Concentration; Contamination factor; Groundwater; Heavy metals; Pollution; Chemical parameters; Contamination factors; Dry and wet seasons; Heavy metal concentration; Industrial area; Nigeria; Pollution load indices; Principal-component analysis; Sampling period; Global and Planetary Change; Environmental Chemistry; Water Science and Technology; Soil Science; Geology; Earth-Surface Processes
Abstract :
[en] The present study evaluates the heavy metal concentration(s) in groundwater and pollution from the Agbara and Ota industrial areas of Ogun State. A total of 64 groundwater samples were collected randomly in dry and wet seasons during the sampling period in July and September, November and December, 2019, respectively. Samples were analyzed for chemical parameters using a standard procedure. The samples were examined for six heavy metals, after which the data were subjected to descriptive statistics. The contamination factor (CF) and Pollution Load Index (PLI), I-geo, and Heavy Metal Index (HPI) were also carried out to process the data. Furthermore, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to verify the sources of pollution. Mean concentrations (mg/L) of the these heavy metals in Agbara and Ota locations were Pb(0.28 ± 0.04 and 0.09 ± 0.13), Fe (0.09 ± 0.02 and 0.99 ± 0.04), Cr (0.16 ± 0.02 and 0.02 ± 0.01), Cu (0.01 ± 0.01 and 0.03 ± 0.02),Cd (0.03 ± 0.01 and 0.01 ± 0.00), and (Ni 0.04 ± 0.01 and 0.07 ± 0.02), respectively. Concentrations (mg/L) of Pb (0.28 ± 0.01), Cd (0.03 ± 0.01), and Cr (0.16 ± 0.02) in Agbara sampling points, as well as Fe (0.99 ± 0.01) in Ota, were greater than the WHO permissible limit for drinking water. Heavy metal concentrations were found to increase in the order of Pb > Cr > Fe > Ni > Cd > Cu and Fe > Pb > Ni > Cu > Cr > Cd for Agbara and Ota locations, respectively. Pollution spatial distributions of HPI ranged from 171.25 to 734.11 and 95.11 to 1393 for Ota and Agbara, respectively. Above the critical PLI value of 100, these values suggest contamination on groundwater sampled with Agbara locations displaying more contamination. PCA further showed strong positive loading for Pb, Fe, and Cr with negative loading for Cu (Factor 1), loading for Cd, Ni, Cr− (Factor 2), and positive loading Cu, Pb with negative loading of Fe (Factor 3) represents industrial pollution sources, industrial effluents, and suspected geologic and industrial sources, respectively.
Disciplines :
Earth sciences & physical geography
Author, co-author :
Ojekunle, Olusheyi Z.; Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, Federal University of Agriculture, Ogun State, Abeokuta, Nigeria
Awolokun, Gbenga S.; Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, Federal University of Agriculture, Ogun State, Abeokuta, Nigeria
Olatunde, Amudat K.; Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, Federal University of Agriculture, Ogun State, Abeokuta, Nigeria
Adegoke, Kayode Adesina ; Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
Maxakato, Nobanathi Wendy; Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
Balogun, Mujeeb Adeyemi ; Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, Basque, Spain ; College of Science and Technology, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France ; Faculty of Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
Afolabi, Tahjudeen A.; Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Ogun State, Abeokuta, Nigeria
Language :
English
Title :
Environmental and health hazards of heavy metal concentrations in Ota and Agbara industrial areas, Ogun State, Nigeria
Publication date :
2023
Journal title :
Environmental Earth Sciences
ISSN :
1866-6280
eISSN :
1866-6299
Publisher :
Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH
Olusheyi Zacchaeus Ojekunle, Gbenga S. Awolokun, Tajudeen A. Afolabi, and Amudat K. Olatunde acknowledge the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria acknowledge the Central Laboratory, the University of Ibadan for sample analysis. All authors acknowledge their universities for the enabling platform to carry out this research. Kayode Adesina Adegoke acknowledges the Global Excellence Stature (GES) 4.0, Postdoctoral Fellowships Fourth Industrial Revolution and the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Nobanathi Wendy Maxakato acknowledges the supports received from the National Research Foundation of South Africa: Grant No. 118148, National Research Foundation of South Africa: Grant No. 138083 and Centre for Nanomaterials Science Research-University of Johannesburg, and the University of Johannesburg, South Africa.Olusheyi Zacchaeus Ojekunle, Gbenga S. Awolokun, Tajudeen A. Afolabi, and Amudat K. Olatunde acknowledge the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria acknowledge the Central Laboratory, the University of Ibadan for sample analysis. All authors acknowledge their universities for the enabling platform to carry out this research. Kayode Adesina Adegoke acknowledges the Global Excellence Stature (GES) 4.0, Postdoctoral Fellowships Fourth Industrial Revolution and the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Nobanathi Wendy Maxakato acknowledges the supports received from the National Research Foundation of South Africa: Grant No. 118148, National Research Foundation of South Africa: Grant No. 138083 and Centre for Nanomaterials Science Research-University of Johannesburg, and the University of Johannesburg, South Africa.
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