[en] Leads play an important role in the exchange of heat, gases, vapour, and particles between seawater and the atmosphere in ice-covered polar oceans. In summer, these processes can be modified significantly by the formation of a meltwater layer at the surface, yet we know little about the dynamics of meltwater layer formation and persistence. During the drift campaign of the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC), we examined how variation in lead width, re-freezing, and mixing events affected the vertical structure of lead waters during late summer in the central Arctic. At the beginning of the 4-week survey period, a meltwater layer occupied the surface 0.8 m of the lead, and temperature and salinity showed strong vertical gradients. Stable oxygen isotopes indicate that the meltwater consisted mainly of sea ice meltwater rather than snow meltwater. During the first half of the survey period (before freezing), the meltwater layer thickness decreased rapidly as lead width increased and stretched the layer horizontally. During the latter half of the survey period (after freezing of the lead surface), stratification weakened and the meltwater layer became thinner before disappearing completely due to surface ice formation and mixing processes. Removal of meltwater during surface ice formation explained about 43% of the reduction in thickness of the meltwater layer. The remaining approximate 57% could be explained by mixing within the water column initiated by disturbance of the lower boundary of the meltwater layer through wind-induced ice floe drift. These results indicate that rapid, dynamic changes to lead water structure can have potentially significant effects on the exchange of physical and biogeochemical components throughout the atmosphere-lead-underlying seawater system.
Research center :
FOCUS - Freshwater and OCeanic science Unit of reSearch - ULiège [BE]
Disciplines :
Earth sciences & physical geography
Author, co-author :
Nomura, Daiki; Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan ; Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan ; Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
Kawaguchi, Yusuke; Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
Webb, Alison L.; School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom ; Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, United Kingdom
Li, Yuhong; Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
Dall'osto, Manuel; Institute of Marine Sciences, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
Schmidt, Katrin; School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
Droste, Elise S.; School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom ; Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
Chamberlain, Emelia J.; Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, United States
Kolabutin, Nikolai; Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
Shimanchuk, Egor; Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
Hoppmann, Mario; Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
Gallagher, Michael R.; Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, United States ; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Physical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, United States
Meyer, Hanno; Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
Mellat, Moein; Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
Bauch, Dorothea; GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany ; Leibniz Laboratory, University of Kiel (CAU), Kiel, Germany
Gabarró, Carolina; Barcelona Expert Center (BEC), Institute of Marine Science (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
Smith, Madison M.; Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, United States ; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, United States
Inoue, Jun; National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, Japan
Damm, Ellen; Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany ; Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
Delille, Bruno ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO)
F.R.S.-FNRS - Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique [BE]
Funding text :
This study was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (grant numbers: JP18H03745; JP18KK0292; JP17KK0083; JP17H04715; JP20H04345) and by a grant from the Joint Research Program of the Japan Arctic Research NetworkCenter. MM and HM are supported through the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grant number 03FO869A). ALW and KS were funded through the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) (Grants No NE/S002596/1 and NE/S002502/1, respectively). ESD was supported by NERC through the EnvEast Doctoral Training Partnership (NE/L002582/1), as well as NERC and the Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy (BEIS) through the UK Arctic Office. EJC was supported by the National Science Foundation (USA) NSF OPP 1821911 and NSF Graduate Research Fellowship. CG was funded through the Spanish funding Agency (AEI) though the grant PCI 2019-111844-2. MMS was funded through NSF OPP-1724467, OPP-1724748, and OPP-2138787. DB was funded through the German funding Agency (DFG) through grant BA1689/4-1.
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