diversity; ecosystem function and services; evenness; forests; global; productivity; species richness; Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics; Ecology; Plant Science
Abstract :
[en] 1. Biodiversity is an important component of natural ecosystems, with higher species richness often correlating with an increase in ecosystem productivity. Yet, this relationship varies substantially across environments, typically becoming less pronounced at high levels of species richness. However, species richness alone cannot reflect all important properties of a community, including community evenness, which may mediate the relationship between biodiversity and productivity. If the evenness of a community correlates negatively with richness across forests globally, then a greater number of species may not always increase overall diversity and productivity of the system. Theoretical work and local empirical studies have shown that the effect of evenness on ecosystem functioning may be especially strong at high richness levels, yet the consistency of this remains untested at a global scale. 2. Here, we used a dataset of forests from across the globe, which includes composition, biomass accumulation and net primary productivity, to explore whether productivity correlates with community evenness and richness in a way that evenness appears to buffer the effect of richness. Specifically, we evaluated whether low levels of evenness in speciose communities correlate with the attenuation of the richness–productivity relationship. 3. We found that tree species richness and evenness are negatively correlated across forests globally, with highly speciose forests typically comprising a few dominant and many rare species. Furthermore, we found that the correlation between diversity and productivity changes with evenness: at low richness, uneven communities are more productive, while at high richness, even communities are more productive. 4. Synthesis. Collectively, these results demonstrate that evenness is an integral component of the relationship between biodiversity and productivity, and that the attenuating effect of richness on forest productivity might be partly explained by low evenness in speciose communities. Productivity generally increases with species richness, until reduced evenness limits the overall increases in community diversity. Our research suggests that evenness is a fundamental component of biodiversity–ecosystem function relationships, and is of critical importance for guiding conservation and sustainable ecosystem management decisions.
Disciplines :
Environmental sciences & ecology
Author, co-author :
Hordijk, Iris ; Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
Maynard, Daniel S.; Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
Hart, Simon P.; School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
Lidong, Mo; Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
ter Steege, Hans; Naturalis Biodiversity Centre, Leiden, Netherlands ; Systems Ecology, Free University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Liang, Jingjing; Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States
de-Miguel, Sergio; Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain ; Joint Research Unit CTFC—AGROTECNIO—CERCA, Solsona, Spain
Nabuurs, Gert-Jan; Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
Reich, Peter B.; Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, United States ; Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
Abegg, Meinrad; Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
Adou Yao, C. Yves; UFR Biosciences, University Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
Alberti, Giorgio; Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy ; Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
Almeyda Zambrano, Angelica M.; Spatial Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Center for Latin American Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
Alvarado, Braulio V.; Forestry School, Tecnológico de Costa Rica TEC, Cartago, Costa Rica
Esteban, Alvarez-Davila; Fundacion ConVida, Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia, UNAD, Medellin, Colombia
Alvarez-Loayza, Patricia; Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, United States
Alves, Luciana F.; Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, UCLA, Los Angeles, United States
Ammer, Christian; Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
Antón-Fernández, Clara; Division of Forest and Forest Resources, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway
Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro; Museo de Historia natural Noel kempff Mercado, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
Arroyo, Luzmila; Museo de Historia natural Noel kempff Mercado, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
Avitabile, Valerio; European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
Aymard C, Gerardo A.; UNELLEZ-Guanare, Programa de Ciencias del Agro y el Mar, Herbario Universitario (PORT), Portuguesa, Venezuela Compensation International S. A. Ci Progress-GreenLife, Bogotá, Colombia
Baker, Timothy; School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
Bałazy, Radomir; Department of Geomatics, Forest Research Institute, Raszyn, Poland
Banki, Olaf; Systems Ecology, Free University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Barroso, Jorcely; Centro Multidisciplinar, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Brazil
Bastian, Meredith L.; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, United States ; Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, United States
Bastin, Jean-François ; Université de Liège - ULiège > TERRA Research Centre > Biodiversité et Paysage
Birigazzi, Luca; United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change, Bonn, Germany
Birnbaum, Philippe; Cirad, UMR-AMAP, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
Bitariho, Robert; Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation, Mbarara University of Sciences and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
Bongers, Frans; Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
Bouriaud, Olivier; Integrated Center for Research, Development and Innovation in Advanced Materials, Nanotechnologies, and Distributed Systems for Fabrication and Control (MANSiD), Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
Brancalion, Pedro H. S.; Department of Forest Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
Brandl, Susanne; Bavarian State Institute of Forestry, Freising, Germany
Brienen, Roel; School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
Broadbent, Eben N.; Spatial Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
Bruelheide, Helge ; Institute of Biology, Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany ; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
Bussotti, Filippo; Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forest (DAGRI), University of Firenze, Florence, Italy
Cazzolla Gatti, Roberto ; Biological Institute, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
César, Ricardo G.; Department of Forest Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
Cesljar, Goran; Department of Spatial Regulation, GIS and Forest Policy, Institute of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia
Chazdon, Robin; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, United States ; Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Australia
Chen, Han Y. H. ; Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Canada
Chisholm, Chelsea; Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
Cienciala, Emil ; IFER—Institute of Forest Ecosystem Research, Jilove u Prahy, Czech Republic ; Global Change Research Institute CAS, Brno, Czech Republic
Clark, Connie J.; Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, United States
Clark, David B.; Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St Louis, St Louis, United States
Colletta, Gabriel; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
Coomes, David ; Department of Plant Sciences and Conservation Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Cornejo Valverde, Fernando; Andes to Amazon Biodiversity Program, Madre de Dios, Peru
Corral-Rivas, Jose J.; Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico
Crim, Philip; Department of Physical and Biological Sciences, The College of Saint Rose, Albany, United States ; Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, United States
Cumming, Jonathan; Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, United States
Dayanandan, Selvadurai; Biology Department, Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
de Gasper, André L.; Natural Science Department, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil
Decuyper, Mathieu ; Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands ; World Agroforestry (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya
Derroire, Géraldine; Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParistech, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de la Guyane), Campus Agronomique, Kourou, French Guiana
DeVries, Ben; Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, United States
Djordjevic, Ilija; Institute of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia
Iêda, Amaral; National Institute of Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
Dourdain, Aurélie; Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParistech, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de la Guyane), Campus Agronomique, Kourou, French Guiana
Nestor Laurier, Engone Obiang; IRET, Herbier National du Gabon (CENAREST), Libreville, Gabon
Enquist, Brian ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, United States ; Queensland Herbarium, Department of Environment and Science, Toowong, Australia
Eyre, Teresa; Queensland Herbarium, Department of Environment and Science, Toowong, Australia
Fandohan, Adandé Belarmain; Ecole de Foresterie et Ingénierie du Bois, Université Nationale d'Agriculture, Ketou, Benin
Fayle, Tom M. ; Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic and Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
Ferreira, Leandro V.; Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Coordenação de Ciências da Terra e Ecologia, Pará, Brazil
Feldpausch, Ted R.; Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
Finér, Leena; Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Joensuu, Finland
Fischer, Markus; Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Fletcher, Christine; Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Frizzera, Lorenzo; Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Center, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
Gamarra, Javier G. P.; Forestry Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
Gianelle, Damiano; Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Center, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
Glick, Henry B. ; School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, United States
Harris, David; Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Hector, Andrew ; Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Hemp, Andreas; Department of Plant Systematics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
Hengeveld, Geerten; Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
Hérault, Bruno ; Cirad, UPR Forêts et Sociétés, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France ; Department of Forestry and Environment, National Polytechnic Institute (INP-HB), Yamoussoukro, Cote d'Ivoire
Herbohn, John; Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Australia
Hillers, Annika; Centre for Conservation Science, The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy, United Kingdom ; Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Liberia Office, Monrovia, Liberia
Honorio Coronado, Eurídice N.; Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos, Peru
Hui, Cang; Department of Mathematical Sciences, Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa ; Theoretical Ecology Unit, African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
Cho, Hyunkook; Division of Forest Resources Information, Korea Forest Promotion Institute, Seoul, South Korea
Ibanez, Thomas; Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), Equipe Sol & Végétation (SolVeg), Nouméa, New Caledonia
Bin Jung, Il; Division of Forest Resources Information, Korea Forest Promotion Institute, Seoul, South Korea
Imai, Nobuo; Department of Forest Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
Jagodzinski, Andrzej M. ; Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland ; Department of Game Management and Forest Protection, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
Jaroszewicz, Bogdan; Faculty of Biology, Białowieża Geobotanical Station, University of Warsaw, Białowieża, Poland
Johanssen, Vivian; Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Joly, Carlos A.; Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
Jucker, Tommaso; School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
Kartawinata, Kuswata; Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, United States
Kearsley, Elizabeth ; CAVElab-Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
Kenfack, David; CTFS-ForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama
Kennard, Deborah; Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, United States
Kepfer-Rojas, Sebastian ; Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Keppel, Gunnar ; UniSA STEM and Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
Khan, Mohammed Latif; Department of Botany, Dr Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, India
Killeen, Timothy; Museo de Historia natural Noel kempff Mercado, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
Kim, Hyun Seok; Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea ; Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea ; National Center for Agro Meteorology, Seoul, South Korea ; Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
Kitayama, Kanehiro; Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Köhl, Michael; Institute for World Forestry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
Korjus, Henn ; Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
Kraxner, Florian; Ecosystems Services and Management, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
Laarmann, Diana; Department of Geography, University College London, London, United Kingdom
Lang, Mait ; Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
Lewis, Simon; School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom ; Department of Geography, University College London, London, United Kingdom
Lu, Huicui ; Faculty of Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
Lukina, Natalia; Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
Maitner, Brian ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, United States
Malhi, Yadvinder; School of Geography, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Marcon, Eric; UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, Kourou, France
Marimon, Beatriz Schwantes; Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
Marimon-Junior, Ben Hur; Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
Marshall, Andrew Robert; Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Australia ; Flamingo Land Ltd, Kirby Misperton, United Kingdom ; Department of Environment & Geography, University of York, York, United Kingdom
Martin, Emanuel; Department of Wildlife Management, College of African Wildlife Management, Mweka, Tanzania
Meave, Jorge A. ; Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
Melo-Cruz, Omar; Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
Mendoza, Casimiro; Colegio de Profesionales Forestales de Cochabamba, Cochabamba, Bolivia
Merow, Cory; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, United States
Stanislaw, Miscicki; Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Department of Forest Management, Dendrometry and Forest Economics, Warsaw, Poland
Mendoza, Abel Monteagudo; Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Oxapampa, Peru ; Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru
Moreno, Vanessa; Department of Forest Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
Mukul, Sharif A. ; Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Australia ; Centre for Research on Land-use Sustainability, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Mundhenk, Philip; Institute for World Forestry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
Nava-Miranda, Maria G.; Instituto de Silvicultura e Industria de la Madera, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico
Neill, David; Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Puyo, Ecuador
Neldner, Victor; The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, United States
Nevenic, Radovan; Institute of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia
Ngugi, Michael; Queensland Herbarium, Department of Environment and Science, Toowong, Australia
Niklaus, Pascal A.; Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
Oleksyn, Jacek; Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
Ortiz-Malavasi, Edgar; Forestry School, Tecnológico de Costa Rica TEC, Cartago, Costa Rica
Pan, Yude; Climate, Fire, and Carbon Cycle Sciences, USDA Forest Service, Durham, United States
Paquette, Alain; Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada
Parada-Gutierrez, Alexander; Museo de Historia natural Noel kempff Mercado, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
Parfenova, Elena; V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, FRC KSC, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
Park, Minjee; Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States ; Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
Parren, Marc; Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
Parthasarathy, Narayanaswamy ; Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
Peri, Pablo L.; Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral (UNPA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnicas (CONICET), Rio Gallegos, Argentina
Pfautsch, Sebastian; School of Social Sciences (Urban Studies), Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
Phillips, Oliver L.; School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
Picard, Nicolas; GIP ECOFOR, Paris, France
Piedade, Maria Teresa; Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
Piotto, Daniel; Laboratório de Dendrologia e Silvicultura Tropical, Centro de Formação em Ciências Agroflorestais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Itabuna, Brazil
Pitman, Nigel C. A.; Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, United States
Polo, Irina; Jardín Botánico de Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
Poorter, Lourens; Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
Poulsen, Axel Dalberg; Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Poulsen, John R. ; Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, United States
Pretzsch, Hans; Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, TUM School for Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
Ramirez Arevalo, Freddy; Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos, Peru
Restrepo-Correa, Zorayda; Servicios Ecosistémicos y Cambio Climático (SECC), Fundación Con Vida & Corporación COL-TREE, Medellín, Colombia
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Rolim, Samir; Laboratório de Dendrologia e Silvicultura Tropical, Centro de Formação em Ciências Agroflorestais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Itabuna, Brazil
Roopsind, Anand; Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, United States
Rovero, Francesco; Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy ; Tropical Biodiversity, MUSE—Museo delle Scienze, Trento, Italy
Rutishauser, Ervan; Info Flora, Geneva, Switzerland
Saikia, Purabi ; Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, India
Salas-Eljatib, Christian ; Centro de Modelación y Monitoreo de Ecosistemas, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile ; Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile ; Departamento de Silvicultura y Conservación de la Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
Schall, Peter ; Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
Schepaschenko, Dmitry; Ecosystems Services and Management, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael; Faculty of Biology, Geobotany, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
Schmid, Bernhard ; Department of Geography, Remote Sensing Laboratories, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Schöngart, Jochen; Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
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Šebeň, Vladimír; National Forest Centre, Forest Research Institute Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia
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Shvidenko, Anatoly; Ecosystems Services and Management, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
Silva-Espejo, Javier; Departamento de Biología, Universidad de la Serena, La Serena, Chile
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Stereńczak, Krzysztof ; School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Svoboda, Miroslav; Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
Swanepoel, Ben; Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, United States
Targhetta, Natalia; GIP ECOFOR, Paris, France
Tchebakova, Nadja; Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada
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Tikhonova, Elena; Faculty of Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
Umunay, Peter; Forestry Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
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Valencia, Renato; Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
Valladares, Fernando; LINCGlobal, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
van der Plas, Fons; Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
Tran, Do Van; Silviculture Research Institute, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Hanoi, Viet Nam
Van Nuland, Michael E. ; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
Vasquez Martinez, Rodolfo; Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Department of Forest Management, Dendrometry and Forest Economics, Warsaw, Poland
Viana, Helder; Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal ; Department of Ecology and Sustainable Agriculture, Agricultural High School of Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Portugal and Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
Vibrans, Alexander C.; Biology Department, Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada ; Department of Forest Engineering Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil
Vieira, Simone ; Environmental Studies and Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
von Gadow, Klaus; Department of Forest and Wood Science, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
Wang, Hua-Feng; Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources, Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
Watson, James; Division of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, United States
Werner, Gijsbert D. A.; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Wiser, Susan K.; Manaaki Whenua–Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand
Wittmann, Florian; Department of Wetland Ecology, Institute for Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
Wortel, Verginia; Centre for Agricultural Research in Suriname (CELOS), Paramaribo, Suriname
Zawila-Niedzwiecki, Tomasz; Polish State Forests, Coordination Center for Environmental Projects, Warsaw, Poland
Zhang, Chunyu; Research Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
Zhao, Xiuhai ; Research Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
Zhou, Mo; Systems Ecology, Free University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Zhu, Zhi-Xin; Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources, Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
Zo-Bi, Irie Casimir; Cirad, UPR Forêts et Sociétés, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
Crowther, Thomas W.; Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
SNF - Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung [CH] Villum Fonden [DK]
Funding text :
This research has been funded by a grant from DOB Ecology. Swiss National Science Foundation, Ambizione grant #PZ00P3_193612 to DSM. JCS considers this work a contribution to his VILLUM Investigator project ‘Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World’ funded by VILLUM FONDEN (grant 16549). The GFBI data from New Zealand were drawn from the Natural Forest plot data collected between January 2009 and March 2014 by the LUCAS programme for the New Zealand Ministry for the Environment and sourced from the New Zealand National Vegetation Survey Databank’. Instituto de Conservação da Natureza. FCT—UIDB/04033/2020. Open access funding provided by Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule Zurich.This research has been funded by a grant from DOB Ecology. Swiss National Science Foundation, Ambizione grant #PZ00P3_193612 to DSM. JCS considers this work a contribution to his VILLUM Investigator project ‘Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World’ funded by VILLUM FONDEN (grant 16549). The GFBI data from New Zealand were drawn from the Natural Forest plot data collected between January 2009 and March 2014 by the LUCAS programme for the New Zealand Ministry for the Environment and sourced from the New Zealand National Vegetation Survey Databank’. Instituto de Conservação da Natureza. FCT—UIDB/04033/2020. Open access funding provided by Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule Zurich.
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