Antarctica; Ice algae; Nitrogen cycle; Nutrients; Organic matter; Primary production; Remineralisation; Sea ice; Antarctic sea ice; Data compilation; Land-fast; Nitrogen cycles; Remineralization; Seasonal cycle; Silicic acids; Oceanography; Environmental Chemistry; Chemistry (all); Water Science and Technology; General Chemistry
Abstract :
[en] Antarctic sea ice plays an important role in Southern Ocean biogeochemistry and mediating Earth's climate system. Yet our understanding of biogeochemical cycling in sea ice is limited by the availability of relevant data over sufficient temporal and spatial scales. Here we present a new publicly available compilation of macronutrient concentration data from Antarctic land-fast sea ice, covering the full seasonal cycle using datasets from around Antarctica, as well as a smaller dataset of macronutrient concentrations in adjacent seawater. We show a strong seasonal cycle whereby nutrient concentrations are high during autumn and winter, due to supply from underlying surface waters, and then are utilised in spring and summer by mixed ice algal communities consisting of diatoms and non-siliceous species. Our data indicate some degree of nutrient limitation of ice algal primary production, with silicon limitation likely being most prevalent, although uncertainties remain around the affinities of sea-ice algae for each nutrient. Remineralisation of organic matter and nutrient recycling drive substantial accumulations of inorganic nitrogen, phosphate and to a lesser extent silicic acid in some ice cores to concentrations far in excess of those in surface waters. Nutrient supply to fast ice is enhanced by brine convection, platelet ice accumulation and incorporation into the ice matrix, and under-ice tidal currents, whilst nutrient adsorption to sea-ice surfaces, formation of biofilms, and abiotic mineral precipitation and dissolution can also influence fast-ice nutrient cycling. Concentrations of nitrate, ammonium and silicic acid were generally higher in fast ice than reported for Antarctic pack ice, and this may support the typically observed higher algal biomass in fast-ice environments.
Research center :
FOCUS - Freshwater and OCeanic science Unit of reSearch - ULiège [BE]
Disciplines :
Earth sciences & physical geography
Author, co-author :
Henley, Sian F.; School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Cozzi, Stefano; CNR-ISMAR, Istituto di Scienze Marine, Trieste, Italy
Fripiat, François; Department of Geosciences, Environment and Society, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
Lannuzel, Delphine; Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
Nomura, Daiki; Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan
Thomas, David N.; Faculty of Biological & Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
Meiners, Klaus M.; Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, Kingston, Australia ; Australian Antarctic Program Partnership, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia ; Australian Centre for Excellence in Antarctic Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
Vancoppenolle, Martin; Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
Arrigo, Kevin; Department of Earth System Science, 473 Via Ortega, Room 141, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
Stefels, Jacqueline; University of Groningen Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFeS), Groningen, Netherlands
van Leeuwe, Maria; University of Groningen Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFeS), Groningen, Netherlands
Moreau, Sebastien; Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
Jones, Elizabeth M.; Institute of Marine Research, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
Fransson, Agneta; Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
Chierici, Melissa; Institute of Marine Research, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
Delille, Bruno ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO)
F.R.S.-FNRS - Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique [BE]
Funding text :
SFH was supported by the United Kingdom Natural Environment Research Council through grant NE/K010034/1 . KMM was supported by the Australian Government through Australian Antarctic Science Project # 4546 , through the Antarctic Science Collaboration Initiative program (project ID ASCI000002 ), and through the Australian Research Council's Australian Centre for Excellence in Antarctic Science (Project Number SR200100008 ). These funders had no influence or involvement in the study design, execution or the preparation of the article.SFH was supported by the United Kingdom Natural Environment Research Council through grant NE/K010034/1. KMM was supported by the Australian Government through Australian Antarctic Science Project #4546, through the Antarctic Science Collaboration Initiative program (project ID ASCI000002), and through the Australian Research Council's Australian Centre for Excellence in Antarctic Science (Project Number SR200100008). These funders had no influence or involvement in the study design, execution or the preparation of the article. This study was carried out under the auspices of the international expert group on Biogeochemical Exchange Processes at Sea-Ice Interfaces (BEPSII), which was originally a Working Group of the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR; WG-140) and has since been endorsed by the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR), the Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) and Climate and Cryosphere (CliC). This study was also supported by the Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS) and the data will be available through SOOS’ open-access data portal SOOSmap (https://soos.aq/data/soosmap). The authors would like to thank the editor and three reviewers for their thorough and careful review and handling of our manuscript, which have undoubtedly improved the final paper. For the purpose of open access, the author has applied a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) licence to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising from this submission.
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