Changes in high-order interaction measures of synergy and redundancy during non-ordinary states of consciousness induced by meditation, hypnosis, and auto-induced cognitive trance
Kumar, G. Pradeep; Panda, Rajanikant; Sharma, Kanishkaet al.
Auto-induced cognitive trance (AICT); High-order interaction; Hypnosis; Non-ordinary states of consciousness (NSCs); O-information; Rajyoga meditation; Redundancy; Self-awareness; Synergy
Abstract :
[en] High-order interactions are required across brain regions to accomplish specific cognitive functions. These functional interdependencies are reflected by synergistic information that can be obtained by combining the information from all the sources considered and redundant information (i.e., common information provided by all the sources). However, electroencephalogram (EEG) functional connectivity is limited to pairwise interactions thereby precluding the estimation of high-order interactions. In this multicentric study, we used measures of synergistic and redundant information to study in parallel the high-order interactions between five EEG electrodes during three non-ordinary states of consciousness (NSCs): Rajyoga meditation (RM), hypnosis, and auto-induced cognitive trance (AICT). We analyzed EEG data from 22 long-term Rajyoga meditators, nine volunteers undergoing hypnosis, and 21 practitioners of AICT. We here report the within-group changes in synergy and redundancy for each NSC in comparison with the respective baseline. Since RM was practiced with open eyes, the baseline was also recorded with eyes open. During RM, synergy increased at the whole brain level in the delta and theta bands. Redundancy decreased in frontal, right central, and posterior electrodes in delta, and frontal, central, and posterior electrodes in beta1 and beta2 bands. Since the subjects kept their eyes closed during hypnosis and AICT, their baselines were also recorded with closed eyes. During hypnosis, synergy decreased in mid-frontal, temporal, and mid-centro-parietal electrodes in the delta band. The decrease was also observed in the beta2 band in the left frontal and right parietal electrodes. During AICT, synergy decreased in delta and theta bands in left-frontal, right-frontocentral, and posterior electrodes. The decrease was also observed at the whole brain level in the alpha band. However, redundancy changes during hypnosis and AICT were not significant. The subjective reports of absorption and dissociation during hypnosis and AICT, as well as the mystical experience questionnaires during AICT, showed no correlation with the estimated high-order measures. The proposed study is the first exploratory attempt to utilize the concepts of synergy and redundancy in NSCs. The differences in synergy and redundancy during different NSCs warrant further studies to relate the extracted measures with the phenomenology of the NSCs.
Disciplines :
Neurosciences & behavior
Author, co-author :
Kumar, G. Pradeep; MILE Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
Panda, Rajanikant ; Université de Liège - ULiège > GIGA > GIGA Consciousness - Coma Science Group
Sharma, Kanishka ; MILE Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
Adarsh, A ; MILE Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
Annen, Jitka ; Université de Liège - ULiège > GIGA > GIGA Consciousness - Coma Science Group
Martial, Charlotte ; Université de Liège - ULiège > GIGA > GIGA Consciousness - Coma Science Group
Laureys, Steven ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des sciences cliniques
Sombrun, Corine; Trance Science Research Institute, Paris, France
Ganesan, Ramakrishnan Angarai ; MILE Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India, Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
Vanhaudenhuyse, Audrey ; Université de Liège - ULiège > GIGA > GIGA Consciousness - Sensation & Perception Research Group
Gosseries, Olivia ; Université de Liège - ULiège > GIGA > GIGA Consciousness - Coma Science Group
Language :
English
Title :
Changes in high-order interaction measures of synergy and redundancy during non-ordinary states of consciousness induced by meditation, hypnosis, and auto-induced cognitive trance
Aftanas, L.I., Golocheikine, S.A., Human anterior and frontal midline theta and lower alpha reflect emotionally positive state and internalized attention: high-resolution EEG investigation of meditation. Neurosci. Lett. 310:1 (2001), 57–60.
Amritsar, S., Effect of rajyoga meditation on chronic tension headache. Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 58:2 (2014), 157–161.
Arora, A.K., Girgila, K.K., et al. Effect of short term rajyoga meditation on anxiety and depression. Pak. J. Physiol. 10:1–2 (2014), 18–20.
Babu, M.R., Kadavigere, R., Koteshwara, P., Sathian, B., Rai, K.S., Rajyoga meditation induces grey matter volume changes in regions that process reward and happiness. Sci. Rep., 10(1), 2020, 16177.
Barrett, F.S., Johnson, M.W., Griffiths, R.R., Validation of the revised mystical experience questionnaire in experimental sessions with psilocybin. J. Psychopharmacol. 29:11 (2015), 1182–1190.
Barry, R.J., De Blasio, F.M., EEG differences between eyes-closed and eyes-open resting remain in healthy ageing. Biol. Psychol. 129 (2017), 293–304.
Başar, E., Başar-Eroğlu, C., Karakaş, S., Schürmann, M., Are cognitive processes manifested in event-related gamma, alpha, theta and delta oscillations in the EEG?. Neurosci. Lett. 259:3 (1999), 165–168.
Battiston, F., Amico, E., Barrat, A., Bianconi, G., Ferraz de Arruda, G., Franceschiello, B., Iacopini, I., Kéfi, S., Latora, V., Moreno, Y., et al. The physics of higher-order interactions in complex systems. Nat. Phys. 17:10 (2021), 1093–1098.
Bauer, P.R., Sabourdy, C., Chatard, B., Rheims, S., Lachaux, J.-P., Vidal, J.R., Lutz, A., Neural dynamics of mindfulness meditation and hypnosis explored with intracranial EEG: a feasibility study. Neurosci. Lett., 766, 2022, 136345.
Benjamini, Y., Hochberg, Y., Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B Stat. Methodol. 57:1 (1995), 289–300.
Casali, A.G., Gosseries, O., Rosanova, M., Boly, M., Sarasso, S., Casali, K.R., Casarotto, S., Bruno, M.-A., Laureys, S., Tononi, G., et al. A theoretically based index of consciousness independent of sensory processing and behavior. Sci. Transl. Med., 5(198), 2013, 198ra105.
Casarotto, S., Romero Lauro, L.J., Bellina, V., Casali, A.G., Rosanova, M., Pigorini, A., Defendi, S., Mariotti, M., Massimini, M., EEG responses to TMS are sensitive to changes in the perturbation parameters and repeatable over time. PLoS One, 5(4), 2010, e10281.
Cordi, M.J., Hirsiger, S., Mérillat, S., Rasch, B., Improving sleep and cognition by hypnotic suggestion in the elderly. Neuropsychologia 69 (2015), 176–182.
Crutchfield, J.P., The calculi of emergence: computation, dynamics and induction. Physica D 75:1–3 (1994), 11–54.
Delorme, A., Makeig, S., EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis. J. Neurosci. Methods 134:1 (2004), 9–21.
Demertzi, A., Soddu, A., Faymonville, M.-E., Bahri, M.A., Gosseries, O., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Phillips, C., Maquet, P., Noirhomme, Q., Luxen, A., et al. Hypnotic modulation of resting state fMRI default mode and extrinsic network connectivity. Prog. Brain Res. 193 (2011), 309–322.
Demertzi, A., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Noirhomme, Q., Faymonville, M.-E., Laureys, S., Hypnosis modulates behavioural measures and subjective ratings about external and internal awareness. J. Physiol. Paris 109:4–6 (2015), 173–179.
Dillbeck, M.C., Alexander, C.N., Higher states of consciousness: Maharishi Mahesh Yogi's Vedic psychology of human development. J. Mind Behav., 1989, 307–334.
Elkins, G.R., Barabasz, A.F., Council, J.R., Spiegel, D., Advancing research and practice: The revised APA division 30 definition of hypnosis. Am. J. Clin. Hypnos. 57:4 (2015), 378–385.
Engel, A.K., Fries, P., Beta-band oscillations–signalling the status quo?. Current opinion in neurobiology 20:2 (2010), 156–165.
Erramuzpe, A., Ortega, G.J., Pastor, J., De Sola, R.G., Marinazzo, D., Stramaglia, S., Cortes, J.M., Identification of redundant and synergetic circuits in triplets of electrophysiological data. J. Neural Eng., 12(6), 2015, 066007.
Faber, P.L., Lehmann, D., Gianotti, L.R., Milz, P., Pascual-Marqui, R.D., Held, M., Kochi, K., Zazen meditation and no-task resting EEG compared with LORETA intracortical source localization. Cogniti. Process. 16 (2015), 87–96.
Fingelkurts, A.A., Fingelkurts, A.A., Kallio, S., Revonsuo, A., Cortex functional connectivity as a neurophysiological correlate of hypnosis: an EEG case study. Neuropsychologia 45:7 (2007), 1452–1462.
Flor-Henry, P., Shapiro, Y., Sombrun, C., Brain changes during a shamanic trance: Altered modes of consciousness, hemispheric laterality, and systemic psychobiology. Cogent Psychol., 4(1), 2017, 1313522.
Froeliger, B.E., Garland, E.L., Modlin, L.A., McClernon, F.J., Neurocognitive correlates of the effects of yoga meditation practice on emotion and cognition: a pilot study. Front. Integr. Neurosci., 6, 2012, 48.
Ganesan, R.A., Kumar, P., Sharma, K., Characterization of meditation EEG based on consistency of covariance matrices over time. 2020 17th India Council International Conference, INDICON, 2020, IEEE, 1–6.
Gatica, M., Cofré, R., Mediano, P.A., Rosas, F.E., Orio, P., Diez, I., Swinnen, S.P., Cortes, J.M., High-order interdependencies in the aging brain. Brain Connect. 11:9 (2021), 734–744.
Gosseries, O., Fecchio, M., Wolff, A., Sanz, L., Sombrun, C., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Laureys, S., Behavioural and brain responses in cognitive trance: A TMS-EEG case study. Clin. Neurophysiol.: Off. J. Int. Fed. Clin. Neurophysiol., 131(2), 2020.
Grégoire, C., Marie, N., Sombrun, C., Faymonville, M.-E., Kotsou, I., Van Nitsen, V., De Ribaucourt, S., Jerusalem, G., Laureys, S., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., et al. Hypnosis, meditation, and self-induced cognitive trance to improve post-treatment oncological patients’ quality of life: study protocol. Front. Psychol., 13, 2022, 79.
Gutknecht, A.J., Wibral, M., Makkeh, A., Bits and pieces: Understanding information decomposition from part-whole relationships and formal logic. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., 477(2251), 2021, 20210110.
Harmony, T., The functional significance of delta oscillations in cognitive processing. Front. Integr. Neurosci., 7, 2013, 83.
Hollander, M., Wolfe, D.A., Chicken, E., Nonparametric Statistical Methods. 2013, John Wiley & Sons.
Hove, M.J., Stelzer, J., Nierhaus, T., Thiel, S.D., Gundlach, C., Margulies, D.S., Van Dijk, K.R., Turner, R., Keller, P.E., Merker, B., Brain network reconfiguration and perceptual decoupling during an absorptive state of consciousness. Cerebral Cortex 26:7 (2015), 3116–3124.
Huels, E.R., Kim, H., Lee, U., Bel-Bahar, T., Colmenero, A.V., Nelson, A., Blain-Moraes, S., Mashour, G.A., Harris, R.E., Neural correlates of the shamanic state of consciousness. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 2021, 140.
Jiang, H., White, M.P., Greicius, M.D., Waelde, L.C., Spiegel, D., Brain activity and functional connectivity associated with hypnosis. Cerebral Cortex 27:8 (2017), 4083–4093.
Katayama, H., Gianotti, L.R., Isotani, T., Faber, P.L., Sasada, K., Kinoshita, T., Lehmann, D., Classes of multichannel EEG microstates in light and deep hypnotic conditions. Brain Topogr. 20 (2007), 7–14.
Kawai, N., Honda, M., Nishina, E., Yagi, R., Oohashi, T., Electroencephalogram characteristics during possession trances in healthy individuals. Neuroreport, 28(15), 2017, 949.
Kiran, U., Ladha, S., Makhija, N., Kapoor, P.M., Choudhury, M., Das, S., Gharde, P., Malik, V., Airan, B., The role of rajyoga meditation for modulation of anxiety and serum cortisol in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery: A prospective randomized control study. Ann. Cardiac Anaesth., 20(2), 2017, 158.
Kumar, G.P., Sharma, K., Ramakrishnan, A., Adarsh, A., Increased entropy of gamma oscillations in the frontal region during meditation. 2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society, EMBC, 2021, IEEE, 787–790.
Langer, N., Von Bastian, C.C., Wirz, H., Oberauer, K., Jäncke, L., The effects of working memory training on functional brain network efficiency. Cortex 49:9 (2013), 2424–2438.
Latham, P.E., Nirenberg, S., Synergy, redundancy, and independence in population codes, revisited. J. Neurosci. 25:21 (2005), 5195–5206.
Leodori, G., Rocchi, L., Mancuso, M., De Bartolo, M.I., Baione, V., Costanzo, M., Belvisi, D., Conte, A., Defazio, G., Berardelli, A., The effect of stimulation frequency on transcranial evoked potentials. Transl. Neurosci. 13:1 (2022), 211–217.
Luppi, A.I., Mediano, P.A., Rosas, F.E., Allanson, J., Pickard, J.D., Carhart-Harris, R.L., Williams, G.B., Craig, M.M., Finoia, P., Owen, A.M., et al. A synergistic workspace for human consciousness revealed by integrated information decomposition. 2020 BioRxiv, 2020-11.
Luppi, A.I., Mediano, P.A., Rosas, F.E., Holland, N., Fryer, T.D., O'Brien, J.T., Rowe, J.B., Menon, D.K., Bor, D., Stamatakis, E.A., A synergistic core for human brain evolution and cognition. Nature Neurosci. 25:6 (2022), 771–782.
Lush, P., Dienes, Z., Time perception and the experience of agency in meditation and hypnosis. PsyCh J. 8:1 (2019), 36–50.
Lutz, J., Brühl, A., Scheerer, H., Jäncke, L., Herwig, U., Neural correlates of mindful self-awareness in mindfulness meditators and meditation-Naïve subjects revisited. Biol. Psychol. 119 (2016), 21–30.
Luu, P., Jiang, Z., Poulsen, C., Mattson, C., Smith, A., Tucker, D.M., Learning and the development of contexts for action. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 5, 2011, 159.
Mackinnon, C., Shamanism and Spirituality in Therapeutic Practice: An Introduction. 2012, Singing Dragon.
Mainieri, A.G., Peres, J.F.P., Moreira-Almeida, A., Mathiak, K., Habel, U., Kohn, N., Neural correlates of psychotic-like experiences during spiritual-trance state. Psychiatry Res.: Neuroimaging 266 (2017), 101–107.
Makeig, S., Jung, T.-P., Bell, A.J., Ghahremani, D., Sejnowski, T.J., Blind separation of auditory event-related brain responses into independent components. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 94:20 (1997), 10979–10984.
Martial, C., Mensen, A., Charland-Verville, V., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Rentmeister, D., Bahri, M.A., Cassol, H., Englebert, J., Gosseries, O., Laureys, S., et al. Neurophenomenology of near-death experience memory in hypnotic recall: a within-subject EEG study. Sci. Rep., 9(1), 2019, 14047.
Matko, K., Ott, U., Sedlmeier, P., What do meditators do when they meditate? Proposing a novel basis for future meditation research. Mindfulness 12:7 (2021), 1791–1811.
McGill, W., Multivariate information transmission. Trans. IRE Prof. Group Inf. Theory 4:4 (1954), 93–111.
Mehta, K., Mehta, S., Chalana, H., Singh, H., Thaman, R.G., Effectiveness of rajyoga meditation as an adjunct to first-line treatment in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder. Indian J. Psychiatry, 62(6), 2020, 684.
Millière, R., Carhart-Harris, R.L., Roseman, L., Trautwein, F.-M., Berkovich-Ohana, A., Psychedelics, meditation, and self-consciousness. Front. Psychol., 9, 2018, 1475.
Nagendra, R.P., Maruthai, N., Kutty, B.M., Meditation and its regulatory role on sleep. Front. Neurol., 3, 2012, 54.
Nair, A.K., Sasidharan, A., John, J.P., Mehrotra, S., Kutty, B.M., Just a minute meditation: Rapid voluntary conscious state shifts in long term meditators. Conscious. Cognit. 53 (2017), 176–184.
Panda, R., Bharath, R.D., Upadhyay, N., Mangalore, S., Chennu, S., Rao, S.L., Temporal dynamics of the default mode network characterize meditation-induced alterations in consciousness. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 10, 2016, 372.
Panda, R., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Piarulli, A., Annen, J., Demertzi, A., Alnagger, N., Chennu, S., Laureys, S., Faymonville, M.-E., Gosseries, O., Altered brain connectivity and network topological organization in a non-ordinary state of consciousness induced by hypnosis. Cognit. Neurosci. 35:9 (2023), 1394–1409.
Pattisapu, S., Ray, S., Stimulus-induced narrow-band gamma oscillations in humans can be recorded using open-hardware low-cost EEG amplifier. PLoS One, 18(1), 2023, e0279881.
Ramesh, M., Sathian, B., Sinu, E., Kiranmai, S.R., Efficacy of rajayoga meditation on positive thinking: An index for self-satisfaction and happiness in life. J. Clin. Diagn. Res.: JCDR, 7(10), 2013, 2265.
Ramsay, T., Manderson, L., Smith, W., Changing a mountain into a mustard seed: Spiritual practices and responses to disaster among New York Brahma Kumaris. J. Contemp. Religion 25:1 (2010), 89–105.
Rosas, F.E., Mediano, P.A., Gastpar, M., Jensen, H.J., Quantifying high-order interdependencies via multivariate extensions of the mutual information. Phys. Rev. E, 100(3), 2019, 032305.
Rosas, F., Mediano, P.A., Ugarte, M., Jensen, H.J., An information-theoretic approach to self-organisation: Emergence of complex interdependencies in coupled dynamical systems. Entropy, 20(10), 2018, 793.
Rousseaux, F., Panda, R., Toussaint, C., Bicego, A., Niimi, M., Faymonville, M.-E., Nyssen, A.-S., Laureys, S., Gosseries, O., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Virtual reality hypnosis in the management of pain: Self-reported and neurophysiological measures in healthy subjects. Eur. J. Pain 27:1 (2023), 148–162.
Scagliarini, T., Marinazzo, D., Guo, Y., Stramaglia, S., Rosas, F.E., Quantifying high-order interdependencies on individual patterns via the local O-information: Theory and applications to music analysis. Phys. Rev. Res., 4(1), 2022, 013184.
Scagliarini, T., Sparacino, L., Faes, L., Marinazzo, D., Stramaglia, S., Gradients of O-information highlight synergy and redundancy in physiological applications. Front. Netw. Physiol., 3, 2024, 1335808.
Scheer, H.J., Sander, T., Trahms, L., The influence of amplifier, interface and biological noise on signal quality in high-resolution EEG recordings. Physiol. Meas., 27(2), 2005, 109.
Schneidman, E., Still, S., Berry, M.J., Bialek, W., et al. Network information and connected correlations. Phys. Rev. Lett., 91(23), 2003, 238701.
Sharma, K., Achermann, P., Panwar, B., Sahoo, S., Pascual-Marqui, R.D., Faber, P.L., Ganesan, R.A., High theta–low alpha modulation of brain electric activity during eyes-open Brahma Kumaris Rajyoga meditation. Mindfulness 14:7 (2023), 1674–1688.
Sharma, K., Chandra, S., Dubey, A.K., Exploration of lower frequency EEG dynamics and cortical alpha asymmetry in long-term rajyoga meditators. Int. J. Yoga, 11(1), 2018, 30.
Sidky, H., A Shaman's cure: The relationship between altered states of consciousness and Shamanic healing 1. Anthropol. Conscious. 20:2 (2009), 171–197.
Somaraju, L.H., Bizo, L.A., Temple, E.C., Cocks, B., Differences between meditators and non-meditators in mindfulness, its components and related qualities. Curr. Psychol. 42:6 (2023), 4923–4935.
Spiegel, D.A., Neurophysiological correlates of hypnosis and dissociation. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 1991.
Stramaglia, S., Scagliarini, T., Daniels, B.C., Marinazzo, D., Quantifying dynamical high-order interdependencies from the O-information: an application to neural spiking dynamics. Front. Physiol., 11, 2021, 595736.
Sukhsohale, N.D., Phatak, M.S., Effect of short-term and long-term brahmakumaris raja yoga meditation on physiological variables. Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 56:4 (2012), 388–392.
Sulekha, S., Thennarasu, K., Vedamurthachar, A., Raju, T.R., Kutty, B.M., Evaluation of sleep architecture in practitioners of Sudarshan Kriya yoga and Vipassana meditation. Sleep Biol. Rhythms 4 (2006), 207–214.
Sun, T., Linear dependence structure of the entropy space. Inf. Control 29:4 (1975), 337–368.
Timme, N., Alford, W., Flecker, B., Beggs, J.M., Synergy, redundancy, and multivariate information measures: an experimentalist's perspective. J. Comput. Neurosci. 36 (2014), 119–140.
Timmermann, C., Bauer, P.R., Gosseries, O., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Vollenweider, F., Laureys, S., Singer, T., Antonova, E., Lutz, A., et al. A neurophenomenological approach to non-ordinary states of consciousness: hypnosis, meditation, and psychedelics. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2022.
Tononi, G., Sporns, O., Edelman, G.M., A measure for brain complexity: relating functional segregation and integration in the nervous system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 91:11 (1994), 5033–5037.
Travis, F., Transcendental experiences during meditation practice. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 1307:1 (2014), 1–8.
Tuominen, J., Kallio, S., Kaasinen, V., Railo, H., Segregated brain state during hypnosis. Neurosci. Conscious., 2021(1), 2021, niab002.
Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Ledoux, D., Gosseries, O., Demertzi, A., Laureys, S., Faymonville, M.-E., Can subjective ratings of absorption, dissociation, and time perception during “neutral hypnosis” predict hypnotizability?: An exploratory study. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Hypn. 67:1 (2019), 28–38.
Varley, T.F., Pope, M., Faskowitz, J., Sporns, O., Multivariate information theory uncovers synergistic subsystems of the human cerebral cortex. Commun. Biol., 6(1), 2023, 451.
Watanabe, S., Information theoretical analysis of multivariate correlation. IBM J. Res. Dev. 4:1 (1960), 66–82.
Weitzenhoffer, A.M., Scales, scales and more scales. Am. J. Clin. Hypn. 44:3–4 (2002), 209–219.
Wibral, M., Priesemann, V., Kay, J.W., Lizier, J.T., Phillips, W.A., Partial information decomposition as a unified approach to the specification of neural goal functions. Brain Cognit. 112 (2017), 25–38.
