Planetary systems; Planets and satellites: detection; Formation process; Gas content; Giant planets; Gravitational interaction; Long term stability; Low-mass; Neptune; Planetary system; Planets and satellites: detections; Property; Astronomy and Astrophysics; Space and Planetary Science
Abstract :
[en] Context. Giant planets are known to dominate the long-term stability of planetary systems due to their prevailing gravitational interactions, but they are also thought to play an important role in planet formation. Observational constraints improve our understanding of planetary formation processes such as the delivery of volatile-rich planetesimals from beyond the ice line into the inner planetary system. Additional constraints may come from studies of the atmosphere, but almost all such studies of the atmosphere investigate the detection of certain species, and abundances are not routinely quantitatively measured. Aims. Accurate measurements of planetary bulk parameters-that is, mass and density-provide constraints on the inner structure and chemical composition of transiting planets. This information provides insight into properties such as the amounts of volatile species, which in turn can be related to formation and evolution processes. Methods. The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) reported a planetary candidate around HD 190622 (TOI-1054), which was subsequently validated and found to merit further characterization with photometric and spectroscopic facilities. The KESPRINT collaboration used data from the High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS) to independently confirm the planetary candidate, securing its mass, and revealing the presence of an outer giant planet in the system. The CHEOPS consortium invested telescope time in the transiting target in order to reduce the uncertainty on the radius, improving the characterization of the planet. Results. We present the discovery and characterization of the planetary system around HD 190622 (TOI-1054). This system hosts one transiting planet, which is smaller than Neptune (3.087-0.053+0.058REarth, 7.7 ± 1.0 MEarth) but has a similar bulk density (1.43 ± 0.21 g cm-3) and an orbital period of 16 days; and a giant planet, not known to be transiting, with a minimum mass of 227.0 ± 6.7 MEarth in an orbit with a period of 315 days. Conclusions. Our measurements constrain the structure and composition of the transiting planet. HD 190622b has singular properties among the known population of transiting planets, which we discuss in detail. Among the sub-Neptune-sized planets known today, this planet stands out because of its large gas content.
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
Cabrera, J. ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center, Dlr, Berlin, Germany
Gandolfi, D. ; Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita Degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
Serrano, L.M. ; Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita Degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
Csizmadia, Sz. ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center, Dlr, Berlin, Germany
Egger, J.A. ; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Baumeister, Ph. ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center, Dlr, Berlin, Germany
Krenn, A. ; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Benz, W. ; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Deline, A.; Observatoire Astronomique de L, Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Florén, H.-G.; Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
Collier Cameron, A. ; Centre for Exoplanet Science, Supa School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, Andrews, United Kingdom
Adibekyan, V. ; Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciencias Do Espaço, Universidade Do Porto, Caup, Porto, Portugal
Alibert, Y. ; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Bellomo, S.E.; Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita Degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
Delrez, Laetitia ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Exoplanets in Transit: Identification and Characterization
Fossati, L. ; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Fortier, A. ; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Grziwa, S. ; Rheinisches Institut für Umweltforschung, Abt. Planetenforschung, Cologne, Germany
Hoyer, S. ; Aix-Marseille Univ., Cnrs, Cnes, Lam, Marseille, France
Bonfanti, A. ; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Salmon, S. ; Observatoire Astronomique de L, Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Sousa, S.G. ; Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciencias Do Espaço, Universidade Do Porto, Caup, Porto, Portugal
Wilson, T.G. ; Centre for Exoplanet Science, Supa School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, Andrews, United Kingdom
Alarcón, J.; European Southern Observatory, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Santiago de Chile, Chile
Alonso, R. ; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de la Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, S/n, Facultad de Ciencias, Sección de Física, La Laguna, Spain
Anglada Escudé, G. ; Institut de Ciències de La'Espai (ICE, Csic, Campus Uab, Bellaterra, Spain ; Institut Da'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Gran Capitaà, Barcelona, Spain
Bárczy, T. ; Admatis, 5. Kandó Kálmán Street, 3534 Miskolc, Hungary
Barragán, O.; Sub-department of Astrophysics, Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Barrado, D. ; Depto. de Astrofísica, Centro de Astrobiología, Csic, Inta, Esac Campus, Madrid, Spain
Barros, S.C.C. ; Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciencias Do Espaço, Universidade Do Porto, Caup, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade Do Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
Baumjohann, W. ; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Beck, M. ; Observatoire Astronomique de L, Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Beck, T.; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Bernabò, L.M.; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center, Dlr, Berlin, Germany
Billot, N. ; Observatoire Astronomique de L, Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Bonfils, X. ; Université Grenoble Alpes, Cnrs, Ipag, Grenoble, France
Borsato, L. ; Inaf, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Brandeker, A. ; Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
Broeg, C. ; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Carrión-González, O. ; Zentrum für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany ; Lesia, Observatoire de Paris, Université Psl, Cnrs, Sorbonne Universiteé, Université Paris Citeé, Meudon, France
Charnoz, S. ; Université de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Cnrs, Paris, France
Ciardi, D.R. ; Caltech, Ipac, Nasa, Exoplanet Science Institute, Pasadena, United States
Cochran, W.D. ; Center for Planetary Systems Habitability, McDonald Observatory, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
Collins, K.A. ; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, United States
Collins, K.I. ; Department of Physics and Astronomy, George Mason University, Fairfax, United States
Conti, D.M. ; American Association of Variable Star Observers, Cambridge, United States
Davies, M.B. ; Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Deeg, H.J. ; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de la Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, S/n, Facultad de Ciencias, Sección de Física, La Laguna, Spain
Deleuil, M. ; Aix-Marseille Univ., Cnrs, Cnes, Lam, Marseille, France
Demangeon, O.D.S. ; Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciencias Do Espaço, Universidade Do Porto, Caup, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade Do Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
Demory, B.-O. ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Ehrenreich, D. ; Observatoire Astronomique de L, Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland ; Centre Vie dans La'Univers, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Genève, Genève 4, Switzerland
Erikson, A.; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center, Dlr, Berlin, Germany
Esposito, M. ; Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Tautenburg, Germany
Fridlund, M. ; Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands ; Department of Space,Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, Onsala, Sweden
Gillon, Michaël ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO)
Goffo, E. ; Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita Degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy ; Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Tautenburg, Germany
Güdel, M.; University of Vienna, Department of Astrophysics, Vienna, Austria
Harre, J.-V.; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center, Dlr, Berlin, Germany
Heng, K. ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Hooton, M.J. ; Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Isaak, K.G. ; Science and Operations Department, Science Division (SCI-SC), Directorate of Science, European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
Jenkins, J.M. ; Nasa Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, United States
Kiss, L.L.; Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Budapest, Hungary ; Elte, Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Physics, Budapest, Hungary
Knudstrup, E. ; Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
Lam, K.W.F. ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center, Dlr, Berlin, Germany
Laskar, J. ; Imcce, UMR8028, Cnrs, Observatoire de Paris, Psl Univ, Sorbonne Univ, Paris, France
Lecavelier Des Etangs, A. ; Institut Da'Astrophysique de Paris, UMR7095, Cnrs, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, Paris, France
Lendl, M. ; Observatoire Astronomique de L, Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Lovis, C. ; Observatoire Astronomique de L, Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Luque, R. ; Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
Magrin, D. ; Inaf, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Maxted, P.F.L. ; Astrophysics Group, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
Muresan, A. ; Department of Space,Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, Onsala, Sweden
Nascimbeni, V. ; Inaf, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Olofsson, G. ; Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
Osborn, H.P. ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Department of Physics and Kavli, Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
Osborne, H.L.M. ; Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey, United Kingdom
Ottensamer, R.; University of Vienna, Department of Astrophysics, Vienna, Austria
Pagano, I. ; Inaf, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Catania, Italy
Pallé, E. ; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain
Persson, C.M. ; Department of Space,Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, Onsala, Sweden
Peter, G. ; Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, German Aerospace Center, Dlr, Berlin, Germany
Piotto, G. ; Inaf, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy ; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia œ Galileo Galilei, Universita Degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
Pollacco, D.; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Queloz, D. ; Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom ; Eth Zürich, Department of Physics, Zürich, Switzerland
Ragazzoni, R. ; Inaf, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy ; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia œ Galileo Galilei, Universita Degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
Rando, N.; Estec, European Space Agency, Noordwijk, Netherlands
Rauer, H. ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center, Dlr, Berlin, Germany ; Zentrum für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany ; Institut für Geologische Wissenschaften, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Redfield, S. ; Astronomy Department, Van Vleck Observatory, Wesleyan University, Middletown, United States
Ribas, I. ; Institut de Ciències de La'Espai (ICE, Csic, Campus Uab, Bellaterra, Spain ; Institut Da'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Gran Capitaà, Barcelona, Spain
Ricker, G.R. ; Department of Physics and Kavli, Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
Rodler, F. ; European Southern Observatory, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Santiago de Chile, Chile
Santos, N.C. ; Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciencias Do Espaço, Universidade Do Porto, Caup, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade Do Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
Scandariato, G. ; Inaf, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Catania, Italy
Seager, S. ; Department of Physics and Kavli, Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States ; Department of Earth,Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States ; Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
Ségransan, D. ; Observatoire Astronomique de L, Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Simon, A.E. ; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Smith, A.M.S. ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center, Dlr, Berlin, Germany
Steller, M. ; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Szabó, Gy. M. ; Elte, Eötvös Loránd University, Gothard Astrophysical Observatory, Szombathely, Hungary ; Mta, Elte, Exoplanet Research Group, Szombathely, Hungary
Thomas, N.; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Tosi, N. ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center, Dlr, Berlin, Germany
Twicken, J.D. ; Nasa Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, United States ; Seti Institute, Mountain View, United States
Udry, S. ; Observatoire Astronomique de L, Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Van Eylen, V.; Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey, United Kingdom
Van Grootel, Valérie ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Astrophysique stellaire théorique et astérosismologie
Walton, N.A. ; Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Winn, J.N. ; Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
We would like to thank the anonymous referee for the careful reading and comments that improved the quality of the manuscript. CHEOPS is an ESA mission in partnership with Switzerland with important contributions to the payload and the ground segment from Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The CHEOPS Consortium would like to gratefully acknowledge the support received by all the agencies, offices, universities, and industries involved. Their flexibility and willingness to explore new approaches were essential to the success of this mission. CHEOPS data analysed in this article will be made available in the CHEOPS mission archive ( https://cheops.unige.ch/archive_browser/ ) K.G.I. is the ESA CHEOPS Project Scientist and is responsible for the ESA CHEOPS Guest Observers Programme. She does not participate in, or contribute to, the definition of the Guaranteed Time Programme of the CHEOPS mission through which observations described in this paper have been taken, nor to any aspect of target selection for the programme. This work was supported by the KESPRINT collaboration, an international consortium devoted to the characterization and research of exoplanets discovered with space-based missions ( http://www.kesprint.science ). This paper includes data collected with the TESS mission, obtained from the MAST data archive at the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI). Funding for the TESS mission was provided by the NASA Explorer Program. STScI is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5–26555. We acknowledge the use of public TESS data from pipelines at the TESS Science Office and at the TESS Science Processing Operations center. Resources supporting this work were provided by the NASA High-End Computing (HEC) Program through the NASAAdvanced Supercomputing (NAS) Division atAmes Research centre for the production of the SPOC data products. D.G. and L.M.S. gratefully acknowledge financial support from the CRT foundation under Grant No. 2018.2323 “Gaseous or rocky? Unveiling the nature of small worlds”. Ph. B. and N.T. acknowledge support by the DFG Schwerpunkt SPP 1992 “Exploring the Diversity of Extrasolar Planets” (grant TO 704/3-1) and by the DFG Research Unit FOR 2440 “Matter under planetary interior conditions” (grant PA 3689/1-1). A.C.C. and T.G.W. acknowledge support from STFC consolidated grant numbers ST/R000824/1 and ST/V000861/1, and UKSA grant number ST/R003203/1. This work was supported by FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia through national funds and by FEDER through COMPETE2020 -Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização by these grants: UID/FIS/04434/2019; UIDB/04434/2020; UIDP/04434/2020; PTDC/FIS-AST/32113/2017 & POCI-01-0145-FEDER-032113; PTDC/FIS-AST/28953/2017 and POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028953; PTDC/FIS-AST/28987/2017 and POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028987, 2022.06962.PTDC. Y.A., M.J.H. and J.A.E. acknowledge the support of the Swiss National Fund under grant 200020_172746. A.B. was supported by the SNSA. L.D. is an F.R.S.-FNRS Postdoctoral Researcher. The Belgian participation to CHEOPS has been supported by the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) in the framework of the PRODEX Program, and by the University of Liège through an ARC grant for Concerted Research Actions financed by the Wallonia-Brussels Federation. E.G. gratefully acknowledges the support by the Thüringer Ministerium für Wirtschaft, Wissenschaft und Digitale Gesellschaft. S.H. gratefully acknowledges CNES funding through the grant 837319. S.G.S. acknowledges support from FCT through FCT contract nr. CEECIND/00826/2018 and POPH/FSE (EC). We acknowledge support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and the European Regional Development Fund through grants ESP2016-80435-C2-1-R, ESP2016-80435-C2-2-R, PGC2018-098153-B-C33, PGC2018-098153-B-C31, ESP2017-87676-C5-1-R, MDM-2017-0737 Unidad de Excelencia “María de Maeztu”- Centro de Astrobiolog’ia (INTA-CSIC), as well as the support of the Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA programme. S.C.C.B. acknowledges support from FCT through FCT contracts nr. IF/01312/2014/CP1215/CT0004. X.B., S.C.C.B., D.G., M.F. and J.L. acknowledge their role as ESA-appointed CHEOPS science team members. This work makes use of observations from the LCOGT network. Part of the LCOGT telescope time was granted by NOIRLab through the Mid-Scale Innovations Program (MSIP). MSIP is funded by NSF. H.J.D. acknowledges support from the Spanish Research Agency of the Ministry of Science and Innovation (AEI-MICINN) under grant PID2019-107061GB-C66, DOI: 10.13039/501100011033 . This project was supported by the CNES. O.D.S.D. is supported in the form of work contract (DL 57/2016/CP1364/CT0004) funded by national funds through FCT. B.-O.D. acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (PP00P2-190080). This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (project FOUR ACES; grant agreement No 724427). It has also been carried out in the frame of the National Centre for Competence in Research PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). DE acknowledges financial support from the Swiss National Science Foundation for project 200021_200726. A.De. acknowledges the financial support of the National Centre of Competence in Research PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under grants 51NF40_182901 and 51NF40_205606. M.F. and C.M.P. gratefully acknowledge the support of the Swedish National Space Agency (DNR 65/19, 174/19, 174/18). M.G. is an F.R.S.-FNRS Senior Research Associate. K.W.F.L. acknowledges support by DFG grants RA714/14-1 within the DFG Schwerpunkt SPP 1992, “Exploring the Diversity of Extrasolar Planets”. This work was granted access to the HPC resources of MesoPSL financed by the Region Ile de France and the project Equip@Meso (reference ANR-10-EQPX-29-01) of the programme Investissements d’Avenir supervised by the Agence Nationale pour la Recherche. M.L. acknowledges support of the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant number PCEFP2_194576. R.L. acknowledges funding from University of La Laguna through the Margarita Salas Fellowship from the Spanish Ministry of Universities ref. UNI/551/2021-May 26, and under the EU Next Generation funds. P.M. acknowledges support from STFC research grant number ST/M001040/1. G.P., I.P., V.N. and R.R. acknowledge the funding support from Italian Space Agency (ASI) regulated by “Accordo ASI-INAF n. 2013-016-R.0 del 9 luglio 2013 e integrazione del 9 luglio 2015 CHEOPS Fasi A/B/C”. This work was also partially supported by a grant from the Simons Foundation (PI: Queloz, grant number 327127). I.R. acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and the European Regional Development Fund through grant PGC2018-098153-B- C33, as well as the support of the Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA programme. N.C.S. acknowledges support from the European Research Council through the grant agreement 101052347 (FIERCE). Gy.M.Sz. acknowledges the support of the Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office (NKFIH) grant K-125015, a PRODEX Institute Agreement between the ELTE Eötvös Loránd University and the European Space Agency (ESA-D/SCI-LE-2021-0025), the Lendület LP2018-7/2021 grant of the Hungarian Academy of Science and the support of the city of Szombathely. V.V.G. is an F.R.S-FNRS Research Associate. S.S. has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 833925, project STAREX). N.A.W. acknowledges UKSA grant ST/R004838/1. The MOC activities have been supported by the ESA contract No. 4000124370. This work has made use of data from the European Space Agency (ESA) mission Gaia ( https://www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia ), processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC, https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/gaia/dpac/consortium ). Funding for the DPAC has been provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the Gaia Multilateral Agreement.
