Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics; Astrophysics - Earth; and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract :
[en] We still do not understand how planets form or why extrasolar planetary systems are so different from our own Solar System. However, the past few years have dramatically changed our view of the disks of gas and dust around young stars. Observations with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array and extreme adaptive-optics systems have revealed that most—if not all—disks contain substructure, including rings and gaps<SUP>1-3</SUP>, spirals<SUP>4-6</SUP>, azimuthal dust concentrations<SUP>7</SUP> and shadows cast by misaligned inner disks<SUP>5,8</SUP>. These features have been interpreted as signatures of newborn protoplanets, but the exact origin is unknown. Here we report the kinematic detection of a few-Jupiter-mass planet located in a gas and dust gap at 130 au in the disk surrounding the young star HD 97048. An embedded planet can explain both the disturbed Keplerian flow of the gas, detected in CO lines, and the gap detected in the dust disk at the same radius. While gaps appear to be a common feature in protoplanetary disks<SUP>2,3</SUP>, we present a direct correspondence between a planet and a dust gap, indicating that at least some gaps are the result of planet-disk interactions.
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
Pinte, C.; ANU, Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Institute de Planetologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble
van der Plas, G.; Institute de Planetologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble
Ménard, F.; Institute de Planetologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble
Price, D. J.; ANU, Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics
Christiaens, Valentin ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Unités de recherche interfacultaires > Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR) ; ANU, Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics
Hill, T.; ALMA Science Center, Chile
Mentiplay, D.; ANU, Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics
Ginski, C.; University of Amsterdam, Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy
ALMA Partnership et al. The 2014 ALMA long baseline campaign: first results from high angular resolution observations toward the HL Tau region. Astrophys. J. Lett. 808, L3 (2015).
Long, F. et al. Gaps and rings in an ALMA survey of disks in the Taurus star-forming region. Astrophys. J. 869, 17 (2018).
Huang, J. et al. The disk substructures at high angular resolution project (DSHARP). II. Characteristics of annular substructures. Astrophys. J. Lett. 869, L42 (2018).
Benisty, M. et al. Asymmetric features in the protoplanetary disk MWC 758. Astron. Astrophys. 578, L6 (2015).
Stolker, T. et al. Shadows cast on the transition disk of HD 135344B. Multiwavelength VLT/SPHERE polarimetric differential imaging. Astron. Astrophys. 595, A113 (2016).
Huang, J. et al. The disk substructures at high angular resolution project (DSHARP). III. Spiral structures in the millimeter continuum of the Elias 27, IM Lup, and WaOph 6 disks. Astrophys. J. Lett. 869, L43 (2018).
van der Marel, N. et al. A major asymmetric dust trap in a transition disk. Science 340, 1199–1202 (2013).
Marino, S., Perez, S. & Casassus, S. Shadows cast by a warp in the HD 142527 protoplanetary disk. Astrophys. J. Lett. 798, L44 (2015).
Takahashi, S. Z. & Inutsuka, S.-i Two-component secular gravitational instability in a protoplanetary disk: a possible mechanism for creating ring-like structures. Astrophys. J. 794, 55 (2014).
Gonzalez, J.-F., Laibe, G., Maddison, S. T., Pinte, C. & Ménard, F. ALMA images of discs: are all gaps carved by planets? Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 454, L36–L40 (2015).
Lorén-Aguilar, P. & Bate, M. R. Toroidal vortices and the conglomeration of dust into rings in protoplanetary discs. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 453, L78–L82 (2015).
Zhang, K., Blake, G. A. & Bergin, E. A. Evidence of fast pebble growth near condensation fronts in the HL Tau protoplanetary disk. Astrophys. J. Lett. 806, L7 (2015).
Béthune, W., Lesur, G. & Ferreira, J. Self-organisation in protoplanetary discs. Global, non-stratified Hall-MHD simulations. Astron. Astrophys. 589, A87 (2016).
Dipierro, G. et al. On planet formation in HL Tau. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 453, L73–L77 (2015).
Zhang, S. et al. The disk substructures at high angular resolution project (DSHARP). VII. The planet–disk interactions interpretation. Astrophys. J. Lett. 869, L47 (2018).
Rameau, J. et al. An optical/near-infrared investigation of HD 100546 b with the Gemini Planet Imager and MagAO. Astron. J. 153, 244 (2017).
Ligi, R. et al. Investigation of the inner structures around HD 169142 with VLT/SPHERE. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 473, 1774–1783 (2018).
Currie, T. et al. No clear, direct evidence for multiple protoplanets orbiting LkCa 15: LkCa 15 bcd are likely inner disk signals. Preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.04322 (2019).
Keppler, M. et al. Discovery of a planetary-mass companion within the gap of the transition disk around PDS 70. Astron. Astrophys. 617, A44 (2018).
Müller, A. et al. Orbital and atmospheric characterization of the planet within the gap of the PDS 70 transition disk. Astron. Astrophys. 617, L2 (2018).
Christiaens, V. et al. Separating extended disc features from the protoplanet in PDS 70 using VLT/SINFONI. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 486, 5819–5837 (2019).
Haffert, S. Y. et al. Two accreting protoplanets around the young star PDS 70. Nat. Astron. 10.1038/s41550-019-0780-5(2019).
Perez, S. et al. Planet formation signposts: observability of circumplanetary disks via gas kinematics. Astrophys. J. Lett. 811, L5 (2015).
Pinte, C. et al. Kinematic evidence for an embedded protoplanet in a circumstellar disk. Astrophys. J. Lett. 860, L13 (2018).
Teague, R., Bae, J., Bergin, E. A., Birnstiel, T. & Foreman-Mackey, D. A kinematical detection of two embedded Jupiter-mass planets in HD 163296. Astrophys. J. Lett. 860, L12 (2018).
Pinte, C. et al. Direct mapping of the temperature and velocity gradients in discs. Imaging the vertical CO snow line around IM Lupi. Astron. Astrophys. 609, A47 (2018).
Dong, R., Liu, S.-Y. & Fung, J. Observational signatures of planets in protoplanetary disks: planet-induced line broadening in gaps. Astrophys. J. 870, 72 (2019).
Ginski, C. et al. Direct detection of scattered light gaps in the transitional disk around HD 97048 with VLT/SPHERE. Astron. Astrophys. 595, A112 (2016).
Dong, R. & Fung, J. What is the mass of a gap-opening planet? Astrophys. J. 835, 146 (2017).
Rosotti, G. P., Juhasz, A., Booth, R. A. & Clarke, C. J. The minimum mass of detectable planets in protoplanetary discs and the derivation of planetary masses from high-resolution observations. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 459, 2790–2805 (2016).
Kataoka, A. et al. Submillimeter polarization observation of the protoplanetary disk around HD 142527. Astrophys. J. Lett. 831, L12 (2016).
Dent, W. R. F. et al. Submillimetre dust polarization and opacity in the HD163296 protoplanetary ring system. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 482, L29–L33 (2019).
Gaia Collaboration et al. Gaia Data Release 2. Summary of the contents and survey properties. Astron. Astrophys. 616, A1 (2018).
Lagage, P.-O. et al. Anatomy of a flaring proto-planetary disk around a young intermediate-mass star. Science 314, 621–623 (2006).
van der Plas, G. et al. Cavity and other radial substructures in the disk around HD 97048. Astron. Astrophys. 597, A32 (2017).
Price, D. J. et al. Phantom: a smoothed particle hydrodynamics and magnetohydrodynamics code for astrophysics. Publ. Astron. Soc. Aust. 35, e031 (2018).
Hutchison, M., Price, D. J. & Laibe, G. MULTIGRAIN: a smoothed particle hydrodynamic algorithm for multiple small dust grains and gas. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 476, 2186–2198 (2018).
Ballabio, G. et al. Enforcing dust mass conservation in 3D simulations of tightly coupled grains with the PHANTOM SPH code. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 477, 2766–2771 (2018).
Shakura, N. I. & Sunyaev, R. A. Black holes in binary systems. Observational appearance. Astron. Astrophys. 24, 337–355 (1973).
Lodato, G. & Price, D. J. On the diffusive propagation of warps in thin accretion discs. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 405, 1212–1226 (2010).
Bate, M. R., Bonnell, I. A. & Price, N. M. Modelling accretion in protobinary systems. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 277, 362–376 (1995).
Pinte, C., Ménard, F., Duchêne, G. & Bastien, P. Monte Carlo radiative transfer in protoplanetary disks. Astron. Astrophys. 459, 797–804 (2006).
Pinte, C. et al. Benchmark problems for continuum radiative transfer. High optical depths, anisotropic scattering, and polarisation. Astron. Astrophys. 498, 967–980 (2009).
Woitke, P. Consistent dust and gas models for protoplanetary disks III. Models for selected objects from the FP7 DIANA project. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 131, 064301 (2019).
Woitke, P. et al. Consistent dust and gas models for protoplanetary disks. I. Disk shape, dust settling, opacities, and PAHs. Astron. Astrophys. 586, A103 (2016).
Price, D. J. splash: an interactive visualisation tool for smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations. Publ. Astron. Soc. Aust. 24, 159–173 (2007).
