[en] Planets with radii between that of the Earth and Neptune (hereafter referred to as 'sub-Neptunes') are found in close-in orbits around more than half of all Sun-like stars1,2. However, their composition, formation and evolution remain poorly understood3. The study of multiplanetary systems offers an opportunity to investigate the outcomes of planet formation and evolution while controlling for initial conditions and environment. Those in resonance (with their orbital periods related by a ratio of small integers) are particularly valuable because they imply a system architecture practically unchanged since its birth. Here we present the observations of six transiting planets around the bright nearby star HD 110067. We find that the planets follow a chain of resonant orbits. A dynamical study of the innermost planet triplet allowed the prediction and later confirmation of the orbits of the rest of the planets in the system. The six planets are found to be sub-Neptunes with radii ranging from 1.94R⊕ to 2.85R⊕. Three of the planets have measured masses, yielding low bulk densities that suggest the presence of large hydrogen-dominated atmospheres.
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
Luque, R ; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. rluque@uchicago.edu
Osborn, H P; Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA ; Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
Leleu, A; Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Pallé, E ; Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofisica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Bonfanti, A ; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Barragán, O; Sub-department of Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Wilson, T G ; Centre for Exoplanet Science, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK ; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK ; Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
Broeg, C ; Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Cameron, A Collier ; Centre for Exoplanet Science, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
Lendl, M; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Maxted, P F L; Astrophysics Group, Lennard Jones Building, Keele University, Keele, UK
Alibert, Y; Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Gandolfi, D ; Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
Delisle, J-B ; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Hooton, M J; Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Egger, J A ; Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Nowak, G; Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofisica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain ; Institute of Astronomy, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
Lafarga, M; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK ; Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
Rapetti, D ; NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA ; Research Institute for Advanced Computer Science, Universities Space Research Association, Washington, DC, USA
Twicken, J D ; NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA ; SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA, USA
Morales, J C ; Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai (ICE-CSIC), Bellaterra, Spain ; Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain
Carleo, I ; Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain ; INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Pino Torinese, Italy
Orell-Miquel, J; Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofisica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Adibekyan, V ; Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Alonso, R ; Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofisica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Alqasim, A; Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Dorking, UK
Amado, P J ; Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA-CSIC), Granada, Spain
Anderson, D R ; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK ; Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
Anglada-Escudé, G; Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai (ICE-CSIC), Bellaterra, Spain ; Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain
Bandy, T; European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), European Space Agency (ESA), Noordwijk, The Netherlands
Bárczy, T; Admatis, Miskolc, Hungary
Barrado Navascues, D ; Depto. de Astrofisica, Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
Barros, S C C; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Baumjohann, W ; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Bayliss, D ; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
Bean, J L; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
Beck, M; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Beck, T; Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Benz, W; Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Billot, N ; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Bonfils, X; Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
Borsato, L ; INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Boyle, A W; Department of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
Brandeker, A ; Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
Bryant, E M; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK ; Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Dorking, UK
Cabrera, J ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Carrazco-Gaxiola, S; Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico ; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA ; RECONS Institute, Chambersburg, PA, USA
Charbonneau, D; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA
Charnoz, S ; Université de Paris Cité, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS, Paris, France
Ciardi, D R; Department of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
Cochran, W D ; McDonald Observatory, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA ; Center for Planetary Systems Habitability, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
Collins, K A; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA
Crossfield, I J M; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
Csizmadia, Sz ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Cubillos, P E; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria ; INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Pino Torinese, Italy
Dai, F; Department of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA ; Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
Davies, M B; Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Deeg, H J ; Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofisica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Deleuil, M ; Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
Deline, A; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Delrez, Laetitia ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Exoplanets in Transit: Identification and Characterization
Demangeon, O D S ; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Demory, B-O; Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Ehrenreich, D ; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland ; Centre Vie dans l'Univers, Faculté des sciences, Université de Genève, Genève 4, Switzerland
Erikson, A; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Esparza-Borges, E ; Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofisica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Falk, B; Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
Fortier, A; Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Fossati, L ; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Fridlund, M; Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands ; Onsala Space Observatory, Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala, Sweden
Fukui, A; Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain ; Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Garcia-Mejia, J ; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA
Gill, S; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
Gillon, Michaël ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO)
Goffo, E; Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy ; Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Tautenburg, Germany
Gómez Maqueo Chew, Y ; Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
Güdel, M; Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Guenther, E W ; Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Tautenburg, Germany
Günther, M N ; European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), European Space Agency (ESA), Noordwijk, The Netherlands
Hatzes, A P ; Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Tautenburg, Germany
Helling, Ch; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Hesse, K M; Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA ; Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
Howell, S B; NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
Hoyer, S; Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
Ikuta, K; Department of Multi-Disciplinary Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Isaak, K G; European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), European Space Agency (ESA), Noordwijk, The Netherlands
Jenkins, J M ; NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
Kagetani, T; Department of Multi-Disciplinary Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Kiss, L L ; Konkoly Observatory, HUN-REN Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Budapest, Hungary ; Institute of Physics, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
Kodama, T; Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Korth, J ; Lund Observatory, Division of Astrophysics, Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Lam, K W F; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Laskar, J; IMCCE, UMR8028 CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Univ., Sorbonne Univ., Paris, France
Latham, D W ; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA
Lecavelier des Etangs, A; Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, UMR7095 CNRS, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, Paris, France
Leon, J P D; Department of Multi-Disciplinary Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Livingston, J H; Astrobiology Center, Tokyo, Japan ; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Tokyo, Japan ; Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Tokyo, Japan
Magrin, D; INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Matson, R A; United States Naval Observatory, Washington, DC, USA
Matthews, E C ; Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
Mordasini, C ; Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Mori, M ; Department of Multi-Disciplinary Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Moyano, M; Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
Munari, M; INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Catania, Italy
Murgas, F ; Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofisica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Narita, N ; Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain ; Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan ; Astrobiology Center, Tokyo, Japan
Nascimbeni, V; INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Olofsson, G; Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
Osborne, H L M; Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Dorking, UK
Ottensamer, R ; Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Pagano, I ; INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Catania, Italy
Parviainen, H ; Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofisica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Peter, G; Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Piotto, G ; INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy ; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Galileo Galilei", Universita degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
Pollacco, D; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
Queloz, D ; Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ; Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Quinn, S N; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA
Quirrenbach, A; Landessternwarte, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Ragazzoni, R; INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy ; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Galileo Galilei", Universita degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
Rando, N; European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), European Space Agency (ESA), Noordwijk, The Netherlands
Ratti, F; European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), European Space Agency (ESA), Noordwijk, The Netherlands
Rauer, H; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany ; Zentrum für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany ; Institut für Geologische Wissenschaften, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Redfield, S ; Astronomy Department, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA ; Van Vleck Observatory, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
Ribas, I ; Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai (ICE-CSIC), Bellaterra, Spain ; Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain
Ricker, G R ; Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA ; Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
Rudat, A; Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA ; Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
Sabin, L; Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ensenada, Mexico
Salmon, S; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Santos, N C ; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Scandariato, G ; INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Catania, Italy
Schanche, N; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
Schlieder, J E; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
Seager, S ; Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA ; Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA ; Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA ; Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
Ségransan, D; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Shporer, A; Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA ; Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
Simon, A E ; Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Smith, A M S ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Sousa, S G; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Stalport, Manu ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Unités de recherche interfacultaires > Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR)
Szabó, Gy M; Gothard Astrophysical Observatory, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Szombathely, Hungary ; HUN-REN-ELTE Exoplanet Research Group, Szombathely, Hungary
Thomas, N; Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Tuson, A ; Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Udry, S ; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Vanderburg, A M; Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA ; Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
Van Eylen, V; Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Dorking, UK
Van Grootel, Valérie ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Astrophysique stellaire théorique et astérosismologie
Venturini, J; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Walter, I; Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Walton, N A ; Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Watanabe, N; Department of Multi-Disciplinary Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Winn, J N ; Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
Zingales, T ; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Galileo Galilei", Universita degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
We acknowledge the use of public TESS data from pipelines at the TESS Science Office and at the TESS Science Processing Operations Center (SPOC). Resources supporting this work were provided by the NASA High-End Computing (HEC) Program through the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) Division at Ames Research Center for the production of the SPOC data products. The CHaracterising ExOPlanets Satellite (CHEOPS) is a European Space Agency (ESA) mission in partnership with Switzerland with important contributions to the payload and the ground segment from Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. The CHEOPS Consortium would like to gratefully acknowledge the support received by all the agencies, offices, universities and industries involved. Their flexibility and willingness to explore new approaches were essential to the success of this mission. CARMENES acknowledges financial support from the Agencia Estatal de Investigación of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) ‘A way of making Europe’ through projects PID2019-107061GB-C61, PID2019-107061GB-C66, PID2021-125627OB-C31 and PID2021-125627OB-C32, from the Centre of Excellence ‘Severo Ochoa’ award to the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC; CEX2019-000920-S), from the Centre of Excellence ‘María de Maeztu’ award to the Institut de Ciències de l’Espai (CEX2020-001058-M) and from the Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA programme. Based on observations made with the Italian Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG) operated on the island of La Palma by the Fundación Galileo Galilei of the Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) at the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias. This article is based on observations made with the MuSCAT2 instrument, developed by the Astrobiology Center (ABC), at Telescopio Carlos Sánchez operated on the island of Tenerife by the IAC in the Spanish Observatorio del Teide. This paper is based on observations made with the MuSCAT3 instrument, developed by ABC and under financial supports by JSPS KAKENHI (JP18H05439) and JST PRESTO (JPMJPR1775), at Faulkes Telescope North on Maui, Hawaii, operated by the Las Cumbres Observatory. Tierras is supported by grants from the John Templeton Foundation and the Harvard Origins of Life Initiative. The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the John Templeton Foundation. The Next Generation Transit Survey (NGTS) facility is operated by the consortium institutes with support from the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) under projects ST/M001962/1 and ST/S002642/1. Some of the observations presented in this paper were carried out at the Observatorio Astronómico Nacional on the Sierra de San Pedro Mártir (OAN-SPM), Baja California, México. This work makes use of observations from the Las Cumbres Observatory global telescope network. Some of the observations in this paper made use of the High-Resolution Imaging instrument Alopeke and were obtained under Gemini LLP Proposal Number GN-S-2021A-LP-105. Alopeke was funded by the NASA Exoplanet Exploration Program and built at the NASA Ames Research Center by S. B. Howell, N. Scott, E. P. Horch and E. Quigley. Alopeke was mounted on the Gemini North telescope of the international Gemini Observatory, a programme of NSF OIR Lab, which is managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. On behalf of the Gemini partnership: the National Science Foundation (United States), National Research Council (Canada), Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (Chile), Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (Argentina), Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações (Brazil) and Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (Republic of Korea). This work was supported by the KESPRINT collaboration, an international consortium devoted to the characterization and research of exoplanets discovered with space-based missions. R.Lu. thanks D. Fabrycky for helpful discussions about the orbital dynamics of the HD 110067 system. R.Lu. acknowledges funding from University of La Laguna through the Margarita Salas Fellowship from the Spanish Ministry of Universities ref. UNI/551/2021-May 26 and under the EU Next Generation funds. This work has been carried out within the framework of the National Centre for Competence in Research (NCCR) PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) under grants 51NF40_182901 and 51NF40_205606. A.C.Ca. and T.G.Wi. acknowledge support from STFC consolidated grant numbers ST/R000824/1 and ST/V000861/1 and UKSA grant number ST/R003203/1. O.Ba. acknowledges funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 865624). M.Le. acknowledges support of the SNSF under grant number PCEFP2_194576. P.F.L.Ma. acknowledges support from STFC research grant number ST/M001040/1. Y.Al. acknowledges support from the SNSF under grant 200020_192038. D.Ga. gratefully acknowledges financial support from the CRT foundation under grant no. 2018.2323 ‘Gaseous or rocky? Unveiling the nature of small worlds’. J.A.Eg. acknowledges support from the SNSF under grant 200020_192038. G.No. is grateful for the research funding from the Ministry of Education and Science programme ‘The Excellence Initiative – Research University’ conducted at the Centre of Excellence in Astrophysics and Astrochemistry of the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland. D.Ra. was supported by NASA under award number NNA16BD14C for NASA Academic Mission Services. M.La. acknowledges funding from a UKRI Future Leader Fellowship, grant number MR/S035214/1. V.Ad. is supported by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) through national funds by grants UIDB/04434/2020, UIDP/04434/2020 and 2022.06962.PTDC. P.J.Am. acknowledges financial support from grants CEX2021-001131-S and PID2019-109522GB-C52, both funded by MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 and by the ERDF ‘A way of making Europe’. S.C.C.Ba. acknowledges support from FCT through FCT contract no. IF/01312/2014/CP1215/CT0004. X.Bo., S.Ch., D.Ga., M.Fr. and J.La. acknowledge their role as ESA-appointed CHEOPS science team members. L.Bo., V.Na., I.Pa., G.Pi., R.Ra., G.Sc., and T.Zi. acknowledge support from CHEOPS ASI-INAF agreement no. 2019-29-HH.0. A.Br. was supported by the Swedish National Space Agency (SNSA). Contributions at the Mullard Space Science Laboratory by E.M.Br. were supported by STFC through the consolidated grant ST/W001136/1. S.C.-G. acknowledges support from UNAM PAPIIT-IG101321. D.Ch. and J.G.-M. thank the staff at the F. L. Whipple Observatory for their assistance in the refurbishment and maintenance of the 1.3-m telescope. W.D.Co. acknowledges support from NASA grant 80NSSC23K0429. This is University of Texas Center for Planetary Systems Habitability Contribution 0063. K.A.Co. acknowledges support from the TESS mission through subaward s3449 from MIT. H.J.De. acknowledges support from the Spanish Research Agency of the Ministry of Science and Innovation (AEI-MICINN) under grant PID2019-107061GB-C66, doi:10.13039/501100011033. This project was supported by the CNES. The Belgian participation to CHEOPS has been supported by the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) in the framework of the PRODEX Program and by the University of Liège through an ARC grant for Concerted Research Actions financed by the Wallonia-Brussels Federation. L.De. is an F.R.S.-FNRS Postdoctoral Researcher. This work was supported by FCT through national funds and by FEDER through COMPETE2020 – Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalizacão by these grants: UID/FIS/04434/2019, UIDB/04434/2020, UIDP/04434/2020, PTDC/FIS-AST/32113/2017 and POCI-01-0145-FEDER-032113, PTDC/FIS-AST/28953/2017 and POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028953, PTDC/FIS-AST/28987/2017 and POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028987. O.D.S.De. is supported in the form of work contract (DL 57/2016/CP1364/CT0004) funded by national funds through FCT. B.-O.De. acknowledges support from the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) under contract number MB22.00046. This project has received funding from the ERC under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (project Four Aces grant agreement no. 724427). It has also been carried out in the frame of the NCCR PlanetS supported by the SNSF. D.Eh. acknowledges financial support from the SNSF for project 200021_200726. E.E.-B. acknowledges financial support from the European Union and the State Agency of Investigation of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN) under the grant PRE2020-093107 of the Pre-Doc Program for the Training of Doctors (FPI-SO) through FSE funds. M.Fr. gratefully acknowledges the support of the Swedish National Space Agency (DNR 65/19, 174/18). J.G.-M. acknowledges support by the National Science Foundation through a Graduate Research Fellowship under grant no. DGE1745303 and by the Ford Foundation through a Ford Foundation Predoctoral Fellowship, administered by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The contributions at the University of Warwick by S.Gi. have been supported by STFC through consolidated grants ST/L000733/1 and ST/P000495/1. M.Gi. is F.R.S.-FNRS Research Director. Y.G.M.Ch. acknowledges support from UNAM PAPIIT-IG101321. E.Go. acknowledges support by the Thueringer Ministerium füër Wirtschaft, Wissenschaft und Digitale Gesellschaft. M.N.Gu. is the ESA CHEOPS Project Scientist and Mission Representative and, as such, is also responsible for the Guest Observers (GO) Programme. M.N.Gu. does not relay proprietary information between the GO and Guaranteed Time Observation (GTO) Programmes, and does not decide on the definition and target selection of the GTO Programme. A.P.Ha. acknowledges support by DFG grant HA 3279/12-1 within the DFG Schwerpunkt SPP 1992. Ch.He. acknowledges support from the European Union H2020-MSCA-ITN-2019 under grant agreement no. 860470 (CHAMELEON). S.Ho. gratefully acknowledges CNES funding through the grant 837319. This work is partly supported by JST CREST grant number JPMJCR1761. K.G.Is. is the ESA CHEOPS Project Scientist and is responsible for the ESA CHEOPS GO Programme. She does not participate in, or contribute to, the definition of the Guaranteed Time Programme of the CHEOPS mission through which observations described in this paper have been taken nor to any aspect of target selection for the programme. J.Ko. gratefully acknowledges the support of the SNSA (DNR 2020-00104) and of the Swedish Research Council (VR: Etableringsbidrag 2017-04945). K.W.F.La. was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft grants RA714/14-1 within the DFG Schwerpunkt SPP 1992, Exploring the Diversity of Extrasolar Planets. This work was granted access to the HPC resources of MesoPSL financed by the Region Ile de France and the project Equip@Meso (reference ANR-10-EQPX-29-01) of the programme Investissements d’Avenir supervised by the Agence Nationale pour la Recherche. A.L.desE. acknowledges support from the CNES (Centre national d’études spatiales, France). This work is partly supported by Astrobiology Center SATELLITE Research project AB022006. This work is partly supported by JSPS KAKENHI grant number JP18H05439 and JST CREST grant number JPMJCR1761. H.L.M.Os. acknowledges funding support by STFC through a PhD studentship. H.Pa. acknowledges the support by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation with the Ramon y Cajal fellowship number RYC2021-031798-I. This work was also partially supported by a grant from the Simons Foundation (PI: Queloz, grant number 327127). S.N.Qu. acknowledges support from the TESS mission through subaward s3449 from MIT. S.N.Qu. acknowledges support from the TESS GI Program under award 80NSSC21K1056 (G03268). L.Sa. acknowledges support from UNAM PAPIIT project IN110122. N.C.Sa. acknowledges funding by the European Union (ERC, FIERCE, 101052347). Views and opinions expressed are, however, those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the ERC. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. N.Sc. acknowledges support from the SNSF (PP00P2-163967 and PP00P2-190080) and NASA under award number 80GSFC21M0002. S.G.So. acknowledges support from FCT through FCT contract no. CEECIND/00826/2018 and POPH/FSE (EC). Gy.M.Sz. acknowledges the support of the Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office (NKFIH) grant K-125015, a PRODEX Experiment Agreement no. 4000137122, the Lendület LP2018-7/2021 grant of the Hungarian Academy of Science and the support of the city of Szombathely. A.Tu. acknowledges funding support from the STFC through a PhD studentship. V.V.Ey. acknowledges support by the STFC through the consolidated grant ST/W001136/1. V.V.Gr. is an F.R.S.-FNRS Research Associate. J.Ve. acknowledges support from the SNSF under grant PZ00P2_208945. N.A.Wa. acknowledges UKSA grant ST/R004838/1. N.Wa. is partly supported by JSPS KAKENHI grant number JP21K20376.
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