Abstract :
[en] During eruptions, volcanoes produce air-pressure waves inaudible for the human ear called infrasound, which are very helpful for detecting early signs of magma at the surface. Compared to violent ash-rich explosions, recording more discrete atmospheric disturbances from effusive eruptions remains a practical challenge depending on the distance to the source. At Nyiragongo volcano (D.R. Congo), towering above a 1-million urban area, we analyzed local infrasonic records between January 2018 and April 2022. An acoustic signature from this open-vent volcano is detected up to the volcano observatory facilities in Goma city center about 17 km from its crater. We compared infrasound signals with space-based observations of the intra-crater activity (SO2 emissions, thermal anomalies, crater depth/radius). We thus obtain a comprehensive picture of Nyiragongo's eruptive activity during this period, encompassing the drainage of its lava lake during its third known flank eruption on 22 May 2021.
Funding text :
We would like to thank the people at GVO involved in the operation of KivuSNet (infrasound stations) and the sentinels of the monitoring stations. We thank T. Nyandwi for providing us his photos of Nyiragongo's crater and the Virunga National Park for hosting the stations KBTI and NYI. We thank the MONUSCO (UN stabilization mission in Congo) for organizing helicopter flights to Nyiragongo's crater for GVO. We are grateful to the European Space Agency (ESA) and the United States Geological Survey (USGS) for providing the Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8/9 products for free, respectively, to Belgian Science Policy Office (BELSPO) and the Virunga Supersite Initiative for funding COSMOSkyMed images (ISA - Italian Space Agency). The work related to TROPOMI SO2 data was performed in the frame of the TROPOMI project. We acknowledge financial support from ESA's Sentinel-5P and Belgium's Prodex TRACE-S5P projects. Thermal and SO2 data were processed in the frame of the VeRSUS project (BELSPO, STEREO-III Programme, Contract SR/00/382). The array processing of infrasound records has been adapted from the software implementation of least-square beamforming provided by De Angelis et al. (2020), available at https://github.com/silvioda/Infrasound-Array-Processing-Matlab. The authors would like to thank two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments that have helped us improve the former manuscript.We would like to thank the people at GVO involved in the operation of KivuSNet (infrasound stations) and the sentinels of the monitoring stations. We thank T. Nyandwi for providing us his photos of Nyiragongo's crater and the Virunga National Park for hosting the stations KBTI and NYI. We thank the MONUSCO (UN stabilization mission in Congo) for organizing helicopter flights to Nyiragongo's crater for GVO. We are grateful to the European Space Agency (ESA) and the United States Geological Survey (USGS) for providing the Sentinel‐2 and Landsat‐8/9 products for free, respectively, to Belgian Science Policy Office (BELSPO) and the Virunga Supersite Initiative for funding COSMOSkyMed images (ISA ‐ Italian Space Agency). The work related to TROPOMI SO data was performed in the frame of the TROPOMI project. We acknowledge financial support from ESA's Sentinel‐5P and Belgium's Prodex TRACE‐S5P projects. Thermal and SO data were processed in the frame of the VeRSUS project (BELSPO, STEREO‐III Programme, Contract SR/00/382). The array processing of infrasound records has been adapted from the software implementation of least‐square beamforming provided by De Angelis et al. ( 2020 ), available at https://github.com/silvioda/Infrasound-Array-Processing-Matlab . The authors would like to thank two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments that have helped us improve the former manuscript. 2 2
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