavelength monitoring of the dwarf Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 4395. I. A reverberation-based measurement of the black hole mass Astrophys J 2005 632 2 799 808 2005ApJ..632.799P 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtlSjs7rF 10.1086/444494
A.O. Petters Morse theory and gravitational microlensing J Math Phys 1992 33 1915 1931 1992JMP..33.1915P 1159012 10.1063/1.529667
A.O. Petters H. Levine J. Wambsganss Singularity theory and gravitational lensing 2001 Boston, MA Birkhäuser 10.1007/978-1-4612-0145-8
A.O. Petters B. Rider A.M. Teguia A mathematical theory of stochastic microlensing. I. Random time-delay functions and lensing maps J Math Phys 2009 50 2009JMP..50g2503P 2548625 10.1063/1.3158854
A.O. Petters B. Rider A.M. Teguia A mathematical theory of stochastic microlensing. II. Random images, shear, and the Kac-Rice formula J Math Phys 2009 50 2009JMP..50l2501P 2582583 10.1063/1.3267859
O. Pfuhl R. Davies J. Dexter H. Netzer S. Hönig D. Lutz M. Schartmann E. Sturm A. Amorim W. Brandner Y. Clénet P.T.D. Zeeuw A. Eckart F. Eisenhauer N.M.F. Schreiber F. Gao P.J.V. Garcia R. Genzel S. Gillessen D. Gratadour M. Kishimoto S. Lacour F. Millour T. Ott T. Paumard K. Perraut G. Perrin B.M. Peterson P.O. Petrucci M.A. Prieto D. Rouan J. Shangguan T. Shimizu A. Sternberg O. Straub C. Straubmeier L.J. Tacconi K.R.W. Tristram P. Vermot I. Waisberg F. Widmann J. Woillez GRAVITY Collaboration An image of the dust sublimation region in the nucleus of NGC 1068 Astron Astrophys 2020 634 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXhslynu7%2FL 10.1051/0004-6361/201936255
S. Poindexter C.S. Kochanek The transverse peculiar velocity of the Q2237+0305 lens galaxy and the mean mass of its stars Astrophys J 2010 712 658 667 2010ApJ..712.658P 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXkvVOls7s%3D 10.1088/0004-637X/712/1/658
S. Poindexter N.D. Morgan C.S. Kochanek The spatial structure of an accretion disk Astrophys J 2008 673 34 38 2008ApJ..673..34P 10.1086/524190
D. Pooley J.A. Blackburne S. Rappaport P.L. Schechter X-ray and optical flux ratio anomalies in quadruply lensed quasars. I. Zooming in on quasar emission regions Astrophys J 2007 661 19 29 2007ApJ..661..19P 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXmsFyrsrk%3D
D. Pooley S. Rappaport J.A. Blackburne P.L. Schechter J. Wambsganss X-ray and optical flux ratio anomalies in quadruply lensed quasars. II. Mapping the dark matter content in elliptical galaxies Astrophys J 2012 744 111 2012ApJ..744.111P 10.1088/0004-637X/744/2/111
L.Ć. Popović G. Chartas The influence of gravitational lensing on the spectra of lensed quasi-stellar objects Mon Not R Astron Soc 2005 357 135 144 2005MNRAS.357.135P 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXitFyrsLc%3D 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08619.x
L.Č. Popović P. Jovanović E. Mediavilla A.F. Zakharov C. Abajas J.A. Muñoz G. Chartas A study of the correlation between the amplification of the Fe Kα line and the X-ray continuum of quasars due to microlensing Astrophys J 2006 637 2 620 630 2006ApJ..637.620P 10.1086/498558
L.A. Popović V.L. Afanasiev A. Moiseev A. Smirnova S. Simić D. Savić E.G. Mediavilla C. Fian Spectroscopy and polarimetry of the gravitationally lensed quasar SDSS J1004+4112 with the 6m SAO RAS telescope Astron Astrophys 2020 634 2020A&A..634A.27P 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXhslynu77K 10.1051/0004-6361/201936088
L.C. Popović V.L. Afanasiev E.S. Shablovinskaya V.I. Ardilanov D.J. Savić Spectroscopy and polarimetry of the gravitationally lensed quasar Q0957+561 Astron Astrophys 2021 647 2021A&A..647A.98P 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXhtlCiur3F 10.1051/0004-6361/202039914
L.A. Pozdnyakov I.M. Sobol R.A. Syunyaev Multiple Compton scattering by relativistic electrons – Monte Carlo calculations of the emission spectrum Sov Astron Lett 1976 2 55 57 1976SvAL..2..55P
W.H. Press J.E. Gunn Method for detecting a cosmological density of condensed objects Astrophys J 1973 185 397 412 1973ApJ..185.397P
K.P. Rauch R.D. Blandford Microlensing and the structure of active galactic nucleus accretion discs Astrophys J 1991 381 39 1991ApJ..381L.39R
K.P. Rauch S. Mao J. Wambsganss B. Paczynski Caustic-induced features in microlensing magnification probability distributions Astrophys J 1992 386 30 1992ApJ..386..30R
S. Refsdal R. Stabell Gravitational microlensing of large sources including shear term effects Astron Astrophys 1997 325 877 880 1997A&A..325.877R
C.S. Reynolds M.A. Nowak Fluorescent iron lines as a probe of astrophysical black hole systems Phys Rep 2003 377 389 2003PhR..377.389R 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXit1KksLc%3D
G.T. Richards C.R. Keeton B. Pindor J.F. Hennawi P.B. Hall E.L. Turner N. Inada M. Oguri S.-I. Ichikawa R.H. Becker M.D. Gregg R.L. White J. Stuart B. Wyithe D.P. Schneider D.E. Johnston J.A. Frieman J. Brinkmann Microlensing of the broad emission line region in the quadruple lens SDSS J1004+4112 Astrophys J 2004 610 679 2004ApJ..610.679R 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXnt1Sltbw%3D
G. Risaliti E. Lusso Cosmological constraints from the Hubble diagram of quasars at high redshifts Nat Astron 2019 3 272 277 2019NatAs..3.272R 10.1038/s41550-018-0657-z
K. Rojas V. Motta E. Mediavilla E. Falco J. Jiménez-Vicente J.A. Muñoz Strong chromatic microlensing in HE0047-1756 and SDSS1155+6346 Astrophys J 2014 797 1 61 2014ApJ..797..61R 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXjsVygurY%3D
R.E. Rothschild F.R. Mushotzky W.A. Baity D.E. Gruber J.L. Matteson L.E. Peterson 2-165 keV observations of active galaxies and the diffuse background Astrophys J 1983 269 423 437 1983ApJ..269.423R 10.1086/161053
C.E. Rusu K.C. Wong V. Bonvin D. Sluse S.H. Suyu C.D. Fassnacht J.H.H. Chan S. Hilbert M.W. Auger A. Sonnenfeld S. Birrer F. Courbin T. Treu G.C.-F. Chen A. Halkola L.V.E. Koopmans P.J. Marshall A.J. Shajib H0LiCOW. XII. Lens mass model of WFI2033-4723 and blind measurement of its time-delay distance and H0 Mon Not R Astron Soc 2020 498 1440 1468 2020MNRAS.498.1440R 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXhsFOqsLjM 10.1093/mnras/stz3451
A. Sądowski M. Abramowicz M. Bursa W. Kluźniak J.-P. Lasota A. Różańska Relativistic slim disks with vertical structure Astron Astrophys 2011 527 17 10.1051/0004-6361/201015256
P. Saha Lensing degeneracies revisited Astron J 2000 120 1654 1659 2000AJ..120.1654S
P. Saha L.L.R. Williams Understanding micro-image configurations in quasar microlensing Mon Not R Astron Soc 2011 411 1671 1677 2011MNRAS.411.1671S 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17797.x
P. Saha D. Sluse J. Wagner L.L.R. Williams Essentials of strong gravitational lensing Space Sci Rev 2024 220 10.1007/s11214-024-01041-w
A. Sarkar G.J. Ferland M. Chatzikos F. Guzmán P.A.M. van Hoof R.T. Smyth C.A. Ramsbottom F.P. Keenan C.P. Ballance Improved Fe II emission-line models for AGNs using new atomic data sets Astrophys J 2021 907 12 2021ApJ..907..12S 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXmtl2rs7k%3D 10.3847/1538-4357/abcaa6
P.L. Schechter J. Wambsganss Quasar microlensing at high magnification and the role of dark matter: enhanced fluctuations and suppressed saddle points Astrophys J 2002 580 685 695 2002ApJ..580.685S 10.1086/343856
P.L. Schechter A. Udalski M. Szymański M. Kubiak G. Pietrzyński I. Soszyński P. Woźniak K. Żebruń O. Szewczyk Ł. Wyrzykowski Microlensing of relativistic knots in the quasar HE 1104-1805 AB Astrophys J 2003 584 657 2003ApJ..584.657S
P.L. Schechter J. Wambsganss G.F. Lewis Qualitative aspects of quasar microlensing with two mass components: magnification patterns and probability distributions Astrophys J 2004 613 77 85 2004ApJ..613..77S
P.L. Schechter D. Pooley J.A. Blackburne J. Wambsganss A calibration of the stellar mass fundamental plane at z∼0.5 using the micro-lensing-induced flux ratio anomalies of macro-lensed quasars Astrophys J 2014 793 96 2014ApJ..793..96S 10.1088/0004-637X/793/2/96
R.E. Schild Microlensing variability of the gravitationally lensed quasar Q0957+561 A, B Astrophys J 1996 464 125 1996ApJ..464.125S
R.W. Schmidt J. Wambsganss Quasar microlensing Gen Relativ Gravit 2010 42 2127 2150 2010GReGr.42.2127S 10.1007/s10714-010-0956-x
P. Schneider Upper bounds on the cosmological density of compact objects with sub-solar masses from the variability of QSOS Astron Astrophys 1993 279 1 20 1993A&A..279..1S
P. Schneider J. Wambsganss Are the broad emission lines of quasars affected by gravitational microlensing? Astron Astrophys 1990 237 42 53 1990A&A..237..42S
P. Schneider A. Weiss A gravitational lens origin for agn-variability? Consequences of micro-lensing Astron Astrophys 1987 171 49 1987A&A..171..49S
P. Schneider J. Ehlers E.E. Falco Gravitational lenses 1992 Berlin Springer 10.1007/978-3-662-03758-4
P. Schneider C.S. Kochanek J. Wambsganss G. Meylan P. Jetzer P. North Gravitational lensing: strong, weak, micro 2006 Berlin Springer 10.1007/978-3-540-30310-7
Shajib AJ et al (2024) Strong lensing by galaxies. Space Sci Rev 220
N.I. Shakura R.A. Sunyaev Black holes in binary systems. Observational appearance Astron Astrophys 1973 24 337 1973A&A..24.337S
V.N. Shalyapin L.J. Goicoechea Deep optical imaging and spectroscopy of the lens system SDSS J1339+1310 Astron Astrophys 2014 568 2014A&A..568A.116S 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXitFantLfF 10.1051/0004-6361/201323360
V.N. Shalyapin R. Gil-Merino L.J. Goicoechea Fast simulations of extragalactic microlensing Astron Astrophys 2021 653 2021A&A..653A.121S 10.1051/0004-6361/202140527
S.L. Shapiro A.P. Lightman D.M. Eardley A two-temperature accretion disk model for Cygnus X-1: structure and spectrum Astrophys J 1976 204 187 199 1976ApJ..204.187S 10.1086/154162
Y. Shen L.C. Ho The diversity of quasars unified by accretion and orientation Nature 2014 513 210 213 2014Natur.513.210S 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhsFOltrjJ 10.1038/nature13712 25209799
Y. Shen J.E. Greene M.A. Strauss G.T. Richards D.P. Schneider Biases in virial black hole masses: an SDSS perspective Astrophys J 2008 680 169 2008ApJ..680.169S 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXotlWlu78%3D
S. Silpa P. Kharb L.C. Ho C.H. Ishwara-Chandra M.E. Jarvis C. Harrison Probing the origin of low-frequency radio emission in PG quasars with the uGMRT – I Mon Not R Astron Soc 2020 499 5826 5839 2020MNRAS.499.5826S 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXhs12msLrF 10.1093/mnras/staa2970
D. Sluse M. Tewes Imprints of the quasar structure in time-delay light curves: microlensing-aided reverberation mapping Astron Astrophys 2014 571 1 10 10.1051/0004-6361/201424776
D. Sluse J.F. Claeskens D. Hutsemékers J. Surdej Multi-wavelength study of the gravitational lens system RXS J1131-1231. III. Long slit spectroscopy: micro-lensing probes the qso structure Astron Astrophys 2007 468 885 901 2007A&A..468.885S 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXosV2qtLk%3D 10.1051/0004-6361:20066821
D. Sluse R. Schmidt F. Courbin D. Hutsemékers G. Meylan A. Eigenbrod T. Anguita E. Agol J. Wambsganss Zooming into the broad line region of the gravitationally lensed quasar QSO 2237 + 0305 ≡ the Einstein cross Astron Astrophys 2011 528 100 2011A&A..528A.100S 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXpslyitbw%3D 10.1051/0004-6361/201016110
D. Sluse D. Hutsemékers F. Courbin G. Meylan J. Wambsganss Microlensing of the broad line region in 17 lensed quasars Astron Astrophys 2012 544 62 2012A&A..544A.62S 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhvVertrrL 10.1051/0004-6361/201219125
D. Sluse M. Kishimoto T. Anguita O. Wucknitz J. Wambsganss Mid-infrared microlensing of accretion disc and dusty torus in quasars: effects on flux ratio anomalies Astron Astrophys 2013 553 2013A&A..553A.53S 10.1051/0004-6361/201220843
D. Sluse D. Hutsemékers T. Anguita L. Braibant P. Riaud Evidence for two spatially separated UV continuum emitting regions in the cloverleaf broad absorption line quasar Astron Astrophys 2015 582 2015A&A..582A.109S 10.1051/0004-6361/201526832
J.E. Smith A. Robinson S. Young D.J. Axon E.A. Corbett Equatorial scattering and the structure of the broad-line region in Seyfert nuclei: evidence for a rotating disc Mon Not R Astron Soc 2005 359 846 864 2005MNRAS.359.846S 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXlsFSks7c%3D 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.08895.x
G. Speranza B. Balmaverde A. Capetti F. Massaro G. Tremblay A. Marconi G. Venturi M. Chiaberge R.D. Baldi S. Baum P. Grandi E.T. Meyer C. O’Dea W. Sparks B.A. Terrazas E. Torresi The MURALES survey. IV. Searching for nuclear outflows in 3C radio galaxies at z<0.3 with MUSE observations Astron Astrophys 2021 653 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXisVKhsr3K 10.1051/0004-6361/202140686
M. Stalevski P. Jovanović L.Ć. Popović M. Baes Gravitational microlensing of active galactic nuclei dusty tori Mon Not R Astron Soc 2012 425 1576 1584 2012MNRAS.425.1576S 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21611.x
M. Suganuma Y. Yoshii Y. Kobayashi T. Minezaki K. Enya H. Tomita T. Aoki S. Koshida B.A. Peterson Reverberation measurements of the inner radius of the dust torus in nearby Seyfert 1 galaxies Astrophys J 2006 639 46 2006ApJ..639..46S 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XivV2lurw%3D
R.A. Sunyaev J. Truemper Hard X-ray spectrum of Cyg X-1 Nature 1979 279 506 508 1979Natur.279.506S 1:CAS:528:DyaE1MXmtVWqs7k%3D 10.1038/279506a0
Suyu SH et al (2024) Strong gravitational lensing and microlensing of supernovae. Space Sci Rev 220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-024-01044-7
M. Tewes F. Courbin G. Meylan Cosmograil: the cosmological monitoring of gravitational lenses. XI. Techniques for time delay measurement in presence of microlensing Astron Astrophys 2013 553 120 2013A&A..553A.120T 10.1051/0004-6361/201220123
A.C. Thompson C.J. Fluke D.G. Barnes B.R. Barsdell Teraflop per second gravitational lensing ray-shooting using graphics processing units New Astron 2010 15 16 2010NewA..15..16T
K.S. Thorne Disk-accretion onto a black hole. II. Evolution of the hole Astrophys J 1974 191 507 519 1974ApJ..191.507T
S.S. Tie C.S. Kochanek Microlensing makes lensed quasar time delays significantly time variable Mon Not R Astron Soc 2018 473 80 90 2018MNRAS.473..80T 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXht12gt7fI 10.1093/mnras/stx2348
M. Treyer J. Wambsganss Astrometric microlensing of quasars. Dependence on surface mass density and external shear Astron Astrophys 2004 416 19 34 2004A&A..416..19T 10.1051/0004-6361:20034284
T.J. Turner K.A. Pounds The EXOSAT spectral survey of AGN Mon Not R Astron Soc 1989 240 833 880 1989MNRAS.240.833T 10.1093/mnras/240.4.833
A. Udalski M. Szymanski M. Kubiak et al. The Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment. OGLE-III long term monitoring of the gravitational lens QSO 2237+0305 Acta Astronomica 2006 56 293 305 2006AcA..56.293U
C.M. Urry P. Padovani Unified schemes for radio-loud active galactic nuclei Publ Astron Soc Pac 1995 107 803 845 1995PASP.107.803U
L. Van de Vyvere M.R. Gomer D. Sluse D. Xu S. Birrer A. Galan G. Vernardos TDCOSMO: VII. Boxyness/discyness in lensing galaxies: detectability and impact on H0 Astron Astrophys 2022 659 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38Xht12ks7jE 10.1051/0004-6361/202141551
Vegetti S et al (2024) Strong gravitational lensing as a probe of dark matter. Space Sci Rev 220
T. Venumadhav L. Dai J. Miralda-Escudé Microlensing of extremely magnified stars near caustics of galaxy clusters Astrophys J 2017 850 49 2017ApJ..850..49V 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXit1anur7L 10.3847/1538-4357/aa9575
G. Vernardos A joint microlensing analysis of lensing mass and accretion disc models Mon Not R Astron Soc 2018 480 4675 2018MNRAS.480.4675V 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXhslGlu7nK
G. Vernardos Microlensing flux ratio predictions for Euclid Mon Not R Astron Soc 2019 483 5583 2019MNRAS.483.5583V 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXhsVejsrc%3D
G. Vernardos Simualting time-vayring strong lenses Mon Not R Astron Soc 2022 511 4417 2022MNRAS.511.4417V
G. Vernardos C.J. Fluke A new parameter space study of cosmological microlensing Mon Not R Astron Soc 2013 434 832 2013MNRAS.434.832V
G. Vernardos C.J. Fluke Adventures in the microlensing cloud: large datasets, eresearch tools, and GPUs Astron Comput 2014 6 1 2014A&C...6..1V
G. Vernardos C.J. Fluke The effect of macromodel uncertainties on microlensing modelling of lensed quasars Mon Not R Astron Soc 2014 445 1223 2014MNRAS.445.1223V 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXkvFCgsbw%3D
G. Vernardos G. Tsagkatakis Quasar microlensing light-curve analysis using deep machine learning Mon Not R Astron Soc 2019 486 1944 1952 2019MNRAS.486.1944V 10.1093/mnras/stz868
G. Vernardos C.J. Fluke N.F. Bate D.J. Croton Gerlumph data release 1: high-resolution cosmological microlensing magnification maps and eresearch tools Astrophys J Suppl Ser 2014 211 16 2014ApJS.211..16V
G. Vernardos C.J. Fluke N.F. Bate D.J. Croton D. Vohl Gerlumph data release 2: 2.5 bilion microlensing light curves Astrophys J Suppl Ser 2015 217 23 2015ApJS.217..23V
L. Villafaña P.R. Williams T. Treu B.J. Brewer A.J. Barth V. U V V.N. Bennert H.A. Vogler H. Guo M.C. Bentz G. Canalizo A.V. Filippenko E. Gates F. Hamann M.D. Joner M.A. Malkan J.-H. Woo B. Abolfathi L.E. Abramson S.F. Armen H.-J. Bae T. Bohn B.D. Boizelle A. Bostroem A. Brandel T.G. Brink S. Channa M.C. Cooper M. Cosens E. Donohue S.P. Fillingham D. Gonzalez-Buitrago G. Halevi A. Halle C.E. Hood K. Horne J.C. Horst M. de Kouchkovsky B. Kuhn S. Kumar D.C. Leonard D. Loveland C. Manzano-King I. McHardy R. Michel M.K.B. Olaes D. Park S. Park L. Pei T.W. Ross J.N. Runco J. Samuel J. Sanchez B. Scott R.O. Sexton J. Shin I. Shivvers C.L. Spencer B.E. Stahl S. Stegman I. Stomberg S. Valenti J.L. Walsh H. Yuk W. Zheng The Lick AGN monitoring project 2016: dynamical modeling of velocity-resolved Hβ lags in luminous Seyfert galaxies Astrophys J 2022 930 52 2022ApJ..930..52V 10.3847/1538-4357/ac6171
H. Vives-Arias J.A. Muñoz C.S. Kochanek E. Mediavilla J. Jiménez-Vicente Observations of the lensed quasar Q2237+0305 with CanariCam at GTC Astrophys J 2016 831 43 2016ApJ..831..43V 10.3847/0004-637x/831/1/43
D. Walsh R.F. Carswell R.J. Weymann 0957+ 561 A, B – twin quasistellar objects or gravitational lens Nature 1979 279 381 1979Natur.279.381W 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2MvgvF2qsQ%3D%3D 16068158
J. Wambsganss Probability distributions for the magnification of quasars due to microlensing Astrophys J 1992 386 19 1992ApJ..386..19W
J. Wambsganss Gravitational lensing: numerical simulations with a hierarchical tree code J Comput Appl Math 1999 109 353 1999JCoAm.109.353W 1727035
J. Wambsganss B. Paczynski P. Schneider Interpretation of the microlensing event in QSO2237+0305 Astrophys J 1990 358 33 1990ApJ..358L.33W
S.V. White M.J. Jarvis B. Häußler N. Maddox Radio-quiet quasars in the video survey: evidence for agn-powered radio emission at s1.4 GHz<1 mJy Mon Not R Astron Soc 2015 448 2665 2686 2015MNRAS.448.2665W 10.1093/mnras/stv134
M. Wielgus D. Lančová O. Straub W. Kluźniak R. Narayan D. Abarca A. Różańska F. Vincent G. Török M. Abramowicz Observational properties of puffy discs: radiative GRMHD spectra of mildly sub-Eddington accretion Mon Not R Astron Soc 2022 514 780 789 2022MNRAS.514.780W 10.1093/mnras/stac1317
D.R. Wilkins L.C. Gallo Driving extreme variability: the evolving corona and evidence for jet launching in Markarian 335 Mon Not R Astron Soc 2015 449 1 129 146 2015MNRAS.449.129W 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXltlaqu78%3D 10.1093/mnras/stv162
H.J. Witt Investigation of high amplification events in light curves of gravitationally lensed quasars Astron Astrophys 1990 236 311 1990A&A..236.311W
H.J. Witt Der Mikrogravitationslinseneffekt – Theorie und Anwendungen 1991 Dissertation. Universität Hamburg
H.J. Witt An efficient method to compute microlensed light curves for point sources Astrophys J 1993 403 530 1993ApJ..403.530W
H.J. Witt S. Mao Interpretation of microlensing events in Q2237+0305 Astrophys J 1994 429 66 1994ApJ..429..66W
H.J. Witt S. Mao P.L. Schechter On the universality of microlensing in quadruple gravitational lenses Astrophys J 1995 443 18 1995ApJ..443..18W
P.R. Woźniak A. Udalski M. Szymański M. Kubiak G. Pietrzyński I. Soszyński K. Żebruń The optical gravitational lensing experiment: a hunt for caustic crossings in QSO 2237+0305 Astrophys J 2000 540 65 67 2000ApJ..540L.65W
J.S.B. Wyithe A. Loeb Measuring the size of quasar broad-line clouds through time-delay light-curve anomalies of gravitational lenses Astrophys J 2002 577 615 625 2002ApJ..577.615W
J.S.B. Wyithe E.L. Turner Determining the microlens mass function from quasar microlensing statistics Mon Not R Astron Soc 2001 320 21 30 2001MNRAS.320..21W 10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.03917.x
J.S.B. Wyithe R.L. Webster E.L. Turner The distribution of microlensed light-curve derivatives: the relationship between stellar proper motions and transverse velocity Mon Not R Astron Soc 2000 312 843 852 2000MNRAS.312.843W
J.S.B. Wyithe R.L. Webster E.L. Turner Limits on the microlens mass function of Q2237+0305 Mon Not R Astron Soc 2000 315 51 61 2000MNRAS.315..51W
J.S.B. Wyithe E. Agol E.L. Turner R.W. Schmidt Constraints on the mass profile of the lens galaxy G2237+0305 Mon Not R Astron Soc 2002 330 575 2002MNRAS.330.575W
Q. Yang Y. Shen X. Liu M. Aguena J. Annis S. Avila M. Banerji E. Bertin D. Brooks D. Burke A.C. Rosell M.C. Kind L. da Costa J.D. Vicente S. Desai H.T. Diehl P. Doel B. Flaugher P. Fosalba J. Frieman J. Garcia-Bellido D. Gerdes D. Gruen R. Gruendl J. Gschwend G. Gutierrez S. Hinton D.L. Hollowood K. Honscheid N. Kuropatkin M. Maia M. March J. Marshall P. Martini P. Melchior F. Menanteau R. Miquel F. Paz-Chinchon A.P. Malagón K. Romer E. Sanchez V. Scarpine M. Schubnell S. Serrano I. Sevilla M. Smith E. Suchyta G. Tarle T.N. Varga R. Wilkinson Dust reverberation mapping in distant quasars from optical and mid-infrared imaging surveys Astrophys J 2020 900 58 2020ApJ..900..58Y 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXit1ehsL3O 10.3847/1538-4357/aba59b
A. Yonehara H. Hirashita P. Richter Origin of chromatic features in multiple quasars. Variability, dust, or microlensing Astron Astrophys 2008 478 1 95 109 2008A&A..478..95Y 10.1051/0004-6361:20067014
P. Young Q0957+561 – effects of random stars on the gravitational lens Astrophys J 1981 244 756 767 1981ApJ..244.756Y
Z. Yu P. Martini A. Penton T.M. Davis C.S. Kochanek G.F. Lewis C. Lidman U. Malik R. Sharp B.E. Tucker M. Aguena J. Annis E. Bertin S. Bocquet D. Brooks A.C. Rosell D. Carollo M.C. Kind J. Carretero M. Costanzi L.N. da Costa M.E.S. Pereira J.D. Vicente H.T. Diehl P. Doel S. Everett I. Ferrero J. García-Bellido M. Gatti D.W. Gerdes D. Gruen R.A. Gruendl J. Gschwend G. Gutierrez S.R. Hinton D.L. Hollowood K. Honscheid D.J. James K. Kuehn J. Mena-Fernández F. Menanteau R. Miquel B. Nichol F. Paz-Chinchón A. Pieres A.A.P. Malagón M. Raveri A.K. Romer E. Sanchez V. Scarpine I. Sevilla-Noarbe M. Smith E. Suchyta M.E.C. Swanson G. Tarle M. Vincenzi A.R. Walker N. Weaverdyck OzDES reverberation mapping program: Mg II lags and R-L relation Mon Not R Astron Soc 2023 522 3 4132 4147 2023MNRAS.522.4132Y 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXitlyntb3J 10.1093/mnras/stad1224
E. Zackrisson N. Bergvall T. Marquart P. Helbig Can microlensing explain the long-term optical variability of quasars? Astron Astrophys 2003 408 17 25 2003A&A..408..17Z 10.1051/0004-6361:20030895
M. Zamaninasab E. Clausen-Brown T. Savolainen A. Tchekhovskoy Dynamically important magnetic fields near accreting supermassive black holes Nature 2014 510 126 128 2014Natur.510.126Z 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhtFygs7%2FM 10.1038/nature13399 24899311
A.A. Zdziarski B. You M. Szanecki Corrections to estimated accretion disk size due to color correction, disk truncation, and disk wind Astrophys J Lett 2022 939 2 2022ApJ..939L..2Z 10.3847/2041-8213/ac9474
W. Zheng X. Chen G. Li H.-Z. Chen An improved GPU-based ray-shooting code for gravitational microlensing Astrophys J 2022 931 114 2022ApJ..931.114Z 10.3847/1538-4357/ac68ea
