McGlade, J. (1945-1990) Technology Transfer and Economic and Military Strategy: The CoCom Controls and International Rivary in Advanced Technology 1945-1990, http://inet.museum.kyoto-u.ac.jp/conference/JacquelineMcGLADE.html
Michel Q. (2001) Le contrôle du transfert des articles nucléaires relatifs aux armes nucléaires au sein de l’Union européenne: à la recherche d’une coherence, CD-ROM, Bruxelles: Presses interuniversitaires européennes.
Schmidt, F.W. (1994) ‘The Zangger Committee: its history and future role’, The Nonproliferation Review, Fall, p.38.
The Atomic Energy Act, also known as the McMahon Act.
Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, West Germany, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and the UK participated in the group. In 1953, Turkey and Greece joined it.
Article III:
Each State Party to the Treaty undertakes not to provide: (a) source or special fissionable material, or (b) equipment or material especially designed or prepared for the processing, use or production of special fissionable material, to any non-nuclear-weapon State for peaceful purposes, unless the source or special fissionable material shall be subject to the safeguards required by this Article.
The safeguards required by this Article shall be implemented in a manner designed to comply with Article IV of this Treaty, and to avoid hampering the economic or technological development of the Parties or international cooperation in the field of peaceful nuclear activities, including the international exchange of nuclear material and equipment for the processing, use or production of nuclear material for peaceful purposes in accordance with the provisions of this Article and the principle of safeguarding set forth in the Preamble of the Treaty.
The Zangger memoranda are published by the IAEA under the reference INFCIRC/209, the last update version of the trigger list is published under the reference INFCIRC/209/Rev.2. Those information circulars are available on the IAEA website http://www.iaea.org
On the safeguards implementation and on the difference between the regime applied to NPT non-nuclear weapons participating states and non-NPT participating states see Michel (2001).
INFCIRC/254/Rev.5/Part 1, Paragraph 10. For dual-use items this principle is called ‘basic principle’ (INFCIRC/254/Rev.4/Part 2, Paragraph 1)
Presently, though the NSG encourages suppliers to require as a condition of supply the entry into force of the FSS completed by the additional protocol (INFCIRC 540), it does not impose this.
For dual-use items, the existence of a safeguards agreement is not a condition of supply but one of the factors to take in consideration for granting or withholding the export authorisation. As it has been mentioned, the Zangger Committee does not require the FSS but only the safeguards application to the materials concerned by the transfer.
Council Regulation 1334/2000 of 22 June 2000 setting up a Community regime for the control of exports of dual-use items and technology (Official Journal of the European Communities, 30 June 2000, L 159/1) This regulation has been amended by Council Regulation 2889/2000 of 22 December 2000 (Official Journal of the European Communities, 30 December 2000, L 336/14), Council Regulation 458/2001 of 6 March 2001 (Official Journal of the European Communities, 7 March 2001, L 65/19), Council Regulation 2432/2001 of 20 November (Official Journal of the European Communities, 20 December 2001, L 338), Council Regulation 880/2002 of 27 May 2002 (Official Journal of the European Communities, 29 May 2002, L 139/7), Council Regulation 149/2003 of 27 January 2003 (Official Journal of the European Communities, 5 February 2003, L 030, P. 0001 – 0215).
In the chemical and biological weapons export control regime, such as the Australia Group, catch-all provisions have been included in 2000.
