Article (Scientific journals)
Thin and transient meltwater layers and false bottoms in the Arctic sea ice pack-Recent insights on these historically overlooked features
Smith, Madison M.; Angot, Hélène; Chamberlain, Emelia J. et al.
2023In Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, 11 (1)
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Keywords :
Air-sea gas exchange; Arctic ecosystem; Arctic sea ice; Atmosphere-ice-ocean interactions; Meltwater; MOSAiC expedition; Oceanography; Environmental Engineering; Ecology; Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology; Geology; Atmospheric Science
Abstract :
[en] The rapid melt of snow and sea ice during the Arctic summer provides a significant source of low-salinity meltwater to the surface ocean on the local scale. The accumulation of this meltwater on, under, and around sea ice floes can result in relatively thin meltwater layers in the upper ocean. Due to the small-scale nature of these upper-ocean features, typically on the order of 1 m thick or less, they are rarely detected by standard methods, but are nevertheless pervasive and critically important in Arctic summer. Observations during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition in summer 2020 focused on the evolution of such layers and made significant advancements in understanding their role in the coupled Arctic system. Here we provide a review of thin meltwater layers in the Arctic, with emphasis on the new findings from MOSAiC. Both prior and recent observational datasets indicate an intermittent yet longlasting (weeks to months) meltwater layer in the upper ocean on the order of 0.1 m to 1.0 m in thickness, with a large spatial range. The presence of meltwater layers impacts the physical system by reducing bottom ice melt and allowing new ice formation via false bottom growth. Collectively, the meltwater layer and false bottoms reduce atmosphere-ocean exchanges of momentum, energy, and material.The impacts on the coupled Arctic system are far-reaching, including acting as a barrier for nutrient and gas exchange and impacting ecosystem diversity and productivity.
Research Center/Unit :
FOCUS - Freshwater and OCeanic science Unit of reSearch - ULiège [BE]
Disciplines :
Earth sciences & physical geography
Author, co-author :
Smith, Madison M.;  Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, United States
Angot, Hélène;  Extreme Environments Research Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne Valais Wallis, Sion, Switzerland ; University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, Grenoble, France
Chamberlain, Emelia J.;  Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, San diego, United States
Droste, Elise S.;  University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom ; Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
Karam, Salar;  Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Muilwijk, Morven;  Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
Webb, Alison L.;  University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom ; University of York, York, United Kingdom
Archer, Stephen D.;  Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, United States
Beck, Ivo;  Extreme Environments Research Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne Valais Wallis, Sion, Switzerland
Blomquist, Byron W.;  Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, United States ; NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, United States
Bowman, Jeff;  Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, San diego, United States
Boyer, Matthew;  Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Bozzato, Deborah;  Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
Chierici, Melissa;  Institute of Marine Research, Tromsø, Norway
Creamean, Jessie;  Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States
D’Angelo, Alessandra;  Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, United States
Delille, Bruno  ;  Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO)
Fer, Ilker;  Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Fong, Allison A.;  Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
Fransson, Agneta;  Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
Fuchs, Niels;  Center for Earth System Sustainability, Institute of Oceanography, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
Gardner, Jessie;  UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
Granskog, Mats A.;  Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
Hoppe, Clara J.M.;  Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
Hoppema, Mario;  Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
Hoppmann, Mario;  Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
Mock, Thomas;  University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
Muller, Sofia  ;  Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Chemical Oceanography Unit (COU) ; PROPICE, Laboratoire de Glaciologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
Müller, Oliver;  Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Nicolaus, Marcel;  Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
Nomura, Daiki;  Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan
Petäjä, Tuukka;  Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Salganik, Evgenii;  Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway ; Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
Schmale, Julia;  Extreme Environments Research Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne Valais Wallis, Sion, Switzerland
Schmidt, Katrin;  School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
Schulz, Kirstin M.;  Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
Shupe, Matthew D.;  Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, United States ; NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, United States
Stefels, Jacqueline;  Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
Thielke, Linda;  Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Germany
Tippenhauer, Sandra;  Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
Ulfsbo, Adam;  Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
van Leeuwe, Maria;  Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
Webster, Melinda;  Polar Science Center, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
Yoshimura, Masaki;  Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan
Zhan, Liyang;  Third Institute of Oceanograhy, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
More authors (35 more) Less
Language :
English
Title :
Thin and transient meltwater layers and false bottoms in the Arctic sea ice pack-Recent insights on these historically overlooked features
Publication date :
07 September 2023
Journal title :
Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene
ISSN :
2325-1026
eISSN :
2325-1026
Publisher :
University of California Press
Volume :
11
Issue :
1
Peer reviewed :
Peer reviewed
Funders :
F.R.S.-FNRS - Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique [BE]
Funding text :
Some of this research was funded by the US National Science Foundation (awards OPP 1807496, 1914781, and 1807163), the Swiss National Science Foundation (grant 200021_188478), and the Swiss Polar Institute (grant DIRCR-2018-004). JS hold the Ingvar Kamprad chair for extreme environments research, sponsored by Ferring Pharmaceuticals.ESD was supported by NERC through the EnvEast Doctoral Training Partnership (NE/L002582/1), as well as NERC and the Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy (BEIS) through the UK Arctic Office.MMS was funded by NSF OPP 2138787.MAW conducted this work under the National Science Foundation Project 2325430.MAG, MM and ES were funded through the HAVOC project by the Research Council of Norway, HAVOC, grant no 280292.LT was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG through the International Research Training Group IRTG 1904 ArcTrain grant 221211316.Data used in this manuscript were produced as part of the international Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of the Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) with the tag MOSAiC20192020 and the Project_ID: AWI_PS122_00. The authors thank all people involved in the expedition of the Research Vessel Polarstern during MOSAiC in 2019 2020 as listed in Nixdorf et al. (2021). They gratefully acknowledge helpful reviews from Haakon Hop and CJ Mundy which greatly improved the manuscript. MMS was funded by NSF OPP 2138787. JMC was funded by DE-SC0019745, DE-SC0022046, and DE-AC05-76RL01830. MAG, MM and ES were funded through the HAVOC project by the Research Council of Norway, HAVOC, grant no 280292. IF was funded through the AROMA project by the Research Council of Norway, grant no 294396. MAG and MM were funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, project CRiceS, grant no 101003826. LT was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG through the International Research Training Group IRTG 1904 ArcTrain grant 221211316. SK was funded by the Swedish Research Council, grant 2018-03859. AD, JB, and EJC were funded by NSF OPP 1821900, EJC was additionally funded by an NSF GRFP. DN and MY was funded by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science 18H03745. ALWand KS were funded through the UK Natural Environment Research Council NERC Grants No NE/S002596/ 1 and NE/S002502/1, respectively. DB was supported by the Netherlands Polar Programme (NWO), Project no 866.18.002. SM and BD are PhD student and research associate, respectively, of the F.R.S.-FNRS and are founded by the F.R.S.-FNRS Project J.0051.20. NF is funded through the BMBF project NiceLABpro (grant 03F0867A). MDS was supported by the US National Science Foundation (OPP-1724551), NOAA Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program (FundRef DOI: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.13039/100018302), and NOAA cooperative agreement (NA22OAR4320151). The Chinese program for MOSAiC was funded by the CAA. TM acknowledges funding from the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) grant NE/W005654/1. ESD was supported by NERC through the EnvEast Doctoral Training Partnership (NE/L002582/1), as well as NERC and the Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy (BEIS) through the UK Arctic Office. Some of this research was funded by the US National Science Foundation (awards OPP 1807496, 1914781, and 1807163), the Swiss National Science Foundation (grant 200021_188478), and the Swiss Polar Institute (grant DIRCR-2018-004). JS hold the Ingvar Kamprad chair for extreme environments research, sponsored by Ferring Pharmaceuticals. MAW conducted this work under the National Science Foundation Project 2325430.The Chinese program for MOSAiC was funded by the CAA.AD, JB, and EJC were funded by NSF OPP 1821900, EJC was additionally funded by an NSF GRFP.MDS was supported by the US National Science Foundation (OPP-1724551), NOAA Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program (FundRef DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100018302 ), and NOAA cooperative agreement (NA22OAR4320151).SK was funded by the Swedish Research Council, grant 2018-03859.NF is funded through the BMBF project NiceLABpro (grant 03F0867A).TM acknowledges funding from the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) grant NE/W005654/1.DN and MY was funded by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science 18H03745.DB was supported by the Netherlands Polar Programme (NWO), Project no 866.18.002.MAG and MM were funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, project CRiceS, grant no 101003826.ALW and KS were funded through the UK Natural Environment Research Council NERC Grants No NE/S002596/1 and NE/S002502/1, respectively.JMC was funded by DE-SC0019745, DE-SC0022046, and DE-AC05-76RL01830.IF was funded through the AROMA project by the Research Council of Norway, grant no 294396.
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