AIMD; chalcogenide glass; Kerr refractive indexes; nonlinear optics; photonics; All optical computing; Chalcogenide glass; Chip-scale; High optical nonlinearities; High-bit-rate communications; Kerr refractive index; New applications; Nonlinear photonics; On chips; Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials; Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Abstract :
[en] Nonlinear photonics integrated at the chip scale opens the path to new applications in an increasing number of fields such as all-optical computing, high bit rate communications on chip, or embedded sensing with frequency combs and super-continuum sources. All these applications require materials having the best trade-off between optical losses, Kerr refractive index, and compatibility with current nanofabrication facilities. Although optimizing the nanofabrication process can minimize linear optical losses to some extent, optimizing the Kerr index of the materials remains challenging because a clear understanding of the link between atomic structure and optical nonlinearities is still missing. This is precisely what this work addresses for chalcogenide glasses based on thin films of Ge-Sb-Se alloys, a promising class of materials fully compatible with large-scale integration technology from the microelectronics industry. By coupling nonlinear Kerr index metrology with ab initio molecular dynamics calculations of amorphous models, this work unveils the unique molecular patterns in these alloys that are responsible for their unusual nonlinear polarizability. This provides for the first time valuable rules for the design of new optical materials with improved Kerr index enabling miniaturization and implementation of future nonlinear photonic devices that can then operate at significantly lower power.
Disciplines :
Physics
Author, co-author :
Dory, Jean-Baptiste; Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Leti, Grenoble, France
Ibnoussina, Meryem; ICB, UMR CNRS 6303, Université Bourgogne, Dijon cedex, France
Raty, Jean-Yves ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de chimie (sciences) ; Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Leti, Grenoble, France
P.N. and B.C. acknowledge funding from the ANR (Agence Nationale de la Recherche) through OCTANE project (grant agreement ANR–20–CE24–0019). Nonlinear phase experiments were conducted on the facilities of the SMARTLIGHT platform funded by the ANR and Région Bourgogne Franche‐Comté EQUIPEX + contract “ANR‐21‐ESRE‐0040”). P.N. and B.C. also thank the French research group “GdR CHALCO”, recently created for fruitful discussions ( https://gdrchalco.cnrs.fr/ ). J.Y.R. acknowledges the FNRS CDR project ABIGLO (J.0154.21) as well as support from FNRS and computational resources provided by the CÉCI (funded by the F.R.S.‐FNRS under Grant No. 2.5020.11) and the Tier‐1 supercomputer of the Fédération Wallonie‐Bruxelles (infrastructure funded by the Walloon Region under grant agreement n°1117545).
S. M. Hendrickson, J.OSA B Opt. Phys. 2014, 31, 3193.
R. S. Tucker, IEEE 2011, 3, 821.
B. J. Eggleton, B. Luther-Davies, K. Richardson, Nat. Photonics 2011, 5, 141.
M. Sieger, B. Mizaikoff, Anal. Chem. 2016, 88, 5562.
P. Noé, A. Verdy, F. d'Acapito, J.-B. Dory, M. Bernard, G. Navarro, J.-B. Jager, J. Gaudin, J.-Y. Raty, Sci. Adv. 2020, 6, eaay2830.
B.-U. Sohn, J. W. Choi, D. K. T. Ng, D. T. H. Tan, Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 10364.
J.-Y. Raty, M. Schumacher, P. Golub, V. L. Deringer, C. Gatti, M. Wuttig, Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1806280;
M. Wuttig, V. L. Deringer, X. Gonze, C. Bichara, J.-Y. Raty, Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1803777.
M. Wuttig, C.-F. Schön, M. Schumacher, J. Robertson, P. Golub, E. Bousquet, C. Gatti, J.-Y. Raty, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022, 32, 2110166.
P. Martinez, I. Papagiannouli, D. Descamps, S. Petit, J. Marthelot, A. Lévy, B. Fabre, J.-B. Dory, N. Bernier, J.-Y. Raty, P. Noé, J. Gaudin, Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 2003032.
J. Wang, L. Wang, J. Liu, IEEE Access 2020, 8, 121211.
J.-B. Dory, C. Castro-Chavarria, A. Verdy, J.-B. Jager, M. Bernard, C. Sabbione, M. Tessaire, J.-M. Fédéli, A. Coillet, B. Cluzel, P. Noé, Sci. Rep. 2020, 10, 11894.
J. Lemaitre, A. Gutierrez, E. Delcourt, W. El Ayed, P. Pirasteh, L. Bodiou, Y. Dumeige, I. Hardy, J. Charrier, E. Baudet, F. Starecki, R. Chahal, M. Baillieul, V. Nazabal, in 19th European Conference on Integrated Optics (ECIO 2017), 2017.
M. Wuttig, H. Bhaskaran, T. Taubner, Nat. Photonics 2017, 11, 465.
P. Pitchappa, A. Kumar, S. Prakash, H. Jani, T. Venkatesan, R. Singh, Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1808157.
P. Noé, C. Vallée, F. Hippert, F. Fillot, J.-Y. Raty, Semicond. Sci. Technol. 2018, 33, 013002.
P. Fantini, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 2020, 53, 283002.
P. Cappelletti, R. Annunziata, F. Arnaud, F. Disegni, A. Maurelli, P. Zuliani, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 2020, 53, 193002.
M. Le Gallo, A. Sebastian, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 2020, 53, 213002.
T. Kim, S. Lee, IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 2020, 67, 1394.
M. Xu, X. Mai, J. Lin, W. Zhang, Y. Li, Y. He, H. Tong, X. Hou, P. Zhou, X. Miao, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 2003419.
P. Noé, B. J. Kooi, M. Wuttig, physica status solidi (RRL) – Rapid Research Letters 2021, 15, 2100078.
R. M. Young, P. Borodulin, N. El-Hinnawy, A. Ezis, M. R. King, V. Luu, D. T. Nichols, in 2018 IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium – IMS, 2018, 832–835.
M. Wang, M. Rais-Zadeh, J. Micromech. Microeng. 2017, 27, 013001.
S. Ishizuka, P. J. Fons, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 25058.
D. Wu, L. Xie, X. Xu, J. He, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, 1806613.
J. Wang, C. Zhou, Y. Yu, Y. Zhou, L. Lu, B. Ge, Y. Cheng, C.-L. Jia, R. Mazzarello, Z. Shi, M. Wuttig, W. Zhang, Nano Energy 2021, 79, 105484.
C. Rodenkirchen, M. Cagnoni, S. Jakobs, Y. Cheng, J. Keutgen, Y. Yu, M. Wuttig, O. Cojocaru-Mirédin, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 1910039.
J. Reindl, H. Volker, N. P. Breznay, M. Wuttig, npj Quantum Mater. 2019, 4, 57.
S. Varotto, L. Nessi, S. Cecchi, J. Sławińska, P. Noël, S. Petrò, F. Fagiani, A. Novati, M. Cantoni, D. Petti, E. Albisetti, M. Costa, R. Calarco, M. Buongiorno Nardelli, M. Bibes, S. Picozzi, J.-P. Attané, L. Vila, R. Bertacco, C. Rinaldi, Nat Electron 2021, 4, 740.
P. Su, Z. Han, D. Kita, P. Becla, H. Lin, S. Deckoff-Jones, K. Richardson, L. C. Kimerling, J. Hu, A. Agarwal, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2019, 114, 051103.
K. V. Sreekanth, Q. Ouyang, S. Sreejith, S. Zeng, W. Lishu, E. Ilker, W. Dong, M. El Kabbash, Y. Ting, C. T. Lim, M. Hinczewski, G. Strangi, K. Yong, R. E. Simpson, R. Singh, Adv. Opt. Mater. 2019, 1900081, 1900081.
E. Baudet, M. Sergent, P. Němec, C. Cardinaud, E. Rinnert, K. Michel, L. Jouany, B. Bureau, V. Nazabal, Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 3500.
M.-L. Anne, J. Keirsse, V. Nazabal, K. Hyodo, S. Inoue, C. Boussard-Pledel, H. Lhermite, J. Charrier, K. Yanakata, O. Loreal, J. Le Person, F. Colas, C. Compère, B. Bureau, Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) 2009, 9, 7398.
Z. Yang, Z. Yang, R. Zhang, R. Zhang, Z. Wang, Z. Wang, P. Xu, P. Xu, P. Xu, W. Zhang, W. Zhang, W. Zhang, Z. Kang, Z. Kang, J. Zheng, S. Dai, S. Dai, R. Wang, R. Wang, R. Wang, A. Majumdar, A. Majumdar, Opt. Express OE 2021, 29, 33225.
D. J. Wilson, K. Schneider, S. Hönl, M. Anderson, Y. Baumgartner, L. Czornomaz, T. J. Kippenberg, P. Seidler, Nat. Photonics 2020, 14, 57.
H. A. Bosan, W. Beyer, U. Breuer, F. Finger, N. Hambach, M. Nuys, F. Pennartz, D. Amkreutz, S. Haas, Phys. Status Solidi A 2021, 218, 2000435.
T. Wang, X. Gai, W. Wei, R. Wang, Z. Yang, X. Shen, S. Madden, B. Luther-Davies, Opt. Mater. Express 2014, 4, 1011.
T. Kuriakose, E. Baudet, T. Halenkovic, M. M. R. Elsawy, P. Nemec, V. Nazabal, G. Renversez, M. Chauvet, Opt. Commun. 2017, 403, 352.
S. Serna, H. Lin, C. Alonso-Ramos, A. Yadav, X. Le Roux, K. Rihardson, E. Cassan, N. Dubreuil, J. Hu, L. Vivien, Photonics Res 2018, 6, B37.
J.-Y. Raty, M. Wuttig, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 2020, 53, 234002.
M. Ibnoussina, A. Coillet, J.-B. Dory, J.-B. Jager, P. Colman, P. Noé, B. Cluzel, Opt. Lett. 2020, 45, 5053.
A. Verdy, F. d'Acapito, J.-B. Dory, G. Navarro, M. Bernard, P. Noé, physica status solidi (RRL) – Rapid Research Letters 2020, 14, 1900548.
X. Gonze, C. Lee, Phys. Rev. B 1997, 55, 10355.
J.-Y. Raty, P. Noé, physica status solidi (RRL) – Rapid Research Letters 2020, 14, 2070024.
P. Khan, K. V. Adarsh, Physics 2021, 3, 255.
J. Xu, X. Li, J. Xiong, C. Yuan, S. Semin, T. Rasing, X.-H. Bu, Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 1806736.
G. Kresse, J. Hafner, Phys. Rev. B 1994, 49, 14251.
J. P. Perdew, K. Burke, M. Ernzerhof, Phys. Rev. Lett. 1996, 77, 3865.
G. Kresse, D. Joubert, Phys. Rev. B 1999, 59, 1758.
P. E. Blöchl, Phys. Rev. B 1994, 50, 17953.
W. Ibarra-Hernández, J.-Y. Raty, Phys. Rev. B 2018, 97, 245205.