planets and satellites: detection; planets and satellites: fundamental parameters; stars: fundamental parameters; stars: individual: HD 15906 (TOI 461, TIC 4646810); techniques: photometric; Exo-planets; Neptune; Outer planets; Planets and satellites: detections; Planets and satellites: fundamental parameters; Star: individual: HD 15906 (TOI 461, TIC 4646810); Stars: Be; Stars: individual: proxima Centauri; Stars:fundamental parameters; Techniques: photometric; Astronomy and Astrophysics; Space and Planetary Science; astro-ph.EP
Abstract :
[en] We report the discovery of two warm sub-Neptunes transiting the bright (G = 9.5 mag) K-dwarf HD 15906 (TOI 461, TIC 4646810). This star was observed by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) in sectors 4 and 31, revealing two small transiting planets. The inner planet, HD 15906 b, was detected with an unambiguous period but the outer planet, HD 15906 c, showed only two transits separated by ∼ 734 d, leading to 36 possible values of its period. We performed follow-up observations with the CHaracterising ExOPlanet Satellite (CHEOPS) to confirm the true period of HD 15906 c and improve the radius precision of the two planets. From TESS, CHEOPS, and additional ground-based photometry, we find that HD 15906 b has a radius of 2.24 ± 0.08 R and a period of 10.924709 ± 0.000032 d, whilst HD 15906 c has a radius of 2.93+−000607 R and a period of 21.583298+−00000055000052 d. Assuming zero bond albedo and full day-night heat redistribution, the inner and outer planet have equilibrium temperatures of 668 ± 13 K and 532 ± 10 K, respectively. The HD 15906 system has become one of only six multiplanet systems with two warm (700 K) sub-Neptune sized planets transiting a bright star (G ≤ 10 mag). It is an excellent target for detailed characterization studies to constrain the composition of sub-Neptune planets and test theories of planet formation and evolution.
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
Tuson, Amy ; Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Queloz, Didier ; Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom ; ETH Zurich, Department of Physics, Zurich, Switzerland
Osborn, Hugh P. ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Department of Physics, Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
Wilson, Thomas G. ; Centre for Exoplanet Science, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
Hooton, Matthew J. ; Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom ; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Beck, Mathias ; Observatoire Astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Lendl, Monika ; Observatoire Astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Olofsson, Göran ; Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
Fortier, Andrea ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Bonfanti, Andrea ; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Brandeker, Alexis ; Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
Buchhave, Lars A. ; DTU Space, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
Cameron, A. Collier; Centre for Exoplanet Science, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
Ciardi, David R. ; NASA Exoplanet Science Institute, Caltech/IPAC, Pasadena, United States
Collins, Karen A. ; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard and Smithsonian, Cambridge, United States
Gandolfi, Davide ; Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
Garai, Zoltan ; Astronomical Institute, Slovak Academy of Science, Stellar Department, Vysoké Tatry, Slovakia ; ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Gothard Astrophysical Observatory, Szombathely, Hungary ; MTA-ELTE Exoplanet Research Group, Szombathely, Hungary
Giacalone, Steven ; Department of Astronomy, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
da Silva, J. Gomes; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal
Howell, Steve B. ; NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, United States
Patel, Jayshil A.; Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
Persson, Carina M. ; Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, Onsala, Sweden
Serrano, Luisa M. ; Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
Sousa, Sérgio G. ; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal
Ulmer-Moll, Solène ; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Observatoire Astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Vanderburg, Andrew ; Department of Physics, Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
Ziegler, Carl; Department of Physics, Engineering and Astronomy, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, United States
Alibert, Yann ; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Alonso, Roi ; Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofisica, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Anglada, Guillem ; Institut de Ciencies de l’Espai (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain ; Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain
Bárczy, Tamas ; Admatis, Miskolc, Hungary
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Baumjohann, Wolfgang ; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Beck, Thomas; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Benz, Willy ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Broeg, Christopher ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Cabrera, Juan ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Charnoz, Sébastien ; Université de Paris, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS, Paris, France
Conti, Dennis M. ; American Association of Variable Star Observers, Cambridge, United States
Csizmadia, Sz. ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Cubillos, Patricio E.; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria ; INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Pino Torinese, Italy
Davies, Melvyn B. ; Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Delrez, Laetitia ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Exoplanets in Transit: Identification and Characterization
Demangeon, O.D.S. ; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Demory, Brice-Olivier ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Dragomir, Diana ; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, United States
Dressing, Courtney D. ; Department of Astronomy, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
Ehrenreich, David ; Observatoire Astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland ; Centre Vie dans l’Univers, Faculté des sciences, Université de Genève, Genève 4, Switzerland
Erikson, Anders; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Essack, Zahra ; Department of Physics, Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States ; Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
Farinato, Jacopo ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Fossati, Luca ; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Fridlund, Malcolm ; Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, Onsala, Sweden ; Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands
Furlan, Elise ; NASA Exoplanet Science Institute, Caltech/IPAC, Pasadena, United States
Gill, Holden ; Department of Astronomy, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
Gillon, Michaël ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO)
Gnilka, Crystal L. ; NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, United States
Gonzales, Erica; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, United States
Güdel, Manuel; Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Günther, Maximilian N. ; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
Isaak, Kate G. ; Science and Operations Department-Science Division (SCI-SC), Directorate of Science, European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
Jenkins, Jon M. ; NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, United States
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Laskar, Jacques ; IMCCE, UMR8028 CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Univ., Sorbonne Univ., Paris, France
Latham, David W. ; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard and Smithsonian, Cambridge, United States
Law, Nicholas; Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
des Etangs, A. Lecavelier; Institut d’astrophysique de Paris, UMR7095 CNRS, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, Paris, France
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Luque, Rafael ; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
Magrin, Demetrio ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
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Mayor, Michel; Observatoire Astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
McDermott, Scott; Proto-Logic LLC, Washington, United States
Mecina, Marko; Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Mordasini, Christoph; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Mortier, Annelies ; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Nascimbeni, Valerio ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Ottensamer, Roland; Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Pagano, Isabella ; INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Catania, Italy
Pallé, Enric ; Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain
Peter, Gisbert ; Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Piotto, Giampaolo ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy ; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia ‘Galileo Galilei’, Universita degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
Pollacco, Don; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Pritchard, Tyler; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, United States
Ragazzoni, Roberto ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy ; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia ‘Galileo Galilei’, Universita degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
Rando, Nicola; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
Ratti, Francesco; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
Rauer, Heike ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany ; Zentrum für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany ; Institut für Geologische Wissenschaften, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Ribas, Ignasi ; Institut de Ciencies de l’Espai (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain ; Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain
Ricker, George R. ; Department of Physics, Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
Rieder, Martin; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Santos, Nuno C. ; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Savel, Arjun B. ; Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, United States
Scandariato, Gaetano ; INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Catania, Italy
Schwarz, Richard P. ; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard and Smithsonian, Cambridge, United States
Seager, Sara ; Department of Physics, Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States ; Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States ; Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
Ségransan, Damien ; Observatoire Astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Shporer, Avi ; Department of Physics, Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
Simon, Attila E. ; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Ulmer, Bernd; Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Van Grootel, Valérie ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Astrophysique stellaire théorique et astérosismologie
Vanderspek, Roland ; Department of Physics, Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
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Walton, Nicholas A. ; Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Wohler, Bill ; NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, United States ; SETI Institute, Mountain View, United States
Some of the data presented herein were obtained at the W. M. Keck Observatory, which is operated as a scientific partnership among the California Institute of Technology, the University of California and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The Observatory was made possible by the generous financial support of the W. M. Keck Foundation. The authors wish to recognize and acknowledge the very significant cultural role and reverence that the summit of Maunakea has always had within the indigenous Hawaiian community. We are most fortunate to have the opportunity to conduct observations from this mountain.This paper utilizes data collected at Lick Observatory and analysed using funds provided by the NASA Exoplanets Research Program (XRP) through grant 80NSSC20K0250 (PI: Courtney D. Dressing).The Pan-STARRS1 Surveys (PS1) and the PS1 public science archive have been made possible through contributions by the Institute for Astronomy, the University of Hawaii, the Pan-STARRS Project Office, the Max-Planck Society and its participating institutes, the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, The Johns Hopkins University, Durham University, the University of Edinburgh, the Queen’s University Belfast, the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network Incorporated, the National Central University of Taiwan, the Space Telescope Science Institute, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grant No. NNX08AR22G issued through the Planetary Science Division of the NASA Science Mission Directorate, the National Science Foundation Grant No. AST-1238877, the University of Maryland, Eotvos Lorand University (ELTE), the Los Alamos National Laboratory, and the Gordon and Betty Moore FoundationThe Digitized Sky Surveys were produced at the Space Telescope Science Institute under U.S. Government grant NAG W-2166. The images of these surveys are based on photographic data obtained using the Oschin Schmidt Telescope on Palomar Mountain and the UK Schmidt Telescope. The plates were processed into the present compressed digital form with the permission of these institutions. The National Geographic Society – Palomar Observatory Sky Atlas (POSS-I) was made by the California Institute of Technology with grants from the National Geographic Society. The Oschin Schmidt Telescope is operated by the California Institute of Technology and Palomar Observatory. The UK Schmidt Telescope was operated by the Royal Observatory Edinburgh, with funding from the UK Science and Engineering Research Council (later the UK Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council), until 1988 June, and thereafter by the Anglo-Australian Observatory. The blue plates of the southern Sky Atlas and its Equatorial Extension (together known as the SERC-J), as well as the Equatorial Red (ER), and the Second Epoch [red] Survey (SES) were all taken with the UK Schmidt.This work has made use of data from the ESA mission Gaia ( https://www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia ), processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC, https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/gaia/dpac/consortium ). Funding for the DPAC has been provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the Gaia Multilateral Agreement.This paper includes data collected by the TESS mission that are publicly available from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST). Funding for the TESS mission is provided by NASA’s Science Mission Directorate. We acknowledge the use of public TESS data from pipelines at the TESS Science Office and at the TESS Science Processing Operations Center. Resources supporting this work were provided by the NASA High-End Computing (HEC) Program through the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) Division at Ames Research Center for the production of the SPOC data products. This research has also made use of the Exoplanet Follow-up Observation Program website, which is operated by the California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under the Exoplanet Exploration Program.Some of the observations in the paper made use of the High-Resolution Imaging instrument ‘Alopeke obtained under Gemini LLP Proposal Number: GN/S-2021A-LP-105. ‘Alopeke was funded by the NASA Exoplanet Exploration Program and built at the NASA Ames Research Center by Steve B. Howell, Nic Scott, Elliott P. Horch, and Emmett Quigley. Alopeke was mounted on the Gemini North (and/or South) telescope of the international Gemini Observatory, a program of NSF’s OIR Lab, which is managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. on behalf of the Gemini partnership: the National Science Foundation (United States), National Research Council (Canada), Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (Chile), Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (Argentina), Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações (Brazil), and Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (Republic of Korea).This work makes use of observations from the LCOGT network. Part of the LCOGT telescope time was granted by NOIRLab through the Mid-Scale Innovations Program (MSIP). MSIP is funded by NSF. 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