[en] This work addresses the development of compressed earth blocks with high quality using stabilizers and reinforcements of industrial and agroindustrial by-products. A critique of the production of compressed earth blocks using new mixtures, compositions, and characteristics required for adequate performance according to different construction standards is included. Furthermore, the effect of adding stabilizers and reinforcements
from industrial and agro-industrial by-products on strength, durability and thermal insulation is evaluated. Fibers improve tensile and crack resistance, while stabilizers enhance the cohesion of mixtures, originating new compounds with higher compressive strength and lower permeability. Finally, the main prediction tools for engineering design and application of compressed earth blocks in buildings are discussed. The main findings and research gaps identified provide a baseline for future research projects focused on the transition to a low-carbon future through the production of compressed earth blocks.
Research center :
Sustainable Building Design Lab
Disciplines :
Architecture
Author, co-author :
Valenzuela, Marian
Ciudad, Gustavo
Cárdenas, Juan Pablo
Medina, Carlos
Salas, Alexis
Oñate, Angelo
Pincheira, Gonzalo
Attia, Shady ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département ArGEnCo > Techniques de construction des bâtiments
Tuninetti, Víctor
Language :
English
Title :
Towards the development of performance-efficient compressed earth blocks from industrial and agro-industrial by-products
Pereira, R., da Silva, M.M., A literature review. Proc. 6th Int. Conf. Theory Pract. Electron. Gov., 2012, ACM, New York, NY, USA, 320–323, 10.1145/2463728.2463789.
Pacheco-Torgal, F., Introduction to eco-efficient masonry bricks and blocks. 2015, Elsevier, 1–10, 10.1016/B978-1-78242-305-8.00001-2.
Vega, P., Juan, A., Ignacio Guerra, M., Morán, J.M., Aguado, P.J., Llamas, B., Mechanical characterisation of traditional adobes from the north of Spain. Construct Build Mater 25 (2011), 3020–3023, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.02.003.
Costa, C., Cerqueira, Â., Rocha, F., Velosa, A., The sustainability of adobe construction: past to future. Int J Architect Herit 13 (2019), 639–647, 10.1080/15583058.2018.1459954.
Jannat, N., Hussien, A., Abdullah, B., Cotgrave, A., Application of agro and non-agro waste materials for unfired earth blocks construction: a review. Construct Build Mater, 254, 2020, 119346, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119346.
Hasan, M., Zaini, M.S.I., Yie, L.S., Masri, K.A., Putra Jaya, R., Hyodo, M., et al. Effect of optimum utilization of silica fume and eggshell ash to the engineering properties of expansive soil. J Mater Res Technol 14 (2021), 1401–1418, 10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.07.023.
Taypondou Darman, J., Keyangue Tchouata, J.H., Ngôn Ngôn, G.F., Ngapgue, F., Lindou Ngakoupain, B., Tchedele Langollo, Y., Evaluation of lateritic soils of Mbé for use as compressed earth bricks (CEB). Heliyon, 8, 2022, 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10147.
Ansah, M.K., Chen, X., Yang, H., Lu, L., Lam, P.T.I., An integrated life cycle assessment of different façade systems for a typical residential building in Ghana. Sustain Cities Soc, 53, 2020, 101974, 10.1016/j.scs.2019.101974.
Minunno, R., O'Grady, T., Morrison, G.M., Gruner, R.L., Investigating the embodied energy and carbon of buildings: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of life cycle assessments. Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 143, 2021, 10.1016/j.rser.2021.110935.
Xiang, Q., Pan, H., Ma, X., Yang, M., Lyu, Y., Zhang, X., et al. Impacts of energy-saving and emission-reduction on sustainability of cement production. Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 191, 2024, 114089, 10.1016/j.rser.2023.114089.
Shukla, A., Tiwari, G.N., Sodha, M.S., Embodied energy analysis of adobe house. Renew Energy 34 (2009), 755–761, 10.1016/j.renene.2008.04.002.
Mateus, R., Fernandes, J., Teixeira, E.R., Environmental life cycle analysis of earthen building materials. Encycl. Renew. Sustain. Mater. 2020, Elsevier, 63–68, 10.1016/B978-0-12-803581-8.11459-6.
Pacheco-Torgal, F., Jalali, S., Earth construction: lessons from the past for future eco-efficient construction. Construct Build Mater 29 (2012), 512–519, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.10.054.
Dorado, P., Cabrera, S., Rolón, G., Contemporary difficulties and challenges for the implementation and development of compressed earth block building technology in Argentina. J Build Eng, 46, 2022, 103748, 10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103748.
Nshimiyimana, P., Fagel, N., Messan, A., Wetshondo, D.O., Courard, L., Physico-chemical and mineralogical characterization of clay materials suitable for production of stabilized compressed earth blocks. Construct Build Mater, 241, 2020, 118097, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118097.
Dormohamadi, M., Rahimnia, R., Combined effect of compaction and clay content on the mechanical properties of adobe brick. Case Stud Constr Mater, 13, 2020, e00402, 10.1016/j.cscm.2020.e00402.
Boubekeur, S., Houben, H., Compressed earth blocks: standards - Technology series. Centre pour le développement industriel (CDI) and The Center for the Research and Application of Earth Architecture, eleventh ed., 1998, CRATerre-EAG)/Overseas Development Administration(ODA), Brussels.
Bradley, R.A., Gohnert, M., Compressed stabilized earth block shell housing: performance considerations. Pract Period Struct Des Construct, 23, 2018, 04018009, 10.1061/(asce)sc.1943-5576.0000373.
El-Emam, M., Al-Tamimi, A., Strength and deformation characteristics of dune sand earth blocks reinforced with natural and polymeric fibers. Sustain Times, 14, 2022, 10.3390/su14084850.
Kasinikota, P., Tripura, D.D., Prediction of physical-mechanical properties of hollow interlocking compressed unstabilized and stabilized earth blocks at different moisture conditions using ultrasonic pulse velocity. J Build Eng, 48, 2022, 103961, 10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103961.
Guillaud, H., Joffroy, T., Odul, P., Compressed Earth Blocks: manual of Design and Construction. Vieweg, Eschborn, Germany: aus der Arbeit von GATE. 1995, Friedrich Vieweg & Sohn.
Singh, S., Chohan, J.S., Kumar, R., Gupta, P.K., Stability of compressed earth blocks using sugarcane bagasse ash and wheat straw. Mater Today Proc, 2021, 10.1016/j.matpr.2021.07.023.
Chaibeddra, S., Kharchi, F., Performance of compressed stabilized earth blocks in sulphated medium. J Build Eng, 25, 2019, 100814, 10.1016/j.jobe.2019.100814.
Idriss, E., Tome, S., Rolande Aurelie, T.K., Nana, A., Nemaleu, J.G.D., Judicaёl, C., et al. Engineering and structural properties of compressed earth blocks (CEB) stabilized with a calcined clay-based alkali-activated binder. Innov Infrastruct Solut 7 (2022), 1–9, 10.1007/s41062-022-00760-9.
Poullain, P., Leklou, N., BabatoundéLaibi, A., Gomina, M., Properties of compressed earth blocks made of traditional materials from Benin. Rev Des Compos Des Mater Av 29 (2019), 233–241, 10.18280/rcma.290407.
Abessolo, D., Biwole, A.B., Fokwa, D., Ganou Koungang, B.M., Yembe, B.B., Physical, mechanical and hygroscopic behaviour of compressed earth blocks stabilized with cement and reinforced with bamboo fibres. Int J Eng Res Afr, 2022, 10.4028/p-spbskv.
Souza, JM de, Ramos Filho, R.E.B., Duarte, J.B., Silva, VM da, Rêgo, SR do, Lucena, L. de FL., et al. Mechanical and durability properties of compressed stabilized earth brick produced with cassava wastewater. J Build Eng, 44, 2021, 10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103290.
Poorveekan, K., Ath, K.M.S., Anburuvel, A., Sathiparan, N., Investigation of the engineering properties of cementless stabilized earth blocks with alkali-activated eggshell and rice husk ash as a binder. Construct Build Mater, 277, 2021, 122371, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122371.
Cid-Falceto, J., Mazarrón, F.R., Cañas, I., Assessment of compressed earth blocks made in Spain: International durability tests. Construct Build Mater 37 (2012), 738–745, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.08.019.
Malkanthi, S.N., Wickramasinghe, W.G.S., Perera, A.A.D.A.J., Use of construction waste to modify soil grading for compressed stabilized earth blocks (CSEB) production. Case Stud Constr Mater, 15, 2021, e00717, 10.1016/j.cscm.2021.e00717.
Nshimiyimana, P., Messan, A., Courard, L., Hydric and durability performances of compressed earth blocks stabilized with industrial and agro by-product binders: calcium carbide residue and rice husk ash. J Mater Civ Eng, 2021, 10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0003745.
Lavie Arsène, M.I., Frédéric, C., Nathalie, F., Improvement of lifetime of compressed earth blocks by adding limestone, sandstone and porphyry aggregates. J Build Eng, 29, 2020, 10.1016/j.jobe.2019.101155.
Donkor, P., Obonyo, E., Earthen construction materials: assessing the feasibility of improving strength and deformability of compressed earth blocks using polypropylene fibers. Mater Des 83 (2015), 813–819, 10.1016/j.matdes.2015.06.017.
Goutsaya, J., Ntamack, G.E., D'Ouazzane, S.C., Damage modelling of compressed earth blocks stabilised with cement. Adv Civ Eng 2022 (2022), 1–11, 10.1155/2022/3342661.
Cottrell, J.A., Ali, M., Tatari, A., Martinson, D.B., An investigation into the influence of geometry on compressed earth building blocks using finite element analysis. Construct Build Mater, 273, 2021, 121997, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121997.
Teixeira, E.R., Machado, G., De Adilson, P., Guarnier, C., Fernandes, J., Silva, S.M., et al. Mechanical and thermal performance characterisation of compressed earth blocks. Energies, 13, 2020, 10.3390/en13112978.
Hema, C., Messan, A., Lawane, A., Soro, D., Nshimiyimana, P., van Moeseke, G., Improving the thermal comfort in hot region through the design of walls made of compressed earth blocks: an experimental investigation. J Build Eng, 38, 2021, 10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102148.
Elahi, T.E., Shahriar, A.R., Islam, M.S., Mehzabin, F., Mumtaz, N., Suitability of fly ash and cement for fabrication of compressed stabilized earth blocks. Construct Build Mater, 263, 2020, 120935, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120935.
Omar Sore, S., Messan, A., Prud'homme, E., Escadeillas, G., Tsobnang, F., Stabilization of compressed earth blocks (CEBs) by geopolymer binder based on local materials from Burkina Faso. Construct Build Mater 165 (2018), 333–345, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.051.
Sangma, S., Tripura, D.D., Experimental study on shrinkage behaviour of earth walling materials with fibers and stabilizer for cob building. Construct Build Mater, 256, 2020, 119449, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119449.
Buson, M., Lopes, N., Varum, H., Sposto, R.M., Real, P.V., Fire resistance of walls made of soil-cement and Kraftterra compressed earth blocks. Fire Mater 37 (2013), 547–562, 10.1002/fam.2148.
Lawane, A., Minane, J.R., Vinai, R., Pantet, A., Mechanical and physical properties of stabilised compressed coal bottom ash blocks with inclusion of lateritic soils in Niger. Sci African, 6, 2019, 10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00198.
Islam, M.S., Elahi, T.E., Shahriar, A.R., Mumtaz, N., Effectiveness of fly ash and cement for compressed stabilized earth block construction. Construct Build Mater, 255, 2020, 119392, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119392.
Bogas, J.A., Silva, M., Glória Gomes, M., Unstabilized and stabilized compressed earth blocks with partial incorporation of recycled aggregates. Int J Architect Herit 13 (2019), 569–584, 10.1080/15583058.2018.1442891.
Kolawole, J.T., Olalusi, O.B., Orimogunje, A.J., Adhesive bond potential of compressed stabilised earth brick. Structures 23 (2020), 812–820, 10.1016/j.istruc.2019.12.024.
Murmu, A.L., Patel, A., Towards sustainable bricks production: an overview. Construct Build Mater 165 (2018), 112–125, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.038.
Dahmen, J., Kim, J., Ouellet-Plamondon, C.M., Life cycle assessment of emergent masonry blocks. J Clean Prod 171 (2018), 1622–1637, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.044.
Atiki, E., Taallah, B., Feia, S., Almeasar, K.S., Guettala, A., Effects of incorporating date palm waste as a thermal insulating material on the physical properties and mechanical behavior of compressed earth block. J Nat Fibers, 2021, 1–18, 10.1080/15440478.2021.1967831.
Elahi, T.E., Shahriar, A.R., Alam, M.K., Abedin, M.Z., Effectiveness of saw dust ash and cement for fabrication of compressed stabilized earth blocks. Construct Build Mater, 259, 2020, 120568, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120568.
Elenga, R.G., Mabiala, B., Ahouet, L., Goma-Maniongui, J., Dirras, G.F., Characterization of clayey soils from Congo and physical properties of their compressed earth blocks reinforced with post-consumer plastic wastes. Geomaterials, 2011, 10.4236/gm.2011.13013.
Malbila, E., Delvoie, S., Toguyeni, D., Attia, S., Courard, L., An experimental study on the use of fonio straw and shea butter residue for improving the thermophysical and mechanical properties of compressed earth blocks. J Miner Mater Char Eng 8 (2020), 107–132, 10.4236/jmmce.2020.83008.
Kumar, N., Barbato, M., Effects of sugarcane bagasse fibers on the properties of compressed and stabilized earth blocks. Construct Build Mater, 2022, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125552.
Mostafa, M., Uddin, N., Experimental analysis of Compressed Earth Block (CEB) with banana fibers resisting flexural and compression forces. Case Stud Constr Mater 5 (2016), 53–63, 10.1016/j.cscm.2016.07.001.
Thanushan, K., Yogananth, Y., Sangeeth, P., Coonghe, J.G., Sathiparan, N., Strength and durability characteristics of coconut fibre reinforced earth cement blocks. J Nat Fibers 18 (2021), 773–788, 10.1080/15440478.2019.1652220.
Zardari, M.A., Lakho, N.A., Amur, M.A., Structural behaviour of large size compressed earth blocks stabilized with jute fiber. J Eng Res 8 (2020), 60–72.
Djadouf, S., Chelouah, N., Tahakourt, A., The influence of the addition of ground olive stone on the thermo-mechanical behavior of compressed earth blocks. Matériaux Tech, 108, 2020, 203, 10.1051/mattech/2020023.
Yatawara, M., Athukorala, S., Potential of replacing clay soil by rice husk ash (RHA) in enhancing the properties of compressed earth blocks (CEBs). Environ Dev Sustain 23 (2021), 3474–3486, 10.1007/s10668-020-00727-9.
Bezerra, W.V.D.C., Azeredo, G.A., External sulfate attack on compressed stabilized earth blocks. Construct Build Mater 200 (2019), 255–264, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.115.
Sekhar D, C., Nayak, S., Utilization of granulated blast furnace slag and cement in the manufacture of compressed stabilized earth blocks. Construct Build Mater 166 (2018), 531–536, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.125.
Larbi, S., Khaldi, A., Maherzi, W., Abriak, N.E., Formulation of compressed earth blocks stabilized by glass waste activated with naoh solution. Sustain Times 14 (2022), 1–17, 10.3390/su14010102.
Darwish, M., Khedr, S., Halim, F., Khalil, R., Novel simplified construction of walls and prisms made of CEBs and earth-based mortar. Pract Period Struct Des Construct, 25, 2020, 04020041, 10.1061/(ASCE)SC.1943-5576.0000525.
Al-Jabri, K., Hago, A.W., Al-Saadi, S., Al-Harthy, I., Amoatey, P., Physico-thermal, mechanical, and toxicity properties of stabilised interlocking compressed earth blocks made with produced water from oilfields. J Build Eng, 42, 2021, 103029, 10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103029.
Malkanthi, S.N., Balthazaar, N., Perera, A.A.D.A.J., Lime stabilization for compressed stabilized earth blocks with reduced clay and silt. Case Stud Constr Mater, 12, 2020, e00326, 10.1016/j.cscm.2019.e00326.
Nshimiyimana, P., Moussa, H.S., Messan, A., Courard, L., Effect of production and curing conditions on the performance of stabilized compressed earth blocks: kaolinite vs quartz-rich earthen material. MRS Adv 5 (2020), 1277–1283, 10.1557/adv.2020.155.
Elahi, T.E., Shahriar, A.R., Islam, M.S., Engineering characteristics of compressed earth blocks stabilized with cement and fly ash. Construct Build Mater, 277, 2021, 122367, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122367.
Barbero-Barrera, M.M., Jové-Sandoval, F., González Iglesias, S., Assessment of the effect of natural hydraulic lime on the stabilisation of compressed earth blocks. Construct Build Mater, 260, 2020, 119877, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119877.
Narayanaswamy, A.H., Walker, P., Venkatarama Reddy, B.V., Heath, A., Maskell, D., Mechanical and thermal properties, and comparative life-cycle impacts, of stabilised earth building products. Construct Build Mater, 243, 2020, 118096, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118096.
Fabbri, A., Morel, J.C., Aubert, J.-E., Bui, Q.-B., Gallipoli, D., Ventura, A., et al. An overview of the remaining challenges of the RILEM TC 274-TCE, testing and characterisation of earth-based building materials and elements. RILEM Tech Lett 6 (2022), 150–157, 10.21809/rilemtechlett.2021.149.
Reddy, B.V.V., Morel, J.-C., Faria, P., Fontana, P., Oliveira, D.V., Serclerat, I., et al. Codes and standards on earth construction. Fabbri, A., Morel, J.-C., Aubert, J.-E., Bui, Q.-B., Gallipoli, D., Reddy, B.V.V., Fabbri, A., Morel, J.C., Aubert, J.E., Bui, Q.B., Gall, D., Reddy, B.V., Test, (eds.) Characterisation earth-based build. Mater. Elem., 2022, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 243–259, 10.1007/978-3-030-83297-1_7.
Craterre: d'Ornano S. The basics of compressed earth blocks. Eschborn. 1991, Aus der Arbeit von GATE, GTZ, Germany.
Danso, H., Martinson, D.B., Ali, M., Williams, J.B., Physical, mechanical and durability properties of soil building blocks reinforced with natural fibres. Construct Build Mater 101 (2015), 797–809, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.069.
Egenti, C., Khatib, J.M., Sustainability of compressed earth as a construction material. Sustain. Constr. Mater. 2016, Elsevier, 10.1016/B978-0-08-100370-1.00013-5 309–41.
Sitton, J.D., Zeinali, Y., Heidarian, W.H., Story, B.A., Effect of mix design on compressed earth block strength. Construct Build Mater 158 (2018), 124–131, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.10.005.
Villamizar, M.C.N., Araque, V.S., Reyes, C.A.R., Silva, R.S., Effect of the addition of coal-ash and cassava peels on the engineering properties of compressed earth blocks. Construct Build Mater 36 (2012), 276–286, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.04.056.
Aubert, J.E., Maillard, P., Morel, J.C., Al Rafii, M., Towards a simple compressive strength test for earth bricks?. Mater Struct 49 (2016), 1641–1654, 10.1617/s11527-015-0601-y.
Islam, M.S., Tausif-E-Elahi, Shahriar, A.R., Nahar, K., Hossain, T.R., Strength and durability characteristics of cement-sand stabilized earth blocks. J Mater Civ Eng 32 (2020), 1–15, 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003176.
Walker, R., Pavía, S., Physical properties and reactivity of pozzolans, and their influence on the properties of lime–pozzolan pastes. Mater Struct 44 (2011), 1139–1150, 10.1617/s11527-010-9689-2.
Galán-Marín, C., Rivera-Gómez, C., Petric, J., Clay-based composite stabilized with natural polymer and fibre. Construct Build Mater 24 (2010), 1462–1468, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.01.008.
Moussa, H.S., Nshimiyimana, P., Hema, C., Zoungrana, O., Messan, A., Courard, L., Comparative study of thermal comfort induced from masonry made of stabilized compressed earth block vs conventional cementitious material. J Miner Mater Char Eng, 2019, 10.4236/jmmce.2019.76026.
Sravan, M.V., Nagaraj, H.B., Potential use of enzymes in the preparation of compressed stabilized earth blocks. J Mater Civ Eng, 2017, 10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0001947.
Sravan, M.V., Nagaraj, H.B., Preliminary study on use of terrazyme as a bio stabilizer along with cement and lime in compressed stabilized earth blocks. First Int. Conf. Bio-based Build. Mater. 33 (2015), 674–681.
Ammari, A., Bouassria, K., Cherraj, M., Bouabid, H., Charif, S.D., Case Studies in Construction Materials Combined e ff ect of mineralogy and granular texture on the technico-economic optimum of the adobe and compressed earth blocks. Case Stud Constr Mater 7 (2017), 240–248, 10.1016/j.cscm.2017.08.004.
Hwang, C.-L., Yehualaw, M.D., Huynh, T.-P., Development of compressed stabilized earth block as an eco-friendly and sustainable wall making material. Int J Struct Civ Eng Res, 233–7, 2018, 10.18178/ijscer.7.3.233-237.
Palanisamy, P., Kumar, P.S., Effect of molarity in geo polymer earth brick reinforced with fibrous coir wastes using sandy soil and quarry dust as fine aggregate. (Case study). Case Stud Constr Mater 8 (2018), 347–358, 10.1016/j.cscm.2018.01.009.
Turco, C., Paula Junior, A.C., Teixeira, E.R., Mateus, R., Optimisation of Compressed Earth Blocks (CEBs) using natural origin materials: a systematic literature review. Construct Build Mater, 2021, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125140.
Jesudass, A., Gayathri, V., Geethan, R., Gobirajan, M., Venkatesh, M., Earthen blocks with natural fibres - a review. Mater Today Proc 45 (2020), 6979–6986, 10.1016/j.matpr.2021.01.434.
Ramesh, M., Palanikumar, K., Reddy, K.H., Plant fibre based bio-composites: sustainable and renewable green materials. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 79 (2017), 558–584, 10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.094.
Labiad, Y., Meddah, A., Beddar, M., Physical and mechanical behavior of cement-stabilized compressed earth blocks reinforced by sisal fibers. Mater Today Proc 53 (2022), 139–143, 10.1016/j.matpr.2021.12.446.
Taallah, B., Guettala, A., The mechanical and physical properties of compressed earth block stabilized with lime and filled with untreated and alkali-treated date palm fibers. Construct Build Mater, 2016, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.007.
Idder, A., Hamouine, A., Labbaci, B., Abdeldjebar, R., The porosity of stabilized earth blocks with the addition plant fibers of the date palm. Civ Eng J 6 (2020), 478–494, 10.28991/cej-2020-03091485.
Laborel-Préneron, A., Aubert, J.E., Magniont, C., Tribout, C., Bertron, A., Plant aggregates and fibers in earth construction materials: a review. Construct Build Mater 111 (2016), 719–734, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.119.
Subramanian, G.K.M., Balasubramanian, M., Jeya Kumar, A.A., A review on the mechanical properties of natural fiber reinforced compressed earth blocks. J Nat Fibers, 2021, 10.1080/15440478.2021.1958405.
Valenzuela, M., Leiva, J., Salas, A., Ciudad, G., Cárdenas, J.P., Oñate, A., et al. CEBs with GRC: fabrication, characterization, modeling, and correlation with microstructural fracture features. Mater Today Commun, 37, 2023, 107028, 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2023.107028.
Freitas, L.C., Barbosa, J.R., da Costa, A.L.C., Bezerra, F.W.F., Pinto, R.H.H., de Carvalho Junior, R.N., From waste to sustainable industry: how can agro-industrial wastes help in the development of new products?. Resour Conserv Recycl, 169, 2021, 105466, 10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105466.
Oliveira, M., Cocozza, A., Zucaro, A., Santagata, R., Ulgiati, S., Circular economy in the agro-industry: integrated environmental assessment of dairy products. Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 148, 2021, 111314, 10.1016/j.rser.2021.111314.
Shaheen, S.M., Antoniadis, V., Shahid, M., Yang, Y., Abdelrahman, H., Zhang, T., et al. Sustainable applications of rice feedstock in agro-environmental and construction sectors: a global perspective. Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 153, 2022, 111791, 10.1016/j.rser.2021.111791.
Sassu, M., Romanazzi, A., Giresini, L., Franco, W., Ferraresi, C., Quaglia, G., et al. Production procedures and mechanical behaviour of interlocking stabilized compressed earth blocks (ISCEBs) manufactured using float ram 1.0 press. Eng Solid Mech, 2018, 89–104, 10.5267/j.esm.2018.3.004.
Mansour, M Ben, Jelidi, A., Cherif, A.S., Jabrallah, S Ben, Optimizing thermal and mechanical performance of compressed earth blocks (CEB). Construct Build Mater 104 (2016), 44–51, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.024.
Touré, P.M., Sambou, V., Faye, M., Thiam, A., Adj, M., Azilinon, D., Mechanical and hygrothermal properties of compressed stabilized earth bricks (CSEB). J Build Eng 13 (2017), 266–271, 10.1016/j.jobe.2017.08.012.
Malbila, E., Delvoie, S., Toguyeni, D., Courard, L., Attia, S., Improving the building energy efficiency and thermal comfort through the design of walls in compressed earth blocks of agricultural and biopolymer residues masonry. Curr J Appl Sci Technol 40 (2021), 7–22, 10.9734/cjast/2021/v40i4531624.
Masonry Standards Joint Committee (MSJC). Building code requirements and specification for masonry structures. 2013, American Concrete Institute, 1–13 ACI)530/530.
Saad, A.S., Ahmed, T.A., Yassin, M.H., Radwan, A.I., Ezzedine, A.I., Out-of-Plane structural performance of compressed earth block walls subject to quasistatic loading. Adv Civ Eng Mater, 2022, 10.1520/ACEM20210038.