[en] Understanding what controls global leaf type variation in trees is crucial for comprehending their role in terrestrial ecosystems, including carbon, water and nutrient dynamics. Yet our understanding of the factors influencing forest leaf types remains incomplete, leaving us uncertain about the global proportions of needle-leaved, broadleaved, evergreen and deciduous trees. To address these gaps, we conducted a global, ground-sourced assessment of forest leaf-type variation by integrating forest inventory data with comprehensive leaf form (broadleaf vs needle-leaf) and habit (evergreen vs deciduous) records. We found that global variation in leaf habit is primarily driven by isothermality and soil characteristics, while leaf form is predominantly driven by temperature. Given these relationships, we estimate that 38% of global tree individuals are needle-leaved evergreen, 29% are broadleaved evergreen, 27% are broadleaved deciduous and 5% are needle-leaved deciduous. The aboveground biomass distribution among these tree types is approximately 21% (126.4 Gt), 54% (335.7 Gt), 22% (136.2 Gt) and 3% (18.7 Gt), respectively. We further project that, depending on future emissions pathways, 17-34% of forested areas will experience climate conditions by the end of the century that currently support a different forest type, highlighting the intensification of climatic stress on existing forests. By quantifying the distribution of tree leaf types and their corresponding biomass, and identifying regions where climate change will exert greatest pressure on current leaf types, our results can help improve predictions of future terrestrial ecosystem functioning and carbon cycling.
Disciplines :
Environmental sciences & ecology
Author, co-author :
Ma, Haozhi ; Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland. haozhi.ma@usys.ethz.ch
Crowther, Thomas W; Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
Mo, Lidong ; Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
Maynard, Daniel S ; Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland ; Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
Renner, Susanne S ; Department of Biology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
van den Hoogen, Johan; Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
Zou, Yibiao; Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
Liang, Jingjing ; Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
de-Miguel, Sergio ; Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences and Engineering, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain ; Joint Research Unit CTFC - AGROTECNIO - CERCA, Solsona, Spain
Nabuurs, Gert-Jan ; Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
Reich, Peter B ; Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA ; Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia ; Institute for Global Change Biology, and School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Niinemets, Ülo; Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
Abegg, Meinrad ; Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
Adou Yao, Yves C ; UFR Biosciences, University Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
Alberti, Giorgio ; Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy ; National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
Almeyda Zambrano, Angelica M; Spatial Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Tourism, Recreation and Sport Management, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
Alvarado, Braulio Vilchez; Forestry School, Tecnológico de Costa Rica TEC, Cartago, Costa Rica
Alvarez-Dávila, Esteban; Fundacion ConVida, Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia, UNAD, Medellin, Colombia
Alvarez-Loayza, Patricia; Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA
Alves, Luciana F ; Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Ammer, Christian ; Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
Antón-Fernández, Clara ; Division of Forest and Forest Resources, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway
Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro; Museo de Historia natural Noel kempff Mercado, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
Arroyo, Luzmila; Museo de Historia natural Noel kempff Mercado, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
Avitabile, Valerio; European Commission, Joint Research Center, Ispra, Italy
Aymard, Gerardo A ; UNELLEZ-Guanare, Programa de Ciencias del Agro y el Mar, Herbario Universitario (PORT), Portuguesa, Venezuela ; Compensation International S. A. Ci Progress-GreenLife, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
Baker, Timothy R ; School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Bałazy, Radomir; Department of Geomatics, Forest Research Institute, Raszyn, Poland
Banki, Olaf ; Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
Barroso, Jorcely G; Centro Multidisciplinar, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Brazil
Bastian, Meredith L ; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, USA ; Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
Bastin, Jean-François ; Université de Liège - ULiège > TERRA Research Centre > Biodiversité et Paysage
Bongers, Frans ; Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
Bouriaud, Olivier ; Ștefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
Brancalion, Pedro H S; Department of Forest Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
Brandl, Susanne; Bavarian State Institute of Forestry, Freising, Germany
Brearley, Francis Q; Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
Brienen, Roel ; School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Broadbent, Eben N; Spatial Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Tourism, Recreation and Sport Management, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
Bruelheide, Helge ; Institute of Biology, Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany ; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
Bussotti, Filippo; Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forest (DAGRI), University of Firenze, Florence, Italy
Cazzolla Gatti, Roberto; Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
César, Ricardo G; Department of Forest Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
Cesljar, Goran; Department of Spatial Regulation GIS and Forest Policy, Institute of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia
Chazdon, Robin ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA ; Tropical Forest and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
Chen, Han Y H; Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
Chisholm, Chelsea; Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
Cho, Hyunkook; Division of Forest Resources Information, Korea Forest Promotion Institute, Seoul, South Korea
Cienciala, Emil ; IFER - Institute of Forest Ecosystem Research, Jilove u Prahy, Czech Republic ; Global Change Research Institute CAS, Brno, Czech Republic
Clark, Connie; Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
Clark, David; Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
Colletta, Gabriel D; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
Coomes, David A ; Department of Plant Sciences and Conservation Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Valverde, Fernando Cornejo; Andes to Amazon Biodiversity Program, Madre de Dios, Peru
Corral-Rivas, José J; Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico
Crim, Philip M ; Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA ; Department of Physical and Biological Sciences, The College of Saint Rose, Albany, NY, USA
Cumming, Jonathan R; Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
Dayanandan, Selvadurai; Biology Department, Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
de Gasper, André L ; Natural Science Department, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil
Decuyper, Mathieu ; Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
Derroire, Géraldine ; Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParisTech, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles Université de la Guyane), Campus Agronomique, Kourou, French Guiana
DeVries, Ben ; Department of Geography, Environment and Geomatics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
Djordjevic, Ilija; Institute of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia
Dolezal, Jiri ; Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic ; Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
Dourdain, Aurélie; Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParisTech, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles Université de la Guyane), Campus Agronomique, Kourou, French Guiana
Engone Obiang, Nestor Laurier; IRET, Herbier National du Gabon (CENAREST), Libreville, Gabon
Enquist, Brian J ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA ; The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
Eyre, Teresa J; Queensland Herbarium and Biodiversity Science, Department of Environment and Science, Toowong, Queensland, Australia
Fandohan, Adandé Belarmain ; Ecole de Foresterie et Ingénierie du Bois, Université Nationale d'Agriculture, Kétou, Benin
Fayle, Tom M; School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK ; Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
Feldpausch, Ted R; Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
Ferreira, Leandro V; Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Coordenação de Ciências da Terra e Ecologia, Belém, Pará, Brasil
Finér, Leena; Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Joensuu, Finland
Fischer, Markus ; Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Fletcher, Christine; Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Fridman, Jonas ; Department of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences SLU, Umea, Sweden
Frizzera, Lorenzo; Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, Italy
Gamarra, Javier G P ; Forestry Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
Gianelle, Damiano ; Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, Italy
Glick, Henry B; Glick Designs LLC, Hadley, MA, USA
Harris, David J ; Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Hector, Andrew ; Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Hemp, Andreas; Department of Plant Systematics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
Hengeveld, Geerten; Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
Hérault, Bruno ; Cirad, UPR Forêts et Sociétés, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France ; Department of Forestry and Environment, National Polytechnic Institute (INP-HB), Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire
Herbohn, John L; Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
Herold, Martin ; Helmholtz GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics Section, Telegrafenberg, Potsdam, Germany
Hillers, Annika; Centre for Conservation Science, The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy, UK ; Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Liberia Office, Monrovia, Liberia
Honorio Coronado, Eurídice N ; Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos, Peru
Hui, Cang ; Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa ; Theoretical Ecology Unit, African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
Ibanez, Thomas T; AMAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
Amaral, Iêda; National Institute of Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
Imai, Nobuo; Department of Forest Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
Jagodziński, Andrzej M ; Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland ; Department of Game Management and Forest Protection, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
Jaroszewicz, Bogdan ; Faculty of Biology, Białowieża Geobotanical Station, University of Warsaw, Białowieża, Poland
Johannsen, Vivian Kvist ; Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Joly, Carlos A ; Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
Jucker, Tommaso; School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Jung, Ilbin; Division of Forest Resources Information, Korea Forest Promotion Institute, Seoul, South Korea
Karminov, Viktor ; Forestry Faculty, Mytischi Branch of Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Mytischi, Russian Federation
Kartawinata, Kuswata; Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA
Kearsley, Elizabeth; CAVElab-Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
Kenfack, David; CTFS-ForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama
Kennard, Deborah K ; Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, CO, USA
Kepfer-Rojas, Sebastian ; Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Keppel, Gunnar ; UniSA STEM and Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Khan, Mohammed Latif ; Department of Botany, Dr Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, India
Killeen, Timothy J; Museo de Historia natural Noel kempff Mercado, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
Kim, Hyun Seok ; Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea ; Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea ; National Center for Agro Meteorology, Seoul, South Korea ; Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
Kitayama, Kanehiro; Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Köhl, Michael; Institute for World Forestry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
Korjus, Henn ; Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
Kraxner, Florian; Biodiversity and Natural Resources Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
Kucher, Dmitry; Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russian Federation
Laarmann, Diana; Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
Lang, Mait; Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
Lewis, Simon L; School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK ; Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK
Lu, Huicui; Faculty of Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
Lukina, Natalia V ; Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
Maitner, Brian S; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
Malhi, Yadvinder; Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Marcon, Eric ; AgroParisTech, UMR-AMAP, Cirad, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
Marimon, Beatriz Schwantes; Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
Marimon-Junior, Ben Hur ; Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
Marshall, Andrew R; Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia ; Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK ; Flamingo Land Ltd, Kirby Misperton, UK
Martin, Emanuel H; Department of Wildlife Management, College of African Wildlife Management, Mweka, Tanzania
Meave, Jorge A ; Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
Melo-Cruz, Omar; Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
Mendoza, Casimiro; Colegio de Profesionales Forestales de Cochabamba, Cochabamba, Bolivia
Merow, Cory; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
Monteagudo Mendoza, Abel; Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Pasco, Peru ; Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru
Moreno, Vanessa S; Department of Forest Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
Mukul, Sharif A ; Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia ; Department of Environment and Development Studies, United International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Mundhenk, Philip; Institute for World Forestry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
Nava-Miranda, María Guadalupe ; Instituto de Silvicultura e Industria de la Madera, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico ; Programa de doctorado en Ingeniería para el desarrollo rural y civil, Escuela de Doctorado Internacional de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (EDIUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Neill, David ; Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Puyo, Pastaza, Ecuador
Neldner, Victor J ; Queensland Herbarium and Biodiversity Science, Department of Environment and Science, Toowong, Queensland, Australia
Nevenic, Radovan V; Institute of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia
Ngugi, Michael R; Queensland Herbarium and Biodiversity Science, Department of Environment and Science, Toowong, Queensland, Australia
Niklaus, Pascal A ; Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
Oleksyn, Jacek; Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
Ontikov, Petr; Forestry Faculty, Mytischi Branch of Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Mytischi, Russian Federation
Ortiz-Malavasi, Edgar; Forestry School, Tecnológico de Costa Rica TEC, Cartago, Costa Rica
Pan, Yude; Climate, Fire, and Carbon Cycle Sciences, USDA Forest Service, Durham, NC, USA
Paquette, Alain ; Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
Parada-Gutierrez, Alexander; Museo de Historia natural Noel kempff Mercado, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
Parfenova, Elena I ; V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, FRC KSC, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
Park, Minjee; Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA ; Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
Parren, Marc; Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
Parthasarathy, Narayanaswamy; Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
Peri, Pablo L; Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral (UNPA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Río Gallegos, Argentina
Pfautsch, Sebastian ; School of Social Sciences (Urban Studies), Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
Phillips, Oliver L ; School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Picard, Nicolas; GIP Ecofor, Paris, France
Piedade, Maria Teresa F; Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
Piotto, Daniel ; Laboratório de Dendrologia e Silvicultura Tropical, Centro de Formação em Ciências Agroflorestais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Itabuna, Brazil
Pitman, Nigel C A ; Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA
Mendoza-Polo, Irina; Jardín Botánico de Medellín, Medellin, Colombia
Poulsen, Axel D ; Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Poulsen, John R ; Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA ; The Nature Conservancy, Boulder, CO, USA
Pretzsch, Hans; Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, Department of Life Science Systems, TUM School for Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany ; Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute iuFOR, University Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
Ramirez Arevalo, Freddy; Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos, Peru
Restrepo-Correa, Zorayda; Servicios Ecosistémicos y Cambio Climático (SECC), Fundación Con Vida and Corporación COL-TREE, Medellín, Colombia
Rodeghiero, Mirco; Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, Italy ; Centro Agricoltura, Alimenti, Ambiente, University of Trento, San Michele All'adige, Italy
Rolim, Samir G; Laboratório de Dendrologia e Silvicultura Tropical, Centro de Formação em Ciências Agroflorestais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Itabuna, Brazil
Roopsind, Anand; Center for Natural Climate Solutions, Conservation International, Arlington, VA, USA
Rovero, Francesco; Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy ; Tropical Biodiversity, MUSE - Museo delle Scienze, Trento, Italy
Rutishauser, Ervan; Info Flora, Geneva, Switzerland
Saikia, Purabi ; Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
Salas-Eljatib, Christian; Centro de Modelación y Monitoreo de Ecosistemas, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile ; Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile ; Departamento de Silvicultura y Conservación de la Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile, Temuco, Chile
Saner, Philippe ; Rhino and Forest Fund e.V., Kehl, Germany
Schall, Peter ; Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
Schelhaas, Mart-Jan ; Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
Schepaschenko, Dmitry ; Biodiversity and Natural Resources Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria ; Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael ; Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
Schmid, Bernhard ; Department of Geography, Remote Sensing Laboratories, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
Schöngart, Jochen; Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
Searle, Eric B ; Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
Seben, Vladimír ; National Forest Centre, Forest Research Institute Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia
Serra-Diaz, Josep M ; Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Silva, Nancy, France ; Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Sheil, Douglas ; Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands ; Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
Shvidenko, Anatoly Z; Biodiversity and Natural Resources Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
Silva-Espejo, Javier E; Departamento de Biología, Universidad de la Serena, La Serena, Chile
Silveira, Marcos ; Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil
Singh, James; Guyana Forestry Commission, Georgetown, French Guiana
Sist, Plinio; Cirad, UPR Forêts et Sociétés, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
Slik, Ferry; Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
Sonké, Bonaventure ; Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
Souza, Alexandre F; Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
Miścicki, Stanislaw ; Department of Forest Management, Dendrometry and Forest Economics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Stereńczak, Krzysztof J ; Department of Geomatics, Forest Research Institute, Raszyn, Poland
Svenning, Jens-Christian ; Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO) & Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark ; Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Svoboda, Miroslav; Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
Swanepoel, Ben; Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, NY, USA
Targhetta, Natalia; Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
Tchebakova, Nadja ; V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, FRC KSC, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
Ter Steege, Hans ; Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands ; Quantitative Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Thomas, Raquel; Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development (IIC), Georgetown, French Guiana
Tikhonova, Elena; Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
Umunay, Peter M ; School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
Usoltsev, Vladimir A; Botanical Garden of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ural State Forest Engineering University, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
Valencia, Renato; Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
Valladares, Fernando; LINCGlobal, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
van der Plas, Fons; Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
Van Do, Tran ; Silviculture Research Institute, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam
van Nuland, Michael E; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
Vasquez, Rodolfo M; Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Pasco, Peru
Verbeeck, Hans ; CAVElab-Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
Viana, Helder; Agricultural High School, ESAV, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, IPV, Viseu, Portugal ; Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, Portugal
Vibrans, Alexander C ; Natural Science Department, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil ; Department of Forest Engineering, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil
Vieira, Simone ; Environmental Studies and Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
von Gadow, Klaus; Department of Forest and Wood Science, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
Wang, Hua-Feng; Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources, Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
Watson, James V; Division of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
Werner, Gijsbert D A; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Westerlund, Bertil ; Department of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences SLU, Umea, Sweden
Wiser, Susan K ; Manaaki Whenua-Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand
Wittmann, Florian; Department of Wetland Ecology, Institute for Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
Woell, Hannsjoerg; Independent Researcher, Sommersbergseestrasse, Bad Aussee, Austria
Wortel, Verginia; Centre for Agricultural Research in Suriname (CELOS), Paramaribo, Suriname
Zagt, Roderick; Tropenbos International, Wageningen, the Netherlands
Zawiła-Niedźwiecki, Tomasz; Polish State Forests, Coordination Center for Environmental Projects, Warsaw, Poland
Zhang, Chunyu; Research Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
Zhao, Xiuhai; Research Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
Zhou, Mo; Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
Zhu, Zhi-Xin; Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources, Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
Zo-Bi, Irie C ; Department of Forestry and Environment, National Polytechnic Institute (INP-HB), Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire
Zohner, Constantin M; Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
We thank the Global Forest Biodiversity Initiative (GFBi) for establishing the data standards and collaborative framework; TRY database managers and countless researchers who contributed open-access data. This work was supported by grants to C.M.Z. from the Ambizione fellowship (PZ00P3_193646), L.M. from the China Scholarship Council, and T.W.C. from DOB Ecology and the Bernina Foundation. O.B. acknowledges funding from the Romania National Council for Higher Education, CNFIS, project number CNFIS-FDI-2023-F-0579. We thank the French National Forest Inventory (NFI campaigns; raw data 2005 and subsequent annual surveys were downloaded by GFBI at https://inventaire-forestier.ign.fr/spip.php?rubrique159 , accessed on 1 January 2015) and the Italian Forest Inventory (NFI campaigns; raw data 2005 and subsequent surveys were downloaded by GFBI at https://inventarioforestale.org/ , accessed on 27 April 2019); G.A. was supported by the Italian National Recovery Plan through the National Biodiversity Future Center. M.B. thanks the BOS Foundation, the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), the Direktorat Fasilitasi Organisasi Politik dan Kemasyarakatan, Departamen Dalam Negri, and the BKSDA Palangkaraya for permission to work in the MAWAS region of Indonesia, and acknowledges funding from The American Society of Primatologists, the Duke University Graduate School, the L.S.B. Leakey Foundation, the National Science Foundation (Grant No. 0452995) and the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research (Grant No. 7330). K.S. thanks the IBL for supporting this work by internal funds under project no. 261509 “AFTER FBS - maintenance of ForBioSensing project performance indicators”. Plot data collection from Białowieża Forest was supported by Project LIFE+ ForBioSensing (contract number LIFE13ENV/PL/000048) and Poland’s National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management (contract number 485/2014/WN10/OPNMLF/D). Plot data collection from Central Siberia was supported by Russian Science Foundation project no 21-46-07002. Contributions from ForestPlots.net and RAINFOR were supported by numerous sources, including the European Research Council (ERC Advanced Grant 291585 – ‘T-FORCES’), the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (1656 ‘RAINFOR’), the Natural Environment Research Council (including NE/B503384/1, NE/N012542/1) and the Royal Society (ICA/R1/180100 - ‘FORAMA’). We also thank the National Council for Science and Technology Development of Brazil (CNPq) for support to the Cerrado/Amazonia Transition Long-Term Ecology Project (PELD/441244/2016-5). J.D. was funded by the Czech Science Foundation (project no. 21-26883S).We are grateful to all the ministries and agencies from the Government of Spain and to all the people that supported the collection, compilation, and coordination of forest inventory data, also including the Spanish National Forest Inventories. Sergio de Miguel benefitted from a Serra-Húnter fellowship provided by the Government of Catalonia (Generalitat de Catalunya). J.C.S. considers this work a contribution to Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO), funded by the Danish National Research Foundation (grant DNRF173) and his VILLUM Investigator project ‘Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World’, funded by VILLUM FONDEN (grant 16549). The exploratory plots of FunDivEUROPE were established through funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013 under Grant 265171. Plot data collection from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest was supported by the State of São Paulo Research Foundation/FAPESP (BIOTA Grants 2003/12595-7; 2012/51509-8 and 2012/51872-5) and by the Brazilian National Research Council/CNPq (PELD Grant 403710/2012-0). H.V was funded by FCT - Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, project UIDB/04033/2020 and ICNF-Instituto da Conservação da Natureza, Portugal, National Forest Inventory. Financial support for the Monafor network in Mexico came from many projects, including the National Forestry Commission (CONAFOR), Council of Science and Technology of the State of Durango (COCYTED), the Natural Environment Research Council, UK (NERC; NE/T011084/1), and local support of Ejidos and Comunidades. We also directly acknowledge the use of data drawn from the Natural Forest plot data collected between January 2009 and March 2014 by the LUCAS programme for the New Zealand Ministry for the Environment. Data were sourced via the NZ National Vegetation Survey (NVS) Databank.
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