[en] The global movement for ecosystem restoration has gained momentum in response to the Bonn Challenge (2010) and the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration (UNDER, 2021–2030). While several science-based guidelines exist to aid in achieving successful restoration outcomes, significant variation remains in the outcomes of restoration projects. Some of this disparity can be attributed to unexpected responses of ecosystem components to planned interventions. Given the complex nature of ecosystems, we propose that concepts from Complex Systems Science (CSS) that are linked to non-linearity, such as regime shifts, ecological resilience and ecological feedbacks, should be employed to help explain this variation in restoration outcomes from an ecological perspective. Our framework, Explore Before You Restore, illustrates how these concepts impact restoration outcomes by influencing degradation and recovery trajectories. Additionally, we propose incorporating CSS concepts into the typical restoration project cycle through a CSS assessment phase and suggest that the need for such assessment is explicitly included in the guidelines to improve restoration outcomes. To facilitate this inclusion and make it workable by practitioners, we describe indicators and methods available for restoration teams to answer key questions that should make up such CSS assessment. In doing so, we identify key outstanding science and policy tasks that are needed to further operationalize CSS assessment in restoration. Synthesis and applications. By illustrating how key Complex Systems Science (CSS) concepts linked to non-linear threshold behaviour can impact restoration outcomes through influencing recovery trajectories, our framework Explore Before You Restore demonstrates the need to incorporate Complex Systems thinking in ecosystem restoration. We argue that inclusion of CSS assessment into restoration project cycles, and more broadly, into international restoration guidelines, may significantly improve restoration outcomes.
Disciplines :
Environmental sciences & ecology
Author, co-author :
Maes, S.L. ; Division of Forest, Nature & Landscape, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Perring, M.P. ; UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH), Bangor, United Kingdom ; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
Cohen, R.; WeForest vzw/asbl, Brussels, Belgium
Akinnifesi, F.K.; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy
Bargués-Tobella, A. ; Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, Sweden
Bastin, Jean-François ; Université de Liège - ULiège > TERRA Research Centre > Biodiversité et Paysage
Bauters, M. ; Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium ; Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology (PLECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
Bernardino, P.N. ; Division of Forest, Nature & Landscape, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium ; Department of Plant Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
Brancalion, P.H.S. ; Department of Forest Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Bullock, J.M. ; UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH), Wallingford, United Kingdom
Ellison, D. ; Natural Resource Policy Group (NARP), Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ; Land Systems and Sustainable Land Management Unit (LS-SLM), Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Fayolle, Adeline ; Université de Liège - ULiège > TERRA Research Centre > Gestion des ressources forestières
Fremout, T. ; Division of Forest, Nature & Landscape, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium ; Alliance Bioversity International—CIAT, Lima, Peru
Gann, G.D.; Society for Ecological Restoration (SER), Washington, United States
Hishe, H. ; Division of Forest, Nature & Landscape, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium ; Department of Land Resource Management and Environmental Protection, Mekelle University, Mekele, Ethiopia
Holmgren, M. ; Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
Ilstedt, U. ; Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, Sweden
Mahy, Grégory ; Université de Liège - ULiège > TERRA Research Centre > Biodiversité et Paysage ; Avignon Univ, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, Avignon, Avignon, France
Messier, C. ; Department of Biological Sciences at the Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal, Canada ; Institut des Sciences de la Forêt Tempérée (ISFORT), Université du Québec en Outaouais (UQO), Gatineau, Canada
Parr, C.L. ; Department of Earth, Ocean and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom ; Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa ; School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Wits, South Africa
Ryan, C.M. ; University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Sacande, M.; FAO Great Green Wall, Rome, Italy
Sankaran, M. ; National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR, Bengaluru, India
Scheffer, M.S. ; Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
Suding, K.N. ; Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, Institute of Alpine and Arctic Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, United States
Van Meerbeek, K. ; Division of Forest, Nature & Landscape, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium ; KU Leuven Plant Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Verbeeck, H. ; CAVElab—Computational & Applied Vegetation Ecology, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
Verbist, B.J.P. ; Division of Forest, Nature & Landscape, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium ; KU Leuven Plant Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Verheyen, K. ; Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
Winowiecki, L.A. ; World Agroforestry (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya
Muys, B. ; Division of Forest, Nature & Landscape, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium ; KU Leuven Plant Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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