[en] Polar oceans and sea ice cover 15% of the Earth’s ocean surface, and the environment is changing rapidly at both poles. Improving knowledge on the interactions between the atmospheric and oceanic realms in the polar regions, a Surface Ocean-Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) project key focus, is essential to understanding the Earth system in the context of climate change. However, our ability to monitor the pace and magnitude of changes in the polar regions and evaluate their impacts for the rest of the globe is limited by both remoteness and sea-ice coverage. Sea ice not only supports biological activity and mediates gas and aerosol exchange but can also hinder some in-situ and remote sensing observations. While satellite remote sensing provides the baseline climate record for sea-ice properties and extent, these techniques cannot provide key variables within and below sea ice. Recent robotics, modeling, and in-situ measurement advances have opened new possibilities for understanding the ocean-sea ice-atmosphere system, but critical knowledge gaps remain. Seasonal and long-term observations are clearly lacking across all variables and phases. Observational and modeling efforts across the sea-ice, ocean, and atmospheric domains must be better linked to achieve a system-level understanding of polar ocean and sea-ice environments. As polar oceans are warming and sea ice is becoming thinner and more ephemeral than before, dramatic changes over a suite of physicochemical and biogeochemical processes are expected, if not already underway.These changes in sea-ice and ocean conditions will affect atmospheric processes by modifying the production of aerosols, aerosol precursors, reactive halogens and oxidants, and the exchange of greenhouse gases. Quantifying which processes will be enhanced or reduced by climate change calls for tailored monitoring programs for high-latitude ocean environments. Open questions in this coupled system will be best resolved by leveraging ongoing international and multidisciplinary programs, such as efforts led by SOLAS, to link research across the ocean-sea ice-atmosphere interface.
Research Center/Unit :
FOCUS - Freshwater and OCeanic science Unit of reSearch - ULiège
Disciplines :
Earth sciences & physical geography
Author, co-author :
Willis, Megan D. ; Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States
Lannuzel, Delphine ; Australian Centre for Excellence in Antarctic Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia ; Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
Else, Brent ; Department of Geography, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
Angot, Hélène ; University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, Grenoble, France
Campbell, Karley ; Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
Crabeck, Odile ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Freshwater and OCeanic science Unit of reSearch (FOCUS) ; Laboratoire de Glaciologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
Delille, Bruno ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO)
Hayashida, Hakase ; Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia ; Application Laboratory, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan
Lizotte, Martine ; Takuvik International Research Laboratory (IRL3376), Université Laval-CNRS, Département de Biologie et Québec- Océan, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
Loose, Brice ; Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, United States
Meiners, Klaus M. ; Australian Centre for Excellence in Antarctic Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia ; Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, Kingston, Australia ; Australian Antarctic Program Partnership, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
Miller, Lisa ; Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, Canada
Moreau, Sebastien ; Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø, Norway
Nomura, Daiki ; School of Fisheries Sciences & Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan
Prytherch, John ; Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Schmale, Julia ; Extreme Environments Research Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais Wallis, Sion, Switzerland
Steiner, Nadja ; Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, Canada
Tedesco, Letizia ; Marine and Freshwater Solutions Unit, Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland
Thomas, Jennie ; University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, Grenoble, France
This publication resulted in part from support from the U.S. National Science Foundation (grant OCE-1840868) to the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR), the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 101003826 via the project “CRiceS: Climate Relevant interactions and feedbacks: the key role of sea ice and Snow in the polar and global climate system,” and the Government of Canada’s New Frontiers in Research Fund (NFRF) for partner country participation in the CRiceS project, Grant Number NFRFG-2020-00451. Delphine Lannuzel was supported by the Australian Research Council through a Future Fellowship (L0026677) and a Special Research Initiative grant (SR200100008). This work also contributes to the Australian Antarctic Program Partnership funded by the Australian Government as part of the Antarctic Science Collaboration Initiative program (project ID ASCI000002). Megan Willis received funding from the U.S. National Science Foundation for the project “SMÄLTA: Secondary Marine Aerosol precursors and Links to aerosol growth at ice-melT onset in the Arctic” (grant no. AGS-2211153). Sebastien Moreau received funding from the Research Council of Norway for the project “I-CRYME: Impact of CRYosphere Melting on Southern Ocean Ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles” (grant no. 335512) and for the Norwegian Centre of Excellence “iC3: Center for ice, Cryosphere, Carbon and Climate” (grand no. 332635). Karley Campbell received funding from the Research Council of Norway for the project “BREATHE: Bottom sea ice Respiration and nutrient Exchanges Assessed for THE Arctic” (grant no. 325405). John Prytherch was supported by the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (grant no. 2016-0024). Letizia Tedesco received funding from the Academy of Finland for the project “IMICROBE: Iron limitation on primary productivity in the Marginal Ice Zone of the Southern Ocean—unravelling the role of bacteria as mediators in the iron cycle” (grant no. 335692).
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