Achondrites; Core formation; Magma ocean; Moderately siderophile elements; Planetary differentiation; Geochemistry and Petrology
Abstract :
[en] Moderately siderophile elements (MSEs) are potential tracers of the thermodynamic conditions prevailing during planetary core formation because their metal–silicate partition coefficients (Dmet/sil) vary as a function of P, T, and oxygen fugacity (fO2). Those properties result in the production of planetary mantles with unique MSE depletion signatures. Among the MSEs, Ni and Co are reliable barometers in magma oceans because their Dmet/sil values are strongly correlated with pressure, decreasing by almost 3 orders of magnitude between 1 bar and 100 GPa. Current pressure-dependent expressions of Dmet/sil were calibrated based on experiments performed under relatively oxidizing conditions, mostly at fO2 slightly below the iron–wüstite Fe–FeO buffer (IW), which is relevant to the mantles of Earth and Mars. However, planets and asteroids formed under a wide range of redox conditions, from Mercury, the most reduced (∼IW − 5.5), to the most oxidized angrite parent body (IW − 1.5 to IW + 1). In this study, we performed and analyzed 38 metal–silicate partitioning experiments over a wide range of pressures (1 bar to 26 GPa) and oxygen fugacities (IW − 6.4 to IW − 1.9) to expand the available Ni and Co Dmet/sil values to reducing conditions. We then parameterized 255 Ni and 194 Co Dmet/sil values as a function of T (1573–5700 K), P (1 bar to 100 GPa), and fO2 (IW − 6.4 to IW + 0.2). We also modeled the evolution of Ni and Co Dmet/sil values along the liquidus of a chondritic mantle at various P and fO2 conditions to investigate the thermodynamic conditions of various planetary bodies’ magma oceans. The P and fO2 conditions we obtained for Earth, Mars, the Moon, and Vesta are consistent with previous studies using similar methods, and the pressure during core formation is strongly correlated to planetary size. Finally, we also applied our model to several achondrite parent bodies; our results indicate a wide variety of objects, from the asteroid-sized, oxidized angrite parent body to the planet-sized, highly reduced aubrite parent body.
Disciplines :
Earth sciences & physical geography
Author, co-author :
Cartier, Camille ; Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRPG, Nancy, France
Llado, Laurie ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Geology ; Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRPG, Nancy, France
FP7 - 209035 - EARLY EARTH - Early Earth evolution: chemical differentiation vs. mantle mixing
Funders :
ERC - European Research Council EU - European Union INSU - Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers AvH - Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung
Funding text :
The authors thank R. Dasgupta for handling this manuscript, and D. Grewal and an anonymous reviewer for constructive comments. C. Cartier thanks R. Fischer, K. Righter, and D. van Acken for discussions, and R. Dennen for its assistance with English revisions. The IHPV and piston-cylinder experiments were supported by the von Humboldt Foundation and a Marie Curie Intra-European Fellowship (SULFURON-MERCURY – 327046). The evacuated silica tube experiments received funding from the French PNP program (INSU-CNRS). The multi-anvil experiments received funding from the European Research Council under the European Community's Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013 Grant Agreement 209035) and from the French PNP program (INSU-CNRS). The multi-anvil apparatus at the Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans is financially supported by the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Instrument National de l’INSU).
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