Endocrinology; Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
Abstract :
[en] Although continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices are now considered the standard of care for people with type 1 diabetes mellitus, the uptake among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been slower and is focused on those receiving intensive insulin therapy. However, increasing evidence now supports the inclusion of CGM in the routine care of people with T2DM who are on basal insulin-only regimens or are managed with other medications. Expanding CGM to these groups could minimize hypoglycaemia while allowing efficient adaptation and escalation of therapies. Increasing evidence from randomized controlled trials and observational studies indicates that CGM is of clinical value in people with T2DM on non-intensive treatment regimens. If further studies confirm this finding, CGM could soon become a part of routine care for T2DM. In this Perspective we explore the potential benefits of widening the application of CGM in T2DM, along with the challenges that must be overcome for the evidence-based benefits of this technology to be delivered for all people with T2DM.
Disciplines :
Endocrinology, metabolism & nutrition
Author, co-author :
Ajjan, Ramzi A; The LIGHT Laboratories, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Battelino, Tadej ; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Cos, Xavier; DAP Cat Research Group, Foundation University Institute for Primary Health Care Research Jordi Gol i Gorina, Barcelona, Spain
Del Prato, Stefano ; Section of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
M.J. Davies et al. Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes, 2022. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) Diabetologia 2022 65 1925 1966 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XisF2mtLvO 36151309 9510507 10.1007/s00125-022-05787-2
M.A. Powers et al. Diabetes self-management education and support in adults with type 2 diabetes: a consensus report of the American Diabetes Association, the Association of Diabetes Care and Education Specialists, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, the American Academy of Family Physicians, the American Academy of PAs, the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, and the American Pharmacists Association J. Acad. Nutr. Diet. 2021 121 773 788.e9 34924170 10.1016/j.jand.2020.04.020
M.A. Powers 2016 Health Care & Education Presidential address: If DSME Were a Pill, Would You Prescribe It? Diabetes Care 2016 39 2101 2107 27879353 10.2337/dc16-2085
C.A. Chrvala D. Sherr R.D. Lipman Diabetes self-management education for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review of the effect on glycemic control Patient Educ. Couns. 2016 99 926 943 26658704 10.1016/j.pec.2015.11.003
L. Fisher et al. REDEEM: a pragmatic trial to reduce diabetes distress Diabetes Care 2013 36 2551 2558 23735726 3747867 10.2337/dc12-2493
S. Chatterjee et al. Diabetes structured self-management education programmes: a narrative review and current innovations Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018 6 130 142 28970034 10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30239-5
I.M. Stratton et al. Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study BMJ 2000 321 405 412 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3cvisFWnsg%3D%3D 10938048 27454 10.1136/bmj.321.7258.405
R.R. Holman S.K. Paul M.A. Bethel D.R. Matthews H.A.W. Neil 10-Year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes N. Engl. J. Med. 2008 359 1577 1589 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXht1Wgt7nK 18784090 10.1056/NEJMoa0806470
UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33) Lancet 1998 352 837 853 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)07019-6
K. Khunti A. Ceriello X. Cos C.D. Block Achievement of guideline targets for blood pressure, lipid, and glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis Diabetes Res. Clin. Pr. 2018 137 137 148 10.1016/j.diabres.2017.12.004
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 6. Glycemic targets: standards of medical care in diabetes—2022 Diabetes Care 2021 45 S83 S96 10.2337/dc22-S006
M. Lind H. Imberg R.L. Coleman O. Nerman R.R. Holman Historical HbA1c values may explain the type 2 diabetes legacy effect: UKPDS 88 Diabetes Care 2021 44 2231 2237 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXis1Gju7vP 34244332 8740943 10.2337/dc20-2439
S.K. Paul K. Klein B.L. Thorsted M.L. Wolden K. Khunti Delay in treatment intensification increases the risks of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes Cardiovasc. Diabetol. 2015 14 100 26249018 4528846 10.1186/s12933-015-0260-x
J.F. Mateo et al. Multifactorial approach and adherence to prescribed oral medications in patients with type 2 diabetes Int. J. Clin. Pract. 2006 60 422 428 1:STN:280:DC%2BD283hsFWmug%3D%3D 16620354 10.1111/j.1368-5031.2006.00799.x
M.M. Safford et al. Reasons for not intensifying medications: differentiating “clinical inertia” from appropriate care J. Gen. Intern. Med. 2007 22 1648 1655 17957346 2219839 10.1007/s11606-007-0433-8
K. Khunti et al. Clinical inertia in intensifying therapy among people with type 2 diabetes treated with basal insulin Diabetes Obes. Metab. 2016 18 401 409 1:STN:280:DC%2BC28rotlSktw%3D%3D 26743666 5067688 10.1111/dom.12626
S. Seidu et al. Therapeutic inertia amongst general practitioners with interest in diabetes Prim. Care Diabetes 2018 12 87 91 28993141 10.1016/j.pcd.2017.09.001
K. Khunti M.J. Davies Clinical inertia – time to reappraise the terminology? Prim. Care Diabetes 2017 11 105 106 28222959 10.1016/j.pcd.2017.01.007
K. Doyle-Delgado J.J. Chamberlain J.H. Shubrook N. Skolnik J. Trujillo Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment of type 2 diabetes: synopsis of the 2020 American Diabetes Association’s Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes Clinical Guideline Ann. Intern. Med. 2020 173 813 821 32866414 10.7326/M20-2470
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Type 2 diabetes in adults: management. NICE guideline [NG28]. nice.org.uk www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng28/resources/type-2-diabetes-in-adults-management-pdf-1837338615493 (2022).
K. Khunti et al. Therapeutic inertia in the treatment of hyperglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review Diabetes Obes. Metab. 2018 20 427 437 28834075 10.1111/dom.13088
P. Kaewbut et al. Time to treatment intensification to reduce diabetes-related complications: a post hoc study Healthcare 2022 10 1673 36141285 9498838 10.3390/healthcare10091673
S.C. Bain B.B. Hansen B. Hunt B. Chubb W.J. Valentine Evaluating the burden of poor glycemic control associated with therapeutic inertia in patients with type 2 diabetes in the UK J. Med. Econ. 2019 23 98 105 31311364 10.1080/13696998.2019.1645018
F. Tsotra et al. The societal impact of early intensified treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus J. Comp. Eff. Res. 2022 11 1185 1199 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXhs1Wls74%3D 36170017 10.2217/cer-2022-0110
J.E.F. Ward B.A. Stetson S.P.L. Mokshagundam Patient perspectives on self-monitoring of blood glucose: perceived recommendations, behaviors and barriers in a clinic sample of adults with type 2 diabetes J. Diabetes Metab. Disord. 2015 14 43 26137451 4486394 10.1186/s40200-015-0172-z
W.H. Polonsky L. Fisher D. Hessler S.V. Edelman What is so tough about self‐monitoring of blood glucose? Perceived obstacles among patients with type 2 diabetes Diabet. Med. 2014 31 40 46 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3sjnsVamsg%3D%3D 23819529 10.1111/dme.12275
L. Monnier C. Colette G.J. Dunseath D.R. Owens The loss of postprandial glycemic control precedes stepwise deterioration of fasting with worsening diabetes Diabetes Care 2007 30 263 269 17259492 10.2337/dc06-1612
L. Monnier C. Colette S. Dejager D. Owens The dawn phenomenon in type 2 diabetes: how to assess it in clinical practice? Diabetes Metab. 2015 41 132 137 1:STN:280:DC%2BC2MzjtFGjsw%3D%3D 25457475 10.1016/j.diabet.2014.10.002
L. Monnier C. Colette D.R. Owens Integrating glycaemic variability in the glycaemic disorders of type 2 diabetes: a move towards a unified glucose tetrad concept Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 2009 25 393 402 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXpvFeks70%3D 19437415 10.1002/dmrr.962
L. Monnier C. Colette D. Owens Three key indices in clinical practice to better comprehend the postprandial and basal glucose contributions in type 2 diabetes Diabetes Technol. Ther. 2022 24 853 855 36094415 10.1089/dia.2022.0286
L. Monnier C. Colette S. Dejager D. Owens Magnitude of the dawn phenomenon and its impact on the overall glucose exposure in type 2 diabetes Diabetes Care 2013 36 4057 4062 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhvFaksLjM 24170753 3836163 10.2337/dc12-2127
L. Monnier C. Colette D. Owens Postprandial and basal glucose in type 2 diabetes: assessment and respective impacts Diabetes Technol. Ther. 2011 13 S25 S32 21668334 10.1089/dia.2010.0239
L. Monnier C. Colette S. Dejager D. Owens Residual dysglycemia when at target HbA1c of 7% (53 mmol/mol) in persons with type 2 diabetes Diabetes Res. Clin. Pr. 2014 104 370 375 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXmtlClur4%3D 10.1016/j.diabres.2014.03.012
L. Monnier H. Lapinski C. Colette Contriutions of fasting and postprandial plasma glucose increments to the overall diurnal hyperglycemia of type 2 diabetic patients Diabetes Care 2003 26 881 885 12610053 10.2337/diacare.26.3.881
M. Riddle G. Umpierrez A. DiGenio R. Zhou J. Rosenstock Contributions of basal and postprandial hyperglycemia over a wide range of A1C levels before and after treatment intensification in type 2 diabetes Diabetes Care 2011 34 2508 2514 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhtVaktA%3D%3D 22028279 3220846 10.2337/dc11-0632
M.C. Riddle The treat-to-target trial and related studies Endocr. Pract. 2006 12 71 79 16627386 10.4158/EP.12.S1.71
L. Monnier A. Wojtusciszyn C. Colette D. Owens The contribution of glucose variability to asymptomatic hypoglycemia in persons with type 2 diabetes Diabetes Technol. Ther. 2011 13 813 818 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXovFOrs78%3D 21561372 10.1089/dia.2011.0049
F. Uemura Y. Okada K. Torimoto Y. Tanaka Relation between hypoglycemia and glycemic variability in type 2 diabetes patients with insulin therapy: a study based on continuous glucose monitoring Diabetes Technol. Ther. 2018 20 140 146 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXhs1Oju70%3D 29293363 10.1089/dia.2017.0306
F. Uemura et al. Risk factor analysis for type 2 diabetes patients about hypoglycemia using continuous glucose monitoring: results from a prospective observational study Diabetes Technol. Ther. 2022 24 435 445 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XhsVagtL%2FI 35049378 10.1089/dia.2021.0465
T. Battelino et al. Clinical targets for continuous glucose monitoring data interpretation: recommendations from the international consensus on time in range Diabetes Care 2019 42 1593 1603 31177185 6973648 10.2337/dci19-0028
L. Monnier C. Colette D. Owens Below which threshold of glycemic variability is there a minimal risk of hypoglycemia in people with type 2 diabetes? Diabetes Technol. Ther. 2022 24 453 454 35230157 10.1089/dia.2022.0006
X. Tang et al. Glycemic variability evaluated by continuous glucose monitoring system is associated with the 10-y cardiovascular risk of diabetic patients with well-controlled HbA1c Clin. Chim. Acta 2016 461 146 150 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XhsVyjs73M 27502250 10.1016/j.cca.2016.08.004
G. Su et al. Impact of admission glycemic variability, glucose, and glycosylated hemoglobin on major adverse cardiac events after acute myocardial infarction Diabetes Care 2013 36 1026 1032 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhtVKltbfM 23349547 3609497 10.2337/dc12-0925
E. Gerbaud et al. Glycemic variability is a powerful independent predictive factor of midterm major adverse cardiac events in patients with diabetes with acute coronary syndrome Diabetes Care 2019 42 674 681 30728222 10.2337/dc18-2047
A. Nusca et al. Glycemic variability assessed by continuous glucose monitoring and short-term outcome in diabetic patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: an observational pilot study J. Diabetes Res. 2015 2015 250201 26273664 4529948 10.1155/2015/250201
J. Lu et al. Glycemic variability assessed by continuous glucose monitoring and the risk of diabetic retinopathy in latent autoimmune diabetes of the adult and type 2 diabetes J. Diabetes Invest. 2019 10 753 759 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXptVCgsro%3D 10.1111/jdi.12957
F. Xu et al. The relationship between glycemic variability and diabetic peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes with well-controlled HbA1c Diabetol. Metab. Syndr. 2014 6 139 25530811 4272789 10.1186/1758-5996-6-139
J. Pan et al. Association of glycemic variability assessed by continuous glucose monitoring with subclinical diabetic polyneuropathy in type 2 diabetes patients J. Diabetes Invest. 2021 13 328 335 10.1111/jdi.13652
Y. Hu et al. Association of glycaemic variability evaluated by continuous glucose monitoring with diabetic peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetic patients Endocrine 2018 60 292 300 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXitlagtrg%3D 29411305 10.1007/s12020-018-1546-z
H. Gad et al. Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy is associated with increased glycemic variability driven by hyperglycemia rather than hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 2023 200 110670 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXhtFKnsrfN 37169307 10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110670
P. Choudhary et al. The challenge of sustainable access to telemonitoring tools for people with diabetes in Europe: lessons from COVID-19 and beyond Diabetes Ther. 2021 12 2311 2327 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXhvVSltbrJ 34390477 8363869 10.1007/s13300-021-01132-9
T. Danne et al. Telemonitoring, telemedicine and time in range during the pandemic: paradigm change for diabetes risk management in the post-COVID future Diabetes Ther. 2021 12 2289 2310 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXhslars7zI 34338994 8327601 10.1007/s13300-021-01114-x
S.V. Edelman N.B. Argento J. Pettus I.B. Hirsch Clinical implications of real-time and intermittently scanned continuous glucose monitoring Diabetes Care 2018 41 2265 2274 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXhtV2qsrvF 30348844 10.2337/dc18-1150
R.W. Beck et al. Continuous glucose monitoring versus usual care in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving multiple daily insulin injections Ann. Intern. Med. 2017 167 365 374 28828487 10.7326/M16-2855
M. Yaron et al. Effect of flash glucose monitoring technology on glycemic control and treatment satisfaction in patients with type 2 diabetes Diabetes Care 2019 43 1178 1184 10.2337/dc18-0166
J. Kröger P. Fasching H. Hanaire Three European retrospective real-world chart review studies to determine the effectiveness of flash glucose monitoring on HbA1c in adults with type 2 diabetes Diabetes Ther. 2020 11 279 291 31833041 10.1007/s13300-019-00741-9
T. Haak et al. Flash glucose-sensing technology as a replacement for blood glucose monitoring for the management of insulin-treated type 2 diabetes: a multicenter, open-label randomized controlled trial Diabetes Ther. 2017 8 55 73 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XitFals7fP 28000140 10.1007/s13300-016-0223-6
T. Martens et al. Effect of continuous glucose monitoring on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with basal insulin JAMA 2021 325 2262 2272 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXht12gu7bJ 34077499 10.1001/jama.2021.7444
A.L. Carlson et al. Flash glucose monitoring in type 2 diabetes managed with basal insulin in the USA: a retrospective real-world chart review study and meta-analysis BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care 2022 10 35058312 8783803 10.1136/bmjdrc-2021-002590
T. Elliott et al. The impact of flash glucose monitoring on glycated hemoglobin in type 2 diabetes managed with basal insulin in Canada: a retrospective real-world chart review study Diabetes Vasc. Dis. Res. 2021 18 14791641211021374 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXhvFGjtrrE 10.1177/14791641211021374
E.E. Wright M.S.D. Kerr I.J. Reyes Y. Nabutovsky E. Miller Use of flash continuous glucose monitoring is associated with A1C reduction in people with type 2 diabetes treated with basal insulin or noninsulin therapy Diabetes Spectr. 2021 34 184 189 34149259 8178717 10.2337/ds20-0069
E. Wada et al. Flash glucose monitoring helps achieve better glycemic control than conventional self-monitoring of blood glucose in non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial BMJ Open. Diabetes Res. Care 2020 8 32518063 7292039 10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-001115
D.J. Cox et al. Minimizing glucose excursions (GEM) with continuous glucose monitoring in type 2 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial J. Endocr. Soc. 2020 4 bvaa118 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXitlOktbjN 33094208 7566397 10.1210/jendso/bvaa118
G. Aleppo et al. The effect of discontinuing continuous glucose monitoring in adults with type 2 diabetes treated with basal insulin Diabetes Care 2021 44 2729 2737 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38Xhs1Gqu7c%3D 34588210 8669539 10.2337/dc21-1304
B. Guerci et al. Important decrease in hospitalizations for acute diabetes events following FreeStyle Libre® system initiation in people with type 2 diabetes on basal insulin therapy in France Diabetes Technol. Ther. 2023 25 20 30 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXmtVKmsA%3D%3D 36094418 10.1089/dia.2022.0271
E. Miller M.S.D. Kerr G.J. Roberts Y. Nabutovsky E. Wright Flash CGM associated with event reduction in nonintensive diabetes therapy Am. J. Manag. Care 2021 27 e372 e377 34784145 10.37765/ajmc.2021.88780
S. Harris F. Levrat-Guillen Use of the FreeStyle Libre® system in diabetes treatment for people with T2D: results from a retrospective cohort study using Canadian Private Payer Claims Database Diabetes Obes. Metab. 2023 25 1704 1713 36811267 10.1111/dom.15025
G. Reach V. Pechtner R. Gentilella A. Corcos A. Ceriello Clinical inertia and its impact on treatment intensification in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus Diabetes Metab. 2017 43 501 511 1:STN:280:DC%2BC1cfitF2rsg%3D%3D 28754263 10.1016/j.diabet.2017.06.003
D. Giugliano M.I. Maiorino G. Bellastella K. Esposito Clinical inertia, reverse clinical inertia, and medication non-adherence in type 2 diabetes J. Endocrinol. Invest. 2019 42 495 503 1:STN:280:DC%2BB3czmtl2mtQ%3D%3D 30291589 10.1007/s40618-018-0951-8
D. Russell‐Jones F. Pouwer K. Khunti Identification of barriers to insulin therapy and approaches to overcoming them Diabetes Obes. Metab. 2018 20 488 496 29053215 10.1111/dom.13132
W.H. Polonsky L. Fisher S. Guzman L. Villa-Caballero S.V. Edelman Psychological insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes Diabetes Care 2005 28 2543 2545 16186296 10.2337/diacare.28.10.2543
M. Peyrot A.H. Barnett L.F. Meneghini P.‐.M. Schumm‐Draeger Insulin adherence behaviours and barriers in the multinational global attitudes of patients and physicians in insulin therapy study Diabet. Med. 2012 29 682 689 1:STN:280:DC%2BC38vit1yltA%3D%3D 22313123 3433794 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03605.x
The ACCORD Study Group Long-term effects of intensive glucose lowering on cardiovascular outcomes N. Engl. J. Med. 2011 364 818 828 4083508 10.1056/NEJMoa1006524
S. Zoungas et al. Severe hypoglycemia and risks of vascular events and death N. Engl. J. Med. 2010 363 1410 1418 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtlGks7fI 20925543 10.1056/NEJMoa1003795
S.M. Pearson et al. Reduction in cardiovascular mortality following severe hypoglycemia in individuals with type 2 diabetes: the role of a pragmatic and structured intervention Cardiovasc. Diabetol. 2021 20 18 33435992 7802275 10.1186/s12933-020-01204-3
M. Langendam et al. Continuous glucose monitoring systems for type 1 diabetes mellitus Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2012 2012 CD008101 6486112
Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet) Study Group. Youth and parent satisfaction with clinical use of the GlucoWatch G2 biographer in the management of pediatric type 1 diabetes Diabetes Care 2005 28 1929 1935 10.2337/diacare.28.8.1929
M. Lind et al. Continuous glucose monitoring vs conventional therapy for glycemic control in adults with type 1 diabetes treated with multiple daily insulin injections: the GOLD randomized clinical trial JAMA 2017 317 379 387 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXhtlSnsL7M 28118454 10.1001/jama.2016.19976
W.H. Polonsky E.C. Soriano A.L. Fortmann The role of retrospective data review in the personal use of real-time continuous glucose monitoring: perceived impact on quality of life and health outcomes Diabetes Technol. Ther. 2022 24 492 501 35255224 10.1089/dia.2021.0526
T.R. Gilbert A. Noar O. Blalock W.H. Polonsky Change in hemoglobin A1c and quality of life with real-time continuous glucose monitoring use by people with insulin-treated diabetes in the Landmark study Diabetes Technol. Ther. 2021 23 S35 S39 33470882 10.1089/dia.2020.0666
H. Chesser S. Srinivasan C. Puckett S.E. Gitelman J.C. Wong Real-time continuous glucose monitoring in adolescents and young adults with type 2 diabetes can improve quality of life J. Diabetes Sci. Technol. 2022 23 193229682211398 10.1177/19322968221139873
Š. Volčanšek M. Lunder A. Janež Acceptability of continuous glucose monitoring in elderly diabetes patients using multiple daily insulin injections Diabetes Technol. Ther. 2019 21 566 574 31335199 10.1089/dia.2019.0131
W.H. Polonsky A.L. Peters D. Hessler The impact of real-time continuous glucose monitoring in patients 65 years and older J. Diabetes Sci. Technol. 2016 10 892 897 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXhsVGqs7jJ 27022095 4928238 10.1177/1932296816643542
D.M. Nathan et al. Diabetes control and complications trial/epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications study at 30 years: advances and contributions Diabetes 2013 62 3976 3986 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhvV2itL3F 24264395 3837056 10.2337/db13-1093
J. Lu et al. Association of time in range, as assessed by continuous glucose monitoring, with diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes Diabetes Care 2018 41 2370 2376 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXpslyktLo%3D 30201847 10.2337/dc18-1131
J. Yang et al. Association of time in range, as assessed by continuous glucose monitoring, with painful diabetic polyneuropathy J. Diabetes Invest. 2021 12 828 836 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXhtVSrt7fK 10.1111/jdi.13394
F. Li et al. TIR generated by continuous glucose monitoring is associated with peripheral nerve function in type 2 diabetes Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 2020 166 108289 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXhtl2ru7jK 32615278 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108289
F.C.T. van der Heide et al. (Pre)diabetes, glycemia, and daily glucose variability are associated with retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in the Maastricht study Sci. Rep. 2022 12 36273238 9587985 10.1038/s41598-022-22748-2
H. Gad et al. Continuous glucose monitoring reveals a novel association between duration and severity of hypoglycemia, and small nerve fiber injury in patients with diabetes Endocr. Connect. 2022 11 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XjtFCjtL3K 36240043 9716363 10.1530/EC-22-0352
J. Lu et al. Time in range is associated with carotid intima-media thickness in type 2 diabetes Diabetes Technol. Ther. 2020 22 72 78 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXhs1Kmsrk%3D 31524497 10.1089/dia.2019.0251
H. Zhou et al. Time in range, assessed with continuous glucose monitoring, is associated with brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity in type 2 diabetes: a retrospective single-center analysis Front. Endocrinol. 2022 13 1014568 10.3389/fendo.2022.1014568
J. Lu et al. Time in range in relation to all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study Diabetes Care 2021 44 549 555 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXnvVKjtb0%3D 33097560 10.2337/dc20-1862
J. Li et al. Association of time in range levels with lower extremity arterial disease in patients with type 2 diabetes Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Clin. Res. Rev. 2020 14 2081 2085 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.09.028
P. Xie et al. Time in range in relation to amputation and all‐cause mortality in hospitalised patients with diabetic foot ulcers Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 2022 38 34587332 10.1002/dmrr.3498
L. Mayeda et al. Glucose time in range and peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care 2020 8 31958307 7039577 10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000991
Q.-Y. Guo et al. Continuous glucose monitoring defined time-in-range is associated with sudomotor dysfunction in type 2 diabetes World J. Diabetes 2020 11 489 500 33269061 7672791 10.4239/wjd.v11.i11.489
M.Y. Kim et al. The association between continuous glucose monitoring-derived metrics and cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in outpatients with type 2 diabetes Diabetes Technol. Ther. 2021 23 434 442 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXht1WrsbjP 33523771 10.1089/dia.2020.0599
Q. Guo et al. Time in range, as a novel metric of glycemic control, is reversely associated with presence of diabetic cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy independent of HbA1c in Chinese type 2 diabetes J. Diabetes Res. 2020 2020 5817074 32090120 7026737 10.1155/2020/5817074
J.H. Yoo et al. Association between continuous glucose monitoring-derived time in range, other core metrics, and albuminuria in type 2 diabetes Diabetes Technol. Ther. 2020 22 768 776 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXhvF2ltbnN 32167394 10.1089/dia.2019.0499
R. Tao et al. A deep learning nomogram of continuous glucose monitoring data for the risk prediction of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes Phys. Eng. Sci. Med. 2023 46 813 825 37041318 10.1007/s13246-023-01254-3
E. Ahlqvist et al. Novel subgroups of adult-onset diabetes and their association with outcomes: a data-driven cluster analysis of six variables Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018 6 361 369 29503172 10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30051-2
H. Hall et al. Glucotypes reveal new patterns of glucose dysregulation PLoS Biol. 2018 16 30040822 6057684 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005143
M. Schön et al. Analysis of type 2 diabetes heterogeneity with a tree-like representation: insights from the prospective German Diabetes Study and the LURIC cohort Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2023 12 119 131 38142707 10.1016/S2213-8587(23)00329-7
A.T.N. Nair et al. Heterogeneity in phenotype, disease progression and drug response in type 2 diabetes Nat. Med. 2022 28 982 988 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38Xht1ClsbzP 35534565 10.1038/s41591-022-01790-7
J.A. Hirst A.J. Farmer A. Dyar T.W.C. Lung R.J. Stevens Estimating the effect of sulfonylurea on HbA1c in diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis Diabetologia 2013 56 973 984 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXmt1Chsrs%3D 23494446 3622755 10.1007/s00125-013-2856-6
S.C. Palmer et al. Comparison of clinical outcomes and adverse events associated with glucose-lowering drugs in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis JAMA 2016 316 313 324 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XhvF2lurfL 27434443 10.1001/jama.2016.9400
F. Uemura Y. Okada K. Torimoto Y. Tanaka Enlarged glycemic variability in sulfonylurea-treated well-controlled type 2 diabetics identified using continuous glucose monitoring Sci. Rep. 2021 11 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXlslSjsbo%3D 33649395 7921550 10.1038/s41598-021-83999-z
J.B. Buse et al. 2019 update to: management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes, 2018. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) Diabetologia 2020 63 221 228 31853556 10.1007/s00125-019-05039-w
T. Grace J. Salyer Use of real-time continuous glucose monitoring improves glycemic control and other clinical outcomes in type 2 diabetes patients treated with less intensive therapy Diabetes Technol. Ther. 2022 24 26 31 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XlsVOmsg%3D%3D 34524013 8783626 10.1089/dia.2021.0212
R. Aronson et al. Impact of flash glucose monitoring in people with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with non‐insulin antihyperglycaemic therapy (IMMEDIATE): a randomized controlled trial Diabetes Obes. Metab. 2023 25 1024 1031 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXhtFGhtbk%3D 36546594 10.1111/dom.14949
J.B. Echouffo-Tcheugui et al. Visit-to-visit glycemic variability and risks of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality: the ALLHAT study Diabetes Care 2019 42 dc181430 10.2337/dc18-1430
S. Nyiraty et al. Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy and glucose variability in patients with type 1 diabetes: is there an association? Front. Endocrinol. 2018 9 174 10.3389/fendo.2018.00174
S. Wakasugi et al. Associations between continuous glucose monitoring-derived metrics and diabetic retinopathy and albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care 2021 9 33879513 8061826 10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001923
H.A. Farhan K. Bukhari N. Grewal S. Devarasetty K. Munir Use of continuous glucose monitor as a motivational device for lifestyle modifications to improve glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with non-insulin therapies BMJ Case Rep. 2022 15 35672060 10.1136/bcr-2021-248579
O. Schubert-Olesen J. Kröger T. Siegmund U. Thurm M. Halle Continuous glucose monitoring and physical activity Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022 19 12296 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38Xis1ymt7jK 36231598 9564842 10.3390/ijerph191912296
R. Ziegler et al. Intermittent use of continuous glucose monitoring: expanding the clinical value of CGM J. Diabetes Sci. Technol. 2021 15 684 694 32064909 10.1177/1932296820905577
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 7. Diabetes technology: standards of medical care in diabetes—2022 Diabetes Care 2021 45 S97 S112 10.2337/dc22-S007
P.J. Taylor C.H. Thompson G.D. Brinkworth Effectiveness and acceptability of continuous glucose monitoring for type 2 diabetes management: a narrative review J. Diabetes Invest. 2018 9 713 725 10.1111/jdi.12807
S.J. Moon et al. Efficacy of intermittent short‐term use of a real‐time continuous glucose monitoring system in non‐insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial Diabetes Obes. Metab. 2022 25 110 120 36053813 10.1111/dom.14852
D.A. Price Q. Deng M. Kipnes S.E. Beck Episodic real-time CGM use in adults with type 2 diabetes: results of a pilot randomized controlled trial Diabetes Ther. 2021 12 2089 2099 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXhtlSrtL7J 34089138 8177263 10.1007/s13300-021-01086-y
R.A. Vigersky S.J. Fonda M. Chellappa M.S. Walker N.M. Ehrhardt Short- and long-term effects of real-time continuous glucose monitoring in patients with type 2 diabetes Diabetes Care 2012 35 32 38 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XitFWisr4%3D 22100963 10.2337/dc11-1438
L. Monnier C. Colette F. Bonnet E. Renard D. Owens HbA1c variability and diabetes complications: assessment and implications Diabetes Metab. 2023 49 101399 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXhvFeksw%3D%3D 10.1016/j.diabet.2022.101399
T. Klupa et al. Expanding the role of continuous glucose monitoring in modern diabetes care beyond type 1 disease Diabetes Ther. 2023 14 1241 1266 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXhtlGgtr3O 37322319 10299981 10.1007/s13300-023-01431-3
N.A. Allen J.A. Fain B. Braun S.R. Chipkin Continuous glucose monitoring counseling improves physical activity behaviors of individuals with type 2 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 2008 80 371 379 18304674 2430041 10.1016/j.diabres.2008.01.006
R.R. Gehlaut G.Y. Dogbey F.L. Schwartz C.R. Marling J.H. Shubrook Hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetes – more common than you think J. Diabetes Sci. Technol. 2015 9 999 1005 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXhsV2hsLzF 25917335 4667336 10.1177/1932296815581052
R.H. Eckel et al. Obesity and type 2 diabetes: what can be unified and what needs to be individualized? Diabetes Care 2011 34 1424 1430 21602431 3114323 10.2337/dc11-0447
T. Heise et al. Tirzepatide reduces appetite, energy intake, and fat mass in people with type 2 diabetes Diabetes Care 2023 46 998 1004 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXhtF2rs7zM 36857477 10154650 10.2337/dc22-1710
S. Wharton et al. Two‐year effect of semaglutide 2.4 mg on control of eating in adults with overweight/obesity: STEP 5 Obesity 2023 31 703 715 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXhs1WqsLY%3D 36655300 10.1002/oby.23673
B. Bouillet et al. Frequent and severe hypoglycaemia detected with continuous glucose monitoring in older institutionalised patients with diabetes Age Ageing 2021 50 2088 2093 34324624 10.1093/ageing/afab128
R. Roussel et al. Persistence with basal insulin and frequency of hypoglycemia requiring hospitalization in patients with type 2 diabetes Diabetes Ther. 2020 11 1861 1872 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXhsFyhurbN 32651837 7376764 10.1007/s13300-020-00874-2
I. Idris et al. Associated factors that influenced persistence with basal analog insulin therapy among people with type 2 diabetes: an exploratory analysis from a UK real-world sample Prim. Care Diabetes 2019 13 106 112 30477969 10.1016/j.pcd.2018.09.002
S.J. Fonda et al. The cost-effectiveness of real-time continuous glucose monitoring (RT-CGM) in type 2 diabetes J. Diabetes Sci. Technol. 2016 10 898 904 26843480 4928220 10.1177/1932296816628547
R. Roussel et al. Important drop in the rate of acute diabetes complications in people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes after initiation of flash glucose monitoring in France: the RELIEF study Diabetes Care 2021 44 1368 1376 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXitVWmur3I 33879536 8247513 10.2337/dc20-1690
R.M. Bergenstal et al. Flash CGM is associated with reduced diabetes events and hospitalizations in insulin-treated type 2 diabetes J. Endocr. Soc. 2021 5 bvab013 33644623 7901259 10.1210/jendso/bvab013
J.-P. Riveline et al. Reduced rate of acute diabetes events with flash glucose monitoring is sustained for two-years after initiation: extended outcomes from the RELIEF study Diabetes Technol. Ther. 2022 24 611 618 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38Xit1yqsbjP 35604792 10.1089/dia.2022.0085
Commission Nationale d’Evaluation des Dispositifs Medicaux et des Technologies de Sante. FreeStyle Libre 2, Système flash d’autosurveillance du glucose [French]. Haute Autorité de Santé www.has-sante.fr/jcms/p_3219919/fr/freestyle-libre-2-avis-de-la-cnedimts-du-20/10/2020 (2020).
J. Jendle et al. Cost-effectiveness of the FreeStyle Libre® system versus blood glucose self-monitoring in individuals with type 2 diabetes on insulin treatment in Sweden Diabetes Ther. 2021 12 3137 3152 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XjsFOisbw%3D 34694584 8586127 10.1007/s13300-021-01172-1
R. Ajjan S.P. Bilir R. Hellmund D. Souto Cost-effectiveness analysis of flash glucose monitoring system for people with type 2 diabetes receiving intensive insulin treatment Diabetes Ther. 2022 13 1933 1945 36287387 9607728 10.1007/s13300-022-01325-w
N.H. Cho et al. IDF diabetes atlas: global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2017 and projections for 2045 Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 2018 138 271 281 1:STN:280:DC%2BC1MrmvVOlsw%3D%3D 29496507 10.1016/j.diabres.2018.02.023
S. Bao R. Bailey P. Calhoun R.W. Beck Effectiveness of continuous glucose monitoring in older adults with type 2 diabetes treated with basal insulin Diabetes Technol. Ther. 2022 24 299 306 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38Xht1Grtb%2FI 34939824 9127838 10.1089/dia.2021.0494
B. Guerci et al. Reduced acute diabetes events after FreeStyle Libre® system initiation in people 65 years or older with type 2 diabetes on intensive insulin therapy in France Diabetes Technol. Ther. 2023 25 384 394 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXhtFaqsrvJ 36944104 10.1089/dia.2023.0034
M.N. Munshi et al. Frequent hypoglycemia among elderly patients with poor glycemic control Arch. Intern. Med. 2011 171 362 364 21357814 4123960 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.539
K.J. Lipska et al. HbA1c and risk of severe hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetes Diabetes Care 2013 36 3535 3542 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhsl2ht7jL 23900589 3816866 10.2337/dc13-0610
G.S. Meneilly D. Tessier Diabetes in the elderly Diabet. Med. 1995 12 949 960 1:STN:280:DyaK287ksFyjug%3D%3D 8582126 10.1111/j.1464-5491.1995.tb00405.x
G.S. Meneilly D. Tessier Diabetes in elderly adults J. Gerontol. Ser. 2001 56 M5 M13 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M7ltlGrsQ%3D%3D 10.1093/gerona/56.1.M5
M. Schütt et al. Multiple complications and frequent severe hypoglycaemia in ‘elderly’ and ‘old’ patients with type 1 diabetes Diabet. Med. 2012 29 e176 e179 22506989 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03681.x
M. Wallander K.F. Axelsson A.G. Nilsson D. Lundh M. Lorentzon Type 2 diabetes and risk of hip fractures and non‐skeletal fall injuries in the elderly: a study from the Fractures and Fall Injuries in the Elderly cohort (FRAILCO) J. Bone Miner. Res. 2017 32 449 460 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXjvVOnt7w%3D 27664946 10.1002/jbmr.3002
K. Mattishent et al. The effects of hypoglycaemia and dementia on cardiovascular events, falls and fractures and all‐cause mortality in older individuals: a retrospective cohort study Diabetes Obes. Metab. 2019 21 2076 2085 31069922 10.1111/dom.13769
K. Mattishent Y.K. Loke Is avoidance of hypoglycaemia a better target than HbA1C in older people with diabetes? Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2021 87 9 11 32864750 10.1111/bcp.14517
V. Kosjerina et al. Discontinuation of diabetes medication in the 10 years before death in Denmark: a register-based study Lancet Health Longev. 2021 2 e561 e570 10.1016/S2666-7568(21)00170-7
E. Selvin et al. Glucose patterns in very old adults: a pilot study in a community-based population Diabetes Technol. Ther. 2021 23 737 744 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXitlKmsLnL 34191599 8819510
S. Romano D. Figueira I. Teixeira J. Perelman Deprescribing interventions among community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review of economic evaluations Pharmacoeconomics 2022 40 269 295 34913143 10.1007/s40273-021-01120-8
R.J. Nordyke K. Appelbaum M.A. Berman Estimating the impact of novel digital therapeutics in type 2 diabetes and hypertension: health economic analysis J. Med. Internet Res. 2019 21 31599740 6914106 10.2196/15814
D. Dabelea et al. Prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among children and adolescents from 2001 to 2009 JAMA 2014 311 1778 1786 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhsFems73K 24794371 4368900 10.1001/jama.2014.3201
J. Manfredo et al. Short-term use of CGM in youth onset type 2 diabetes is associated with behavioral modifications Front. Endocrinol. 2023 14 1182260 10.3389/fendo.2023.1182260
N. Chang R.O.L.B. Barber J.L. Alula R. Durazo-Arvizu L.C. Chao Continuous glucose monitoring versus standard of care in adolescents with type 2 diabetes: a pilot randomized cross-over trial J. Diabetes Sci. Technol. 2023 17 1419 1420 37278187 10.1177/19322968231178284
S. Seidu et al. 2022 update to the position statement by Primary Care Diabetes Europe: a disease state approach to the pharmacological management of type 2 diabetes in primary care Prim. Care Diabetes 2022 16 223 244 1:STN:280:DC%2BB2M3jsFajug%3D%3D 35183458 10.1016/j.pcd.2022.02.002
S. Seidu et al. A disease state approach to the pharmacological management of type 2 diabetes in primary care: a position statement by Primary Care Diabetes Europe Prim. Care Diabetes 2020 15 31 51 32532635 10.1016/j.pcd.2020.05.004
T. Battelino et al. Continuous glucose monitoring and metrics for clinical trials: an international consensus statement Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022 11 42 57 36493795 10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00319-9
P. Manickam et al. Artificial intelligence (AI) and internet of medical things (IoMT) assisted biomedical systems for intelligent healthcare Biosensors 2022 12 562 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38Xit1KgsLbN 35892459 9330886 10.3390/bios12080562
S.A. Assaf R. Zelko B. Hanko The effect of interventions led by community pharmacists in primary care for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus on therapeutic adherence and HbA1c levels: a systematic review Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022 19 6188 35627724 9141685 10.3390/ijerph19106188
C. Coutureau F. Slimano C. Mongaret L. Kanagaratnam Impact of pharmacists-led interventions in primary care for adults with type 2 diabetes on HbA1c levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022 19 3156 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38Xos1Sisrs%3D 35328842 8949021 10.3390/ijerph19063156
K. Majjouti et al. Family doctors’ attitudes toward peer support programs for type 2 diabetes and/or coronary artery disease: an exploratory survey among German practitioners BMC Prim. Care 2022 23 220 1:STN:280:DC%2BB28%2FpslSguw%3D%3D 36045339 9427433 10.1186/s12875-022-01827-3
C. Bommer et al. Global economic burden of diabetes in adults: projections from 2015 to 2030 Diabetes Care 2018 41 963 970 29475843 10.2337/dc17-1962
E.D. Parker et al. Economic costs of diabetes in the U.S. in 2022 Diabetes Care 2023 47 26 43 10.2337/dci23-0085
N. Hex C. Bartlett D. Wright M. Taylor D. Varley Estimating the current and future costs of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in the UK, including direct health costs and indirect societal and productivity costs Diabet. Med. 2012 29 855 862 1:STN:280:DC%2BC38rotlOlug%3D%3D 22537247 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03698.x
M. Bansal et al. Impact of reducing glycated hemoglobin on healthcare costs among a population with uncontrolled diabetes Appl. Health Econ. Health Policy 2018 16 675 684 29936685 10.1007/s40258-018-0398-2
J. Meng et al. Effect of diabetes treatment-related attributes on costs to type 2 diabetes patients in a real-world population J. Manag. Care Spéc. Pharm. 2017 23 446 452 28345434
M. Stedman et al. Cost of hospital treatment of type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) compared to the non-diabetes population: a detailed economic evaluation BMJ Open 2020 10 32376746 7223153 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033231
S.P. Bilir et al. The cost-effectiveness of a flash glucose monitoring system for management of patients with type 2 diabetes receiving intensive insulin treatment in Sweden Eur. Endocrinol. 2018 14 80 30349599 6182927
L. Bahia et al. Cost-effectiveness of continuous glucose monitoring with FreeStyle Libre® in Brazilian insulin-treated patients with types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus Diabetol. Metab. Syndr. 2023 15 242 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXisFGisbjO 38001509 10675900 10.1186/s13098-023-01208-5
J.J. Isitt et al. Cost-effectiveness of a real-time continuous glucose monitoring system versus self-monitoring of blood glucose in people with type 2 diabetes on insulin therapy in the UK Diabetes Ther. 2022 13 1875 1890 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XislSlsb7L 36258158 9663778 10.1007/s13300-022-01324-x
H. Alshannaq et al. Cost-utility of real-time continuous glucose monitoring versus self-monitoring of blood glucose in people with insulin-treated Type 2 diabetes in Canada J. Comp. Eff. Res. 2023 12 37668608 10690435 10.57264/cer-2023-0075
H. Alshannaq et al. Cost-utility of real-time continuous glucose monitoring versus self-monitoring of blood glucose in people with insulin-treated type II diabetes in France J. Comp. Eff. Res. 2024 13 38294332 10945438 10.57264/cer-2023-0174
J.A. Sierra et al. Clinical and economic benefits of professional CGM among people with type 2 diabetes in the United States: analysis of claims and lab data J. Med. Econ. 2018 21 225 230 28994334 10.1080/13696998.2017.1390474
B. Isaacson et al. Demonstrating the clinical impact of continuous glucose monitoring within an integrated healthcare delivery system J. Diabetes Sci. Technol. 2022 16 383 389 32935561 10.1177/1932296820955228
Harris, S. et al. Person-centered, outcomes-driven treatment: a new paradigm for type 2 diabetes in primary care (American Diabetes Association, 2020).
M. Evans et al. Defining the role of SGLT2 inhibitors in primary care: time to think differently Diabetes Ther. 2022 13 889 911 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XhsVSqt7nJ 35349120 9076801 10.1007/s13300-022-01242-y
K. Fernando S.C. Bain P. Holmes P.N. Jones D.C. Patel Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist usage in type 2 diabetes in primary care for the UK and beyond: a narrative review Diabetes Ther. 2021 12 2267 2288 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXitVWqu73I 34309808 8312211 10.1007/s13300-021-01116-9
G. Giunti E. Guisado-Fernandez H. Belani J.R. Lacalle-Remigio Mapping the access of future doctors to health information technologies training in the European Union: cross-sectional descriptive study J. Med. Internet Res. 2019 21 31407668 6709895 10.2196/14086
Lupiáñez-Villanueva, F., Folkvord, F. & Fauli, C. Benchmarking deployment of eHealth among general practitioners. European Commission ec.europa.eu/newsroom/dae/document.cfm?doc_id=60210 (2018).
R. Silva-Tinoco V. Torre-Saldaña Vdela The imperious need for telemedicine for the care of diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic. A comprehensive approach study Gac. Med. Mex. 2021 157 309 312 34667324
K. Pogorzelska L. Marcinowicz S. Chlabicz A qualitative study of primary care physicians’ experiences with telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic in North-Eastern Poland Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023 20 1963 36767329 9915015 10.3390/ijerph20031963
M.-E. Poitras et al. Chronic conditions patient’s perception of post-COVID-19 pandemic teleconsulting continuation in primary care clinics: a qualitative descriptive study BMJ Open. 2022 12 36521903 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066871
M. Rubio-Valera et al. Barriers and facilitators for the implementation of primary prevention and health promotion activities in primary care: a synthesis through meta-ethnography PLoS ONE 2014 9 24586867 3938494 10.1371/journal.pone.0089554
M. Mackert A. Mabry-Flynn S. Champlin E.E. Donovan K. Pounders Health literacy and health information technology adoption: the potential for a new digital divide J. Med. Internet Res. 2016 18 27702738 5069402 10.2196/jmir.6349
P. Dunn E. Hazzard Technology approaches to digital health literacy Int. J. Cardiol. 2019 293 294 296 31350037 10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.06.039
W.H. Polonsky et al. Impact of participation in a virtual diabetes clinic on diabetes-related distress in individuals with type 2 diabetes Clin. Diabetes 2020 38 357 362 33132505 7566922 10.2337/cd19-0105
J.Y. Lee et al. Using telemedicine to support care for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a qualitative analysis of patients’ perspectives BMJ Open. 2019 9 31640990 6830613 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026575
H. Buysse P. Coremans F. Pouwer J. Ruige Sustainable improvement of HbA1c and satisfaction with diabetes care after adding telemedicine in patients on adaptable insulin regimens: results of the TeleDiabetes randomized controlled trial Health Inf. J. 2020 26 628 641 10.1177/1460458219844369
P. Rodríguez-Fortúnez et al. Cross-sectional study about the use of telemedicine for type 2 diabetes mellitus management in Spain: patient’s perspective. The EnREDa2 Study BMJ Open. 2019 9 31230025 6596977 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028467
A. Torbjørnsen L. Ribu M. Rønnevig A. Grøttland S. Helseth Users’ acceptability of a mobile application for persons with type 2 diabetes: a qualitative study BMC Health Serv. Res. 2019 19 31492176 6729081 10.1186/s12913-019-4486-2
R. Fernández-Rodríguez et al. Are e-Health interventions effective in reducing diabetes-related distress and depression in patients with type 2 diabetes? A systematic review with meta-analysis Telemed. e-Health 2023 10.1089/tmj.2023.0374
H.J. Yoo et al. Use of a real time continuous glucose monitoring system as a motivational device for poorly controlled type 2 diabetes Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 2008 82 73 79 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1cnkt1ersQ%3D%3D 18701183 10.1016/j.diabres.2008.06.015
A.J. Karter M.M. Parker H.H. Moffet L.K. Gilliam R. Dlott Association of real-time continuous glucose monitoring with glycemic control and acute metabolic events among patients with insulin-treated diabetes JAMA 2021 325 2273 2284 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXht12gu7bI 34077502 10.1001/jama.2021.6530
R.A. Ajjan et al. Multicenter randomized trial of intermittently scanned continuous glucose monitoring versus self-monitoring of blood glucose in individuals with type 2 diabetes and recent-onset acute myocardial infarction: results of the LIBERATES trial Diabetes Care 2023 46 441 449 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXjsVahtr0%3D 36516054 10.2337/dc22-1219
The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus N. Engl. J. Med. 1993 329 977 986 10.1056/NEJM199309303291401
T. Danne et al. International consensus on use of continuous glucose monitoring Diabetes Care 2017 40 1631 1640 29162583 6467165 10.2337/dc17-1600
G. Agiostratidou et al. Standardizing clinically meaningful outcome measures beyond HbA1c for type 1 diabetes: a consensus report of the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, the American Association of Diabetes Educators, the American Diabetes Association, the Endocrine Society, JDRF International, The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust, the Pediatric Endocrine Society, and the T1D Exchange Diabetes Care 2017 40 1622 1630 29162582 5864122 10.2337/dc17-1624
R.W. Beck et al. The relationships between time in range, hyperglycemia metrics, and HbA1c J. Diabetes Sci. Technol. 2019 13 614 626 30636519 6610606 10.1177/1932296818822496
M. Phillip et al. The digital/virtual diabetes clinic: the future is now – recommendations from an international panel on diabetes digital technologies introduction Diabetes Technol. Ther. 2020 23 146 154 32905711 10.1089/dia.2020.0375
T. Danne C. Limbert COVID-19, type 1 diabetes, and technology: why paediatric patients are leading the way Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020 8 465 467 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXoslyhsbk%3D 7200123 10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30155-8
A.R. Majithia et al. Glycemic outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes participating in a continuous glucose monitor-driven virtual diabetes clinic: prospective trial J. Med. Internet Res. 2020 22 32856597 7486672 10.2196/21778
R.M. Bergenstal et al. Remote application and use of real-time continuous glucose monitoring by adults with type 2 diabetes in a virtual diabetes clinic Diabetes Technol. Ther. 2020 23 128 132 33026839 10.1089/dia.2020.0396
C.C. Wu K.C. Wu A.S. José N. Novin Virtual endocrinology care emphasizing data-driven insights and continuous engagement and its impact on glycemic outcomes in patients with uncontrolled diabetes: a real-world retrospective case series JMIR Diabetes 2022 7 35323114 8990370 10.2196/30626
K. Khunti et al. Diabetes registries and high-quality diabetes care Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2023 11 70 72 36702562 10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00386-2
European Commission. Commission Recommendation on a European Electronic Health Record exchange format. European Commission ec.europa.eu/newsroom/dae/document.cfm?doc_id=57253 (2019).
Font, A. G. Work begins on developing the mConnecta Mobility Platform. TIC Salut Social ticsalutsocial.cat/en/noticia/work-begins-on-developing-the-mconnecta-mobility-platform/ (2019).