binaries: spectroscopic; eclipses; occultations; planets and satellites: detection; surveys; Binaries: spectroscopic; Eclipse; High-resolution spectroscopy; Interior structure; Low-mass; Neptune; Occultation; Planet-C; Planets and satellites: detections; Times series; Astronomy and Astrophysics; Space and Planetary Science; astro-ph.EP
Abstract :
[en] HIP 9618 (HD 12572, TOI-1471, TIC 306263608) is a bright (G = 9.0 mag) solar analogue. TESS photometry revealed the star to have two candidate planets with radii of 3.9 ± 0.044 R (HIP 9618 b) and 3.343 ± 0.039 R (HIP 9618 c). While the 20.77291 d period of HIP 9618 b was measured unambiguously, HIP 9618 c showed only two transits separated by a 680-d gap in the time series, leaving many possibilities for the period. To solve this issue, CHEOPS performed targeted photometry of period aliases to attempt to recover the true period of planet c, and successfully determined the true period to be 52.56349 d. High-resolution spectroscopy with HARPS-N, SOPHIE, and CAFE revealed a mass of 10.0 ± 3.1M for HIP 9618 b, which, according to our interior structure models, corresponds to a 6.8 ± 1.4 per cent gas fraction. HIP 9618 c appears to have a lower mass than HIP 9618 b, with a 3-sigma upper limit of <18M. Follow-up and archival RV measurements also reveal a clear long-term trend which, when combined with imaging and astrometric information, reveal a low-mass companion (0.08+−000512M☉) orbiting at 26.0+−111900 au. This detection makes HIP 9618 one of only five bright (K < 8 mag) transiting multiplanet systems known to host a planet with P > 50 d, opening the door for the atmospheric characterization of warm (Teq < 750 K) sub-Neptunes.
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
Osborn, Hugh P. ; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Department of Physics, Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
Nowak, Grzegorz ; Institute of Astronomy, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland ; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
Hébrard, Guillaume ; Institut d’astrophysique de Paris, UMR7095 CNRS, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, Paris, France
Masseron, Thomas ; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
Lillo-Box, J. ; Centro de Astrobiología (CAB,CSIC-INTA), Dep. de Astrofísica, ESAC campus, Madrid, Spain
Pallé, Enric ; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
Bekkelien, Anja; Observatoire Astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Florén, Hans-Gustav; Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
Guterman, Pascal; LAM, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, Marseille, France
Simon, Attila E. ; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Adibekyan, V. ; Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal
Bieryla, Allyson ; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard and Smithsonian, Cambridge, United States
Borsato, Luca ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Brandeker, Alexis ; Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
Ciardi, David R. ; NASA Exoplanet Science Institute-Caltech/IPAC, Pasadena, United States
Cameron, A. Collier; Centre for Exoplanet Science, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
Collins, Karen A. ; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard and Smithsonian, Cambridge, United States
Egger, Jo A. ; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Gandolfi, Davide ; Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
Hooton, Matthew J. ; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Latham, David W. ; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard and Smithsonian, Cambridge, United States
Lendl, Monika ; Observatoire Astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Matthews, Elisabeth C. ; Observatoire Astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland ; Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Heidelberg, Germany
Tuson, Amy ; Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Ulmer-Moll, Solène ; Observatoire Astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Vanderburg, Andrew ; Department of Physics, Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
Wilson, Thomas G. ; Centre for Exoplanet Science, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
Ziegler, Carl; Department of Physics, Engineering and Astronomy, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, United States
Alibert, Yann ; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Alonso, Roi ; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
Anglada, Guillem ; Institut de Ciencies de l’Espai (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain ; Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain
Arnold, Luc; Observatoire de Haute-Provence, CNRS, Université d’Aix-Marseille, Saint-Michel-l’Observatoire, France
Asquier, Joel; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
y Navascues, D. Barrado; Depto. de Astrofisica, Centro de Astrobiologia (CSIC-INTA), ESAC campus, Spain
Baumjohann, Wolfgang ; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Beck, Thomas ; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Belinski, Alexandr A. ; Sternberg Astronomical Institute Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
Benz, Willy ; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Biondi, Federico ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy ; Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Grenoble, France
Bonfils, Xavier ; Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
Broeg, Christopher ; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Buchhave, Lars A. ; 1DTU Space, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
Bárczy, Tamas ; Admatis, Miskolc, Hungary
Barros, S.C.C. ; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Cabrera, Juan ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Guillen, C. Cardona; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
Carleo, Ilaria; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
Castro-González, Amadeo ; Centro de Astrobiología (CAB,CSIC-INTA), Dep. de Astrofísica, ESAC campus, Madrid, Spain
Charnoz, Sébastien ; Université de Paris, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS, Paris, France
Christiansen, Jessie; NASA Exoplanet Science Institute-Caltech/IPAC, Pasadena, United States
Cortes-Zuleta, Pia ; LAM, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, Marseille, France
Csizmadia, Szilard ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Dalal, Shweta; Institut d’astrophysique de Paris, UMR7095 CNRS, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, Paris, France
Davies, Melvyn B. ; Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Delfosse, Xavier; Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
Delrez, Laetitia ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Exoplanets in Transit: Identification and Characterization
Demory, Brice-Olivier ; Center for Space and Habitability, Bern, Switzerland
Dunlavey, Ava B.; NASA Exoplanet Science Institute-Caltech/IPAC, Pasadena, United States
Ehrenreich, David ; Observatoire Astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Erikson, Anders; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Fernandes, Rachel B. ; Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, The University of Arizona, Tucson, United States
Fortier, Andrea ; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Forveille, Thierry; Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
Fossati, Luca ; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Fridlund, Malcolm ; Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands ; Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, Onsala, Sweden
Gillon, Michaël ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO)
Goeke, Robert F.; Department of Physics, Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
Goliguzova, Maria V. ; Sternberg Astronomical Institute Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
Gonzales, Erica J. ; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, United States
Günther, M.N. ; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
Güdel, Manuel; Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Heidari, Neda; LAM, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, Marseille, France
Henze, Christopher E.; NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, United States
Howell, Steve; NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, United States
Frey, J.I.; Center for Space and Habitability, Bern, Switzerland
Isaak, Kate G. ; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
Jenkins, Jon M. ; NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, United States
Kiefer, Flavien; Institut d’astrophysique de Paris, UMR7095 CNRS, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, Paris, France ; LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
Kiss, Laszlo; Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Budapest, Hungary ; ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Physics, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest, Hungary
Korth, Judith; Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Astronomy and Plasma Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden ; Lund Observatory, Division of Astrophysics, Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Maxted, P.F.L.; Astrophysics Group, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
Laskar, Jacques ; IMCCE, UMR8028 CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Univ., Sorbonne Univ., Paris, France
des Etangs, A. Lecavelier; Institut d’astrophysique de Paris, UMR7095 CNRS, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, Paris, France
Lovis, Christophe ; Observatoire Astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Lund, Michael B. ; NASA Exoplanet Science Institute-Caltech/IPAC, Pasadena, United States
Luque, Rafa; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
Magrin, Demetrio ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Almenara, J.M. ; Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
Martioli, Eder; Institut d’astrophysique de Paris, UMR7095 CNRS, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, Paris, France ; Laboratório Nacional de Astrofísica, Itajubá, Brazil
Mecina, Marko; Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Medina, Jennifer V.; Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, United States
Moldovan, Daniel; Google, Cambridge, United States
Morales-Calderón, María; Centro de Astrobiología (CAB,CSIC-INTA), Dep. de Astrofísica, ESAC campus, Madrid, Spain
Morello, Giuseppe; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
Moutou, Claire; Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRAP, Toulouse, France
Murgas, Felipe; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
Jensen, E.L.N. ; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, United States
Nascimbeni, Valerio ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Olofsson, Göran ; Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
Ottensamer, Roland; Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Pagano, Isabella ; INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Catania, Italy
Peter, Gisbert ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Piotto, Giampaolo ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy ; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia ‘Galileo Galilei’, Universita degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
Pollacco, Don; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Queloz, Didier ; Centre for Origin and Prevalence of Life, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ; Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Ragazzoni, Roberto ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy ; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia ‘Galileo Galilei’, Universita degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
Rando, Nicola; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
Rauer, Heike ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany ; Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Technical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany ; Institut für Geologische Wissenschaften, Freie Universitát Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Ribas, Ignasi ; Institut de Ciencies de l’Espai (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain ; Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain
Ricker, George ; Department of Physics, Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
Demangeon, O.D.S. ; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Smith, A.M.S. ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Santos, Nuno ; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Scandariato, Gaetano ; INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Catania, Italy
Seager, Sara ; Department of Physics, Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
Sousa, Sergio G. ; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal
Steller, Manfred ; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Szabó, Gyula M.; ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Gothard Astrophysical Observatory, Szombathely, Hungary ; MTA-ELTE Exoplanet Research Group, Szombathely, Hungary
Ségransan, Damien ; Observatoire Astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Thomas, Nicolas; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Udry, Stéphane ; Observatoire Astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Ulmer, Bernd; German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, Berlin, Germany
Van Grootel, Valérie ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Astrophysique stellaire théorique et astérosismologie
Vanderspek, Roland ; Department of Physics, Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
Walton, Nicholas ; Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Winn, Joshua N. ; Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration [US-DC] NSF - National Science Foundation [US-VA] SNSF - Swiss National Science Foundation [CH]
Funding text :
ACC acknowledges support from STFC consolidated grant numbers ST/R000824/1 and ST/V000861/1, and UKSA grant number ST/R003203/1.We thank the TESS-Keck Survey team for their open coordination on this target, especially Joey Murphy, Howard Isaacson, Erik Petigura, Andrew Howard, & Natalie Batalha. This paper includes data collected by the TESS mission. Funding for the TESS mission is provided by the NASA Explorer Program. We acknowledge the use of public TOI Release data from pipelines at the TESS Science Office and at the TESS Science Processing Operations Center. Resources supporting this work were provided by the NASA High-End Computing (HEC) Program through the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) Division at Ames Research Center for the production of the SPOC data products. This research has made use of the Exoplanet Follow-up Observation Program (ExoFOP; DOI: 10.26134/ExoFOP5) website, which is operated by the California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under the Exoplanet Exploration Program. This work makes use of observations from the LCOGT network. Part of the LCOGT telescope time was granted by NOIRLab through the Mid-Scale Innovations Program (MSIP). MSIP is funded by NSF. Some of the observations in the paper made use of the High-Resolution Imaging instrument ‘Alopeke obtained under Gemini LLP Proposal Number: GN/S-2021A-LP-105. ‘Alopeke was funded by the NASA Exoplanet Exploration Program and built at the NASA Ames Research Center by Steve B. Howell, Nic Scott, Elliott P. Horch, and Emmett Quigley. Alopeke was mounted on the Gemini North (and/or South) telescope of the international Gemini Observatory, a program of NSF’s OIR Lab, which is managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation on behalf of the Gemini partnership: the National Science Foundation (United States), National Research Council (Canada), Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (Chile), Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (Argentina), Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações (Brazil), and Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (Republic of Korea). This work has made use of data from the European Space Agency (ESA) mission Gaia ( https://www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia ), processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC, https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/gaia/dpac/consortium ). Funding for the DPAC has been provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the Gaia Multilateral Agreement. The Digitized Sky Surveys were produced at the Space Telescope Science Institute under U.S. Government grant NAG W-2166. The images of these surveys are based on photographic data obtained using the Oschin Schmidt Telescope on Palomar Mountain and the UK Schmidt Telescope. The plates were processed into the present compressed digital form with the permission of these institutions. The National Geographic Society – Palomar Observatory Sky Atlas (POSS-I) was made by the California Institute of Technology with grants from the National Geographic Society. The Second Palomar Observatory Sky Survey (POSS-II) was made by the California Institute of Technology with funds from the National Science Foundation, the National Geographic Society, the Sloan Foundation, the Samuel Oschin Foundation, and the Eastman Kodak Corporation. Based on observations made with the Italian Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG) operated on the island of La Palma by the Fundación Galileo Galilei of the INAF (Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica) at the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias under programs ITP19_1 and CAT21B_39. Based on observations collected at the Centro Astronómico Hispano en Andalucía (CAHA) at Calar Alto, operated jointly by Junta de Andalucía and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IAA-CSIC). This work has been carried out within the framework of the NCCR PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under grants 51NF40_182901 and 51NF40_205606.MF and CMP gratefully acknowledge the support of the Swedish National Space Agency (DNR 65/19, 174/18).This work was granted access to the HPC resources of MesoPSL financed by the Region Ile de France and the project Equip@Meso (reference ANR-10-EQPX-29-01) of the programme Investissements d’Avenir supervised by the Agence Nationale pour la RechercheDG gratefully acknowledges financial support from the CRT foundation under Grant No. 2018.2323 ‘Gaseousor rocky? Unveiling the nature of small worlds’.NCSa acknowledges funding by the European Union (ERC, FIERCE, 101052347). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Council. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them.ACC and TW acknowledge support from STFC consolidated grant numbers ST/R000824/1 and ST/V000861/1, and UKSA grant number ST/R003203/1.SGS acknowledge support from FCT through FCT contract nr. CEECIND/00826/2018 and POPH/FSE (EC)JAEg acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) under grant 200020_192038.IRI acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and the European Regional Development Fund through grant PGC2018-098153-B- C33, as well as the support of the Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA programme.This work was also partially supported by a grant from the Simons Foundation (PI Queloz, grant number 327127).ML acknowledges support of the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant number PCEFP2_194576.The Belgian participation to CHEOPS has been supported by the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) in the framework of the PRODEX Program, and by the University of Liège through an ARC grant for Concerted Research Actions financed by the Wallonia-Brussels Federation; LD is an F.R.S.-FNRS Postdoctoral Researcher.We warmly thank the OHP staff for their support on the observations. XB, IB, and TF received funding from the French Programme National de Physique Stellaire (PNPS) and the Programme National de Planétologie (PNP) of CNRS (INSU).This work was supported by FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia through national funds and by FEDER through COMPETE2020 – Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalizacã o by these grants: UID/FIS/04434/2019, UIDB/04434/2020, UIDP/04434/2020, PTDC/FIS-AST/32113/2017 & POCI-01-0145-FEDER- 032113, PTDC/FIS-AST/28953/2017 & POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028953, PTDC/FIS-AST/28987/2017 & POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028987, ODSD is supported in the form of work contract (DL 57/2016/CP1364/CT0004) funded by national funds through FCT.B-OD acknowledges support from the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) under contract number MB22.00046.This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (project four aces ; grant agreement No 724427). It has also been carried out in the frame of the National Centre for Competence in Research PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). DE acknowledges financial support from the Swiss National Science Foundation for project 200021_200726.AAB and MVG acknowledge the support of Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation under the grant 075-15-2020-780 (N13.1902.21.0039)GN thanks for the research funding from the Ministry of Education and Science programme the ‘Excellence Initiative – Research University’ conducted at the Centre of Excellence in Astrophysics and Astrochemistry of the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland.SH gratefully acknowledges CNES funding through the grant 837319.EM acknowledges funding from the French National Research Agency (ANR) under contract number ANR18CE310019 (SPlaSH) and funding from Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) under the project number APQ0249322.GyMSz acknowledges the support of the Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office (NKFIH) grant K-125015, a PRODEX Experiment Agreement No. 4000137122, the Lendület LP2018-7/2021 grant of the Hungarian Academy of Science and the support of the city of Szombathely.We acknowledge support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and the European Regional Development Fund through grants ESP2016-80435-C2-1-R, ESP2016-80435-C2-2-R, PGC2018-098153-B-C33, PGC2018-098153-B-C31, ESP2017-87676-C5-1-R, MDM-2017-0737 Unidad de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu-Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), as well as the support of the Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA programme. The MOC activities have been supported by the ESA contract No. 4000124370.PM acknowledges support from STFC research grant number ST/M001040/1.JK gratefully acknowledges the support of the Swedish National Space Agency (SNSA; DNR 2020–00104) and of the Swedish Research Council (VR: Etableringsbidrag 2017–04945)LBo, GBr, VNa, IPa, GPi, RRa, GSc, VSi, and TZi acknowledge support from CHEOPS ASI-INAF agreement n. 2019-29-HH.0.
Commentary :
19 pages, 16 figures, 9 tables. Accepted at MNRAS. CHEOPS, RV and
ground-based photometric data is available on CDS at
https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/MNRAS/523/3069
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