Article (Scientific journals)
An 8-windows Continuous Wave Indirect Time-of-Flight Method for High Frequency SPAD-based 3D Imagers in 0.18 μm CMOS
Piron, François; Pierre, Hervé; Redouté, Jean-Michel
2024In IEEE Sensors Journal, p. 1-1
Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi
 

Files


Full Text
JSEN3402829-postprint.pdf
Author postprint (1.82 MB)
Request a copy

All documents in ORBi are protected by a user license.

Send to



Details



Keywords :
3D camera; CMOS imager; Depth image sensor; Indirect Time-of-Flight (iToF); Continuous-wave indirect Time-of-Flight (cw-iToF); Time-Gated Single Photon Counting (TGSPC); Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR); Time-of-Flight (ToF); Single-Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD)
Abstract :
[en] Time-of-flight (ToF) Single-Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) arrays are an increasingly popular option for 3D imaging. However, the traditional direct (dToF) and indirect (iToF) SPAD ranging pixels still struggle to get accuracies and precisons below the millimeter for short ranges. We propose to adapt the continuous-wave indirect time-of-flight (cw-iToF) method to use 8 integrating windows instead of the usual 4. This 8-windows cw-iToF method greatly reduces the non-linearity error when using a square optical signal, which consequently enables its use at much higher frequencies than if a sine wave was required, while also showing great robustness to an imperfect square wave, unlike pulse indirect time-of-flight (p-iToF). We provide an analysis of the effects of this new method on the accuracy and precision. Then, we present a single-pixel proof of concept implementation of an 8-taps cw-iToF SPAD pixel containing 4 up/down counters in a 0.18 μm CMOS process. Laser diodes illuminate the target with a 200 MHz square wave. The depth measurement’s worst non-linearity error over a 75 cm range is 1.2 mm, and stays below one millimeter for more than 90% of the measured range. Furthermore, the precision for 100 ms-long frames is as low as 0.35 mm.
Research Center/Unit :
Montefiore Institute - Montefiore Institute of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science - ULiège [BE]
Disciplines :
Electrical & electronics engineering
Author, co-author :
Piron, François  ;  Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'électricité, électronique et informatique (Institut Montefiore) > Systèmes microélectroniques intégrés ; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Liè,ge, Belgium
Pierre, Hervé  ;  Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'électricité, électronique et informatique (Institut Montefiore) > Systèmes microélectroniques intégrés ; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Liè,ge, Belgium
Redouté, Jean-Michel  ;  Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'électricité, électronique et informatique (Institut Montefiore) > Systèmes microélectroniques intégrés ; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Liè,ge, Belgium
Language :
English
Title :
An 8-windows Continuous Wave Indirect Time-of-Flight Method for High Frequency SPAD-based 3D Imagers in 0.18 μm CMOS
Publication date :
2024
Journal title :
IEEE Sensors Journal
ISSN :
1530-437X
eISSN :
1558-1748
Publisher :
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Pages :
1-1
Peer reviewed :
Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi
Name of the research project :
Space4ReLaunch
Funders :
FRIA - Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture [BE]
SPW EER - Service Public de Wallonie. Economie, Emploi, Recherche [BE]
Funding number :
2210181
Available on ORBi :
since 29 May 2024

Statistics


Number of views
6 (2 by ULiège)
Number of downloads
1 (1 by ULiège)

Scopus citations®
 
0
Scopus citations®
without self-citations
0

Bibliography


Similar publications



Contact ORBi