Westervelt, Daniel M. ; Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, New York, New York 10964, United States
Isevulambire, Paulson Kasereka; Facilitated Learning for Universal Sanitation and Hygiene, LLC, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Yombo Phaka, Rodriguez ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Sphères ; University of Kinshasa, Department of Physics, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Yang, Laura H.; Harvard University, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts 01451, United States
Raheja, Garima ; Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, New York, New York 10964, United States ; Columbia University, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, New York, New York 10025, United States
Milly, George; Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, New York, New York 10964, United States
Selenge, Jean-Luc Balogije; Scientific National Council, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Mulumba, Jean Pierre Mfuamba; National Pedagogical University, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Bousiotis, Dimitrios ; University of Birmingham, School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
Djibi, Buenimio Lomami; University of Kinshasa, Department of Physics, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
McNeill, V. Faye ; Columbia University, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, New York, New York 10025, United States ; Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10025, United States
Ng, Nga L. ; Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
Pope, Francis ; University of Birmingham, School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
Mbela, Guillaume Kiyombo; University of Kinshasa, School of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Konde, Joel Nkiama; University of Kinshasa, School of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Southerland, V. A.; Brauer, M.; Mohegh, A.; Hammer, M. S.; van Donkelaar, A.; Martin, R. V.; Apte, J. S.; Anenberg, S. C. Global Urban Temporal Trends in Fine Particulate Matter (PM2·5) and Attributable Health Burdens: Estimates from Global Datasets. Lancet Planet. Heal. 2022, 6 (2), e139–e146, 10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00350-8
Health Effects Institute. State of Global Air 2020, Special Report; Health Effects Institute: Boston, MA, 2020.
Lane, H. M.; Morello-Frosch, R.; Marshall, J. D.; Apte, J. S. Historical Redlining Is Associated with Present-Day Air Pollution Disparities in U.S. Cities. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. 2022, 9 (4), 345–350, 10.1021/acs.estlett.1c01012
Westervelt, D. M.; Horowitz, L. W.; Naik, V.; Mauzerall, D. L. Radiative Forcing and Climate Response to Projected 21st Century Aerosol Decreases. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 2015, 15 (6), 9293–9353, 10.5194/acpd-15-9293-2015
Szopa, S.; Naik, V.; Adhikary, B.; Artaxo, P.; Berntsen, T.; Collins, W. D.; Fuzzi, S.; Gallardo, L.; Kiendler-Scharr, A.; Klimont, Z.; Liao, H.; Unger, N.; Zanis, P. Short-Lived Climate Forcers. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A., Connors, S. L., Péan, C., Berger, S., Caud, N., Chen, Y., Goldfarb, L., Gomis, M. I., Huang, M., Leitzell, K., Lonnoy, E., Matthews, J. B. R., Maycock, T. K., Waterfield, T., Yelekçi, O., Yu, R., Zhou, B., Eds.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, United Kingdom, and New York, NY, USA, 2021; pp 817–922, 10.1017/9781009157896.008.
Fisher, S.; Bellinger, D. C.; Cropper, M. L.; Kumar, P.; Binagwaho, A.; Koudenoukpo, J. B.; Park, Y.; Taghian, G.; Landrigan, P. J. Air Pollution and Development in Africa: Impacts on Health, the Economy, and Human Capital. Lancet Planet. Heal. 2021, 5 (10), e681–e688, 10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00201-1
Martin, R. V.; Brauer, M.; van Donkelaar, A.; Shaddick, G.; Narain, U.; Dey, S. No One Knows Which City Has the Highest Concentration of Fine Particulate Matter. Atmos. Environ. X 2019, 3, 100040 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2019.100040
McFarlane, C.; Isevulambire, P. K.; Lumbuenamo, R. S.; Ndinga, A. M. E.; Dhammapala, R.; Jin, X.; McNeill, V. F.; Malings, C.; Subramanian, R.; Westervelt, D. M. First Measurements of Ambient PM2.5 in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo and Brazzaville, Republic of Congo Using Field-Calibrated Low-Cost Sensors. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 2021, 21 (7), 200619 10.4209/aaqr.200619
Giordano, M. R.; Malings, C.; Pandis, S. N.; Presto, A. A.; McNeill, V. F.; Westervelt, D. M.; Beekmann, M.; Subramanian, R. From Low-Cost Sensors to High-Quality Data: A Summary of Challenges and Best Practices for Effectively Calibrating Low-Cost Particulate Matter Mass Sensors. J. Aerosol Sci. 2021, 158, 105833 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2021.105833
Okure, D.; Ssematimba, J.; Sserunjogi, R.; Gracia, N. L.; Soppelsa, M. E.; Bainomugisha, E. Characterization of Ambient Air Quality in Selected Urban Areas in Uganda Using Low-Cost Sensing and Measurement Technologies. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2022, 56 (6), 3324–3339, 10.1021/acs.est.1c01443
Raheja, G.; Sabi, K.; Sonla, H.; Gbedjangni, E. K.; McFarlane, C. M.; Hodoli, C. G.; Westervelt, D. M. A Network of Field-Calibrated Low-Cost Sensor Measurements of PM2.5in Lomé, Togo, Over One to Two Years. ACS Earth Sp. Chem. 2022, 6 (4), 1011–1021, 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.1c00391
McFarlane, C.; Raheja, G.; Malings, C.; Appoh, E. K. E.; Hughes, A. F.; Westervelt, D. M. Application of Gaussian Mixture Regression for the Correction of Low Cost PM2.5Monitoring Data in Accra, Ghana. ACS Earth Sp. Chem. 2021, 5 (9), 2268–2279, 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.1c00217
Subramania, R.; Garland, R. M. The Powerful Potential of Low-Cost Sensors for Air Quality Research in Africa. Clean Air J. 2021, 31 (1), 1–1, 10.17159/CAJ/2021/31/1.11274
Amegah, A. K. Proliferation of Low-Cost Sensors. What Prospects for Air Pollution Epidemiologic Research in Sub-Saharan Africa? Environmental Pollution.; Elsevier, Ltd., October 1, 2018; pp 1132–1137. 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.044.
Molina Rueda, E.; Carter, E.; L’Orange, C.; Quinn, C.; Volckens, J. Size-Resolved Field Performance of Low-Cost Sensors for Particulate Matter Air Pollution. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. 2023, 10, 247–253, 10.1021/acs.estlett.3c00030
Hagan, D. H.; Kroll, J. H. Assessing the Accuracy of Low-Cost Optical Particle Sensors Using a Physics-Based Approach. Atmos. Meas. Technol. 2020, 13 (11), 6343–6355, 10.5194/amt-13-6343-2020
Tryner, J.; L’Orange, C.; Mehaffy, J.; Miller-Lionberg, D.; Hofstetter, J. C.; Wilson, A.; Volckens, J. Laboratory Evaluation of Low-Cost PurpleAir PM Monitors and in-Field Correction Using Co-Located Portable Filter Samplers. Atmos. Environ. 2020, 220, 117067 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.117067
Jayaratne, R.; Liu, X.; Thai, P.; Dunbabin, M.; Morawska, L. The Influence of Humidity on the Performance of a Low-Cost Air Particle Mass Sensor and the Effect of Atmospheric Fog. Atmos. Meas. Technol. 2018, 11 (8), 4883–4890, 10.5194/amt-11-4883-2018
Ouimette, J. R.; Malm, W. C.; Schichtel, B. A.; Sheridan, P. J.; Andrews, E.; Ogren, J. A.; Arnott, W. P. Evaluating the PurpleAir Monitor as an Aerosol Light Scattering Instrument. Atmos. Meas. Technol. 2022, 15 (3), 655–676, 10.5194/amt-15-655-2022
Raheja, G.; Nimo, J.; Appoh, E. K.-E.; Essien, B.; Sunu, M.; Nyante, J.; Amegah, M.; Quansah, R.; Arku, R. E.; Penn, S. L.; Giordano, M. R.; Zheng, Z.; Jack, D.; Chillrud, S.; Amegah, K.; Subramanian, R.; Pinder, R.; Appah-Sampong, E.; Tetteh, E. N.; Borketey, M. A.; Hughes, A. F.; Westervelt, D. M. Low-Cost Sensor Performance Intercomparison, Correction Factor Development, and 2+ Years of Ambient PM2.5 Monitoring in Accra, Ghana. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2023, 57, 10708–10720, 10.1021/acs.est.2c09264
Yang, L. H.; Hagan, D. H.; Rivera-Rios, J. C.; Kelp, M. M.; Cross, E. S.; Peng, Y.; Kaiser, J.; Williams, L. R.; Croteau, P. L.; Jayne, J. T.; Ng, N. L. Investigating the Sources of Urban Air Pollution Using Low-Cost Air Quality Sensors at an Urban Atlanta Site. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2022, 56 (11), 7063–7073, 10.1021/acs.est.1c07005
Hagan, D. H.; Gani, S.; Bhandari, S.; Patel, K.; Habib, G.; Apte, J. S.; Hildebrandt Ruiz, L.; Kroll, J. H. Inferring Aerosol Sources from Low-Cost Air Quality Sensor Measurements: A Case Study in Delhi, India. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. 2019, 6 (8), 467–472, 10.1021/acs.estlett.9b00393
U.S. EPA. Reference and Equivalent Method Applications Guidelines for Applicants, 2011. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-02/documents/frmfemguidelines.pdf. Last accessed Nov 7, 2023.
Hagler, G.; Hanley, T.; Hassett-Sipple, B.; Vanderpool, R.; Smith, M.; Wilbur, J.; Wilbur, T.; Oliver, T.; Shand, D.; Vidacek, V.; Johnson, C.; Allen, R.; D’Angelo, C. Evaluation of Two Collocated Federal Equivalent Method PM2.5 Instruments over a Wide Range of Concentrations in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Atmos. Pollut. Res. 2022, 13 (4), 101374 10.1016/j.apr.2022.101374
Hossain, M.; Saffell, J.; Baron, R. Differentiating NO2and O3at Low Cost Air Quality Amperometric Gas Sensors. ACS Sensors 2016, 1 (11), 1291–1294, 10.1021/acssensors.6b00603
Sun, L.; Westerdahl, D.; Ning, Z. Development and Evaluation of A Novel and Cost-Effective Approach for Low-Cost NO2 Sensor Drift Correction. Sensors 2017, Vol. 17, Page 1916 2017, 17 (8), 1916, 10.3390/s17081916
Li, J.; Hauryliuk, A.; Malings, C.; Eilenberg, S. R.; Subramanian, R.; Presto, A. A. Characterizing the Aging of Alphasense NO2 Sensors in Long-Term Field Deployments. ACS Sensors 2021, 6 (8), 2952–2959, 10.1021/acssensors.1c00729
Zimmerman, N.; Presto, A. A.; Kumar, S. P. N.; Gu, J.; Hauryliuk, A.; Robinson, E. S.; Robinson, A. L. A Machine Learning Calibration Model Using Random Forests to Improve Sensor Performance for Lower-Cost Air Quality Monitoring. Atmos. Meas. Technol. 2018, 11 (1), 291–313, 10.5194/amt-11-291-2018
Hagan, D. H.; Isaacman-Vanwertz, G.; Franklin, J. P.; Wallace, L. M. M.; Kocar, B. D.; Heald, C. L.; Kroll, J. H. Calibration and Assessment of Electrochemical Air Quality Sensors by Co-Location with Regulatory-Grade Instruments. Atmos. Meas. Technol. 2018, 11 (1), 315–328, 10.5194/amt-11-315-2018
Castell, N.; Dauge, F. R.; Schneider, P.; Vogt, M.; Lerner, U.; Fishbain, B.; Broday, D.; Bartonova, A. Can Commercial Low-Cost Sensor Platforms Contribute to Air Quality Monitoring and Exposure Estimates?. Environ. Int. 2017, 99, 293–302, 10.1016/j.envint.2016.12.007
Hagan, D. H.; Cross, E. S.. Introduction to the MODULAIR-PM (2022.09); Zenodo, 2022. 10.5281/zenodo.7062168.
Zuidema, C.; Stebounova, L. V.; Sousan, S.; Thomas, G.; Koehler, K.; Peters, T. M. Sources of Error and Variability in Particulate Matter Sensor Network Measurements 2019, 16 (8), 564–574, 10.1080/15459624.2019.1628965
He, M.; Kuerbanjiang, N.; Dhaniyala, S. Performance Characteristics of the Low-Cost Plantower PMS Optical Sensor. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2020, 54 (2), 232–241, 10.1080/02786826.2019.1696015
Zusman, M.; Schumacher, C. S.; Gassett, A. J.; Spalt, E. W.; Austin, E.; Larson, T. V.; Carvlin, G.; Seto, E.; Kaufman, J. D.; Sheppard, L. Calibration of Low-Cost Particulate Matter Sensors: Model Development for a Multi-City Epidemiological Study. Environ. Int. 2020, 134, 105329 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105329
Wang, Y.; Li, J.; Jing, H.; Zhang, Q.; Jiang, J.; Biswas, P. Laboratory Evaluation and Calibration of Three Low-Cost Particle Sensors for Particulate Matter Measurement. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2015, 49 (11), 1063–1077, 10.1080/02786826.2015.1100710
Sayahi, T.; Kaufman, D.; Becnel, T.; Kaur, K.; Butterfield, A. E.; Collingwood, S.; Zhang, Y.; Gaillardon, P. E.; Kelly, K. E. Development of a Calibration Chamber to Evaluate the Performance of Low-Cost Particulate Matter Sensors. Environ. Pollut. 2019, 255, 113131 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113131
Malings, C.; Westervelt, D. M.; Hauryliuk, A.; Presto, A. A.; Grieshop, A.; Bittner, A.; Beekmann, M. Application of Low-Cost Fine Particulate Mass Monitors to Convert Satellite Aerosol Optical Depth to Surface Concentrations in North America and Africa. Atmos. Meas. Technol. 2020, 13 (7), 3873–3892, 10.5194/amt-13-3873-2020
Di Antonio, A.; Popoola, O.; Ouyang, B.; Saffell, J.; Jones, R. Developing a Relative Humidity Correction for Low-Cost Sensors Measuring Ambient Particulate Matter. Sensors 2018, 18 (9), 2790, 10.3390/s18092790
Crilley, L. R.; Shaw, M.; Pound, R.; Kramer, L. J.; Price, R.; Young, S.; Lewis, A. C.; Pope, F. D. Evaluation of a Low-Cost Optical Particle Counter (Alphasense OPC-N2) for Ambient Air Monitoring. Atmos. Meas. Technol. 2018, 11 (2), 709–720, 10.5194/amt-11-709-2018
Cross, E. S.; Williams, L. R.; Lewis, D. K.; Magoon, G. R.; Onasch, T. B.; Kaminsky, M. L.; Worsnop, D. R.; Jayne, J. T. Use of Electrochemical Sensors for Measurement of Air Pollution: Correcting Interference Response and Validating Measurements. Atmos. Meas. Technol. 2017, 10 (9), 3575–3588, 10.5194/amt-10-3575-2017
Levy Zamora, M.; Xiong, F.; Gentner, D.; Kerkez, B.; Kohrman-Glaser, J.; Koehler, K. Field and Laboratory Evaluations of the Low-Cost Plantower Particulate Matter Sensor. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2019, 53 (2), 838–849, 10.1021/acs.est.8b05174
Lee, D. D.; Seung, H. S. Learning the Parts of Objects by Non-Negative Matrix Factorization. Nat. 1999 4016755 1999, 401 (6755), 788–791, 10.1038/44565
Bousiotis, D.; Beddows, D. C. S.; Singh, A.; Haugen, M.; Diez, S.; Edwards, P. M.; Boies, A.; Harrison, R. M.; Pope, F. D. A Study on the Performance of Low-Cost Sensors for Source Apportionment at an Urban Background Site. Atmos. Meas. Technol. 2022, 15 (13), 4047–4061, 10.5194/amt-15-4047-2022
Bousiotis, D.; Allison, G.; Beddows, D. C. S.; Harrison, R. M.; Pope, F. D. Towards Comprehensive Air Quality Management Using Low-Cost Sensors for Pollution Source Apportionment. npj Clim. Atmos. Sci. 2023 61 2023, 6 (1), 1–10, 10.1038/s41612-023-00424-0
Yombo Phaka, R.; Merlaud, A.; Pinardi, G.; Friedrich, M. M.; Hendrick, F.; Müller, J.-F.; Stavrakou, J.; De Smedt, I.; Dimitropoulou, E.; Bopili Mbotia Lepiba, R.; Phuku Phuati, E.; Djibi, B. L.; Jacob, L.; Fayt, C.; Van Roozendael, M.; Mbungu Tsumbu, J.-P.; Mahieu, E. Ground-Based MAX-DOAS Observations of NO2 and H2CO at Kinshasa and Comparisons with TROPOMI Observations. Atmos. Meas. Technol. Discuss. 2023, 2023, 1–39, 10.5194/amt-2022-327
Stetter, J. R.; Li, J. Amperometric Gas Sensors - A Review. Chem. Rev. 2008, 108 (2), 352–366, 10.1021/cr0681039
Baron, R.; Saffell, J. Amperometric Gas Sensors as a Low Cost Emerging Technology Platform for Air Quality Monitoring Applications: A Review. ACS Sensors 2017, 2 (11), 1553–1566, 10.1021/acssensors.7b00620
Zhang, Y.; Zhang, Q.; Yao, Z.; Li, H. Particle Size and Mixing State of Freshly Emitted Black Carbon from Different Combustion Sources in China. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2020, 54 (13), 7766–7774, 10.1021/acs.est.9b07373
Liu, D.; Allan, J. D.; Young, D. E.; Coe, H.; Beddows, D.; Fleming, Z. L.; Flynn, M. J.; Gallagher, M. W.; Harrison, R. M.; Lee, J.; Prevot, A. S. H.; Taylor, J. W.; Yin, J.; Williams, P. I.; Zotter, P. Size Distribution, Mixing State and Source Apportionment of Black Carbon Aerosol in London during Winter Time. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2014, 14 (18), 10061–10084, 10.5194/acp-14-10061-2014
Hoornweg, D.; Pope, K. Population Predictions for the World’s Largest Cities in the 21st Century. Environ. Urban. 2017, 29 (1), 195–216, 10.1177/0956247816663557