[en] The utilization of biomarkers for in vivo and in vitro research is growing rapidly. This is mainly due to the enormous potential of biomarkers in evaluating molecular and cellular abnormalities in cell models and in tissue, and evaluating drug responses and the effectiveness of therapeutic intervention strategies. An important way to analyze the development of the human body is to assess molecular markers in embryonic specialized cells, which include the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Neuronal development is controlled through the gene networks in the neural crest and neural tube, both components of the ectoderm. The neural crest differentiates into several different tissues including, but not limited to, the peripheral nervous system, enteric nervous system, melanocyte, and the dental pulp. The neural tube eventually converts to the central nervous system. This review provides an overview of the differentiation of the ectoderm to a fully functioning nervous system, focusing on molecular biomarkers that emerge at each stage of the cellular specialization from multipotent stem cells to completely differentiated cells. Particularly, the otic placode is the origin of most of the inner ear cell types such as neurons, sensory hair cells, and supporting cells. During the development, different auditory cell types can be distinguished by the expression of the neurogenin differentiation factor1 (Neuro D1), Brn3a, and transcription factor GATA3. However, the mature auditory neurons express other markers including βIII tubulin, the vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT1), the tyrosine receptor kinase B and C (Trk B, C), BDNF, neurotrophin 3 (NT3), Calretinin, etc.
Disciplines :
Biochemistry, biophysics & molecular biology
Author, co-author :
Ghanavatinejad, Fatemeh ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des sciences biomédicales et précliniques ; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Science, Shahrekord, Iran
Fard Tabrizi, Zahra Pourteymour; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Science, Shahrekord, Iran
Omidghaemi, Shadi; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Science, Shahrekord, Iran
Sharifi, Esmaeel; Department of Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
Møller, Simon Geir; Department of Biological Sciences, St John's University, New York, NY, USA ; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders, Stavanger University Hospital, Norway
Jami, Mohammad-Saeid; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Science, Shahrekord, Iran ; Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
Language :
English
Title :
Protein biomarkers of neural system.
Publication date :
September 2019
Journal title :
Journal of Otology
ISSN :
1672-2930
Publisher :
PLA General Hospital Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, China
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