Infrared observations; Instrumentation; Mercury, surface; Mineralogy; Spectroscopy; Astronomy and Astrophysics; Space and Planetary Science
Abstract :
[en] The MERTIS (MErcury Radiometer and Thermal Infrared Spectrometer) onboard of the BepiColombo ESA/JAXA mission to Mercury will map the surface of Mercury in the wavelength range of 7–14 μm and for the interpretation of these spectra a database of analog materials is needed. We analyzed bulk grain size fractions of a series of analog materials relevant to the distinct terranes of Mercury in diffuse reflectance in the mid-infrared (2.5 μm to 18 μm). Mineral mixtures cover a wide range of modal amounts of forsterite, enstatite, diopside and plagioclase, the resulting spectra can be divided into three distinct groups: (1) is dominated by a single glass feature, (2) by forsterite bands, and (3) by pyroxene bands. Despite often high contents, plagioclase features, are usually ‘overprinted’ by forsterite and pyroxene bands. Spectral parameter CF, an easy obtainable proxy for chemistry (SiO2) and polymerization (SCFM) places the hermean mixtures mostly in the intermediate and basaltic range. The correlation of parameters easily obtainable in remote sensing, Mg/Si ratio, and CF, allows differing materials from high-energy evaporation processes in impacts from such formed in igneous processes. Preliminary comparison with a spectrum covering most of the hermean surface shows some similarity with band positions of the Inter Crater Plain and Heavily Cratered Terrains (IcP-HCT) and High-Mg Northern Volcanic Plains (High-Mg NVP) mixtures, but none of our spectra is able to reproduce the remote sensing data entirely.
Disciplines :
Earth sciences & physical geography
Author, co-author :
Morlok, Andreas; Institut für Planetologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Universität Münster, Germany
Renggli, Christian; Institut für Mineralogie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
Charlier, Bernard ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de géologie > Pétrologie, géochimie endogènes et pétrophysique
Namur, Olivier; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Klemme, Stephan; Institut für Mineralogie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
Reitze, Maximilian P.; Institut für Planetologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Universität Münster, Germany
Weber, Iris; Institut für Planetologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Universität Münster, Germany
Stojic, Aleksandra N.; Institut für Planetologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Universität Münster, Germany
Bauch, Karin E.; Institut für Planetologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Universität Münster, Germany
Hiesinger, Harald; Institut für Planetologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Universität Münster, Germany
Helbert, Joern; Institute for Planetary Research, DLR, Berlin, Germany
Language :
English
Title :
A mid-infrared study of synthetic glass and crystal mixtures analog to the geochemical terranes on mercury
FWO - Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Vlaanderen DFG - Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DLR - Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt
Funding text :
A.M., M.P.R., A.N.S., I.W. and H.H. are supported by the DLR grant 50QW1701 and 50QW2201A1302 . CR is funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) – project 442083018. BC is a Research Associate of the Belgian Fund for Scientific Research-FNRS. ON acknowledges support from the FWO through an Odysseus grant.
Bingham, P.A., Parker, J.M., Searle, T., Williams, J.M., Smith, I., Novel structural behaviour of iron in alkali-alkaline-earth-silica glasses. Comptes Rendus Chimie 5 (2002), 787–796.
Cartier, C., Wood, B.J., The role of reducing conditions in building mercury. Elements 15 (2019), 39–45.
Charlier, B., Grove, T.L., Zuber, M.T., Phase equilibria of ultramafic compositions on mercury and the origin of the compositional dichotomy. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 363 (2013), 50–60.
Christensen, P.R., Bandfield, J.L., Hamilton, V.E., Mars global surveyor thermal emission spectrometer experiment: investigation description and surface science results. J. Geophys. Res. 106:ElO (2001), 23823–23872.
Cooper, B.L., Salisbury, J.W., Killen, R.M., Potter, A.E., Midinfrared spectral features of rocks and their powders. J. Geophys. Res. 107:E4 (2002), 5015–5017.
Daly, T., Gavin, P., Chevrier, V., Effects of thermal alteration on the near-infrared and mid-infrared spectra of martian phyllosilicates. 42nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, LPI Contribution No. 1608, 2011, 1164.
Denevi, B.W., Ernst, C.M., Prockter, L.M., Robinson, M.S., The geologic history of mercury. Salomon, Nittler, Anderson, (eds.) Mercury – The View after Messenger. Cambridge, 2020.
Donaldson Hanna, K.L., Greenhagen, B.T., Patterson, W.R., Pieters, C.M., Mustard, J.F., Bowles, N.E., Paige, D.A., Glotch, T.D., Thompson, C., Emery, J.P., Sprague, A.L., Witteborn, F.C., Colwell, F.C., Effects of varying environmental conditions on emissivity spectra of bulk lunar soils: Application to Diviner thermal infrared observations of the Moon. Icarus 283 (2007), 326–342.
Dufresne, C.D.M., King, P.L., Dyar, D., et al. Effect of Si02, total FeO, Fe3+ /Fe2+, and alkali elements in basaltic glasses on mid-Infrared spectra. Am. Mineral. 94 (2009), 1580–1590.
Hapke, B., Theory of Reflectance and Emittance Spectroscopy. 1993, Cambridge Univ,Press, New York.
Hiesinger, H., Helbert, J., Mertis Co-I Team, The Mercury Radiometer and Thermal Infrared Spectrometer (MERTIS) for the BepiColombo mission. Planet. Space Sci. 58 (2010), 144–165.
Hiesinger, H., Helbert, J., Alemanno, G., Bauch, K.E., D'Amore, M., Maturilli, A., Morlok, A., Reitze, M.P., Stangarone, C., Stojic, A.N., Varatharajan, I., Weber, I., the MC-IT, Studying the composition and mineralogy of the hermean surface with the mercury radiometer and thermal infrared spectrometer (MERTIS) for the BepiColombo Mission: an update. Space Sci. Rev., 216(6), 2020, 110, 10.1007/s11214-020-00732-4.
Izenberg, N.R., et al. The low-iron, reduced surface of Mercury as seen in spectral reflectance by MESSENGER. Icarus 228 (2014), 364–374.
King, P.I., McMillan, P.F., Moore, G.M., Infrared spectroscopy of silicate glasses with application to natural systems. King, P.L., Ramsey, M.S., Swayze, G.A., (eds.) Infrared Spectroscopy in Geochemistry, Exploration Geochemistry, and Remote Sensing, Mineral, Assoc. of Can. Short Course Ser, 33, 2004, Mineralogical Association of Canada, Ottawa, 93–133.
Morlok, A., Stojic, A., Dittmar, I., Hiesinger, H., Tiedeken, M., Sohn, M., Weber, I., Helbert, J., Mid-infrared spectroscopy of impactites from the Nördlinger Ries impact crater. Icarus 264 (2016), 352–368.
Morlok, A., Stojic, A., Weber, I., Hiesinger, H., Zanetti, M., Helbert, J., Mid-infrared bi-directional reflectance spectroscopy of impact melt glasses and tektites. Icarus 278 (2016), 162–179.
Morlok, A., Klemme, S., Weber, I., Stojic, A., Sohn, M., Hiesinger, H., IR spectroscopy of synthetic glasses with mercury surface composition: analogs for remote sensing. Icarus 296 (2017), 123–138.
Morlok, A., Klemme, S., Iris, Weber, Stojic, A., Sohn, M., Hiesinger, H., Helbert, J., Mid-infrared spectroscopy of planetary analogs: A database for planetary remote sensing. Icarus 324 (2020), 86–103.
Morlok, A., Hamann, C., Martin, D., Weber, I., Joy, K.H., Hiesinger, H., Wogelius, R., Stojic, A.N., Helbert, J., Mid-infrared spectroscopy of laser-produced basalt melts for remote sensing application. Icarus, 335, 2020, 113410.
Morlok, A., Renggli, C., Charlier, B., Reitze, M.P., Klemme, S., Namur, O., Sohn, M., Martin, D., Weber, I., Stojic, A.N., Hiesinger, H., Joy, K.H., Wogelius, R., Tollan, P., Carli, C., Bauch, K.E., Helbert, J., Mid-infrared reflectance spectroscopy of synthetic glass analogs for Mercury surface studies. Icarus, 361, 2021, 114363.
Mustard, J.F., Hays, J.E., Effects of hyperfine particles on reflectance spectra from 0.3 to 25 μm. Icarus 125 (1997), 145–163.
Namur, O., Charlier, B., Silicate mineralogy at the surface of mercury. Nat. Geosci. 10 (2017), 9–13.
Namur, O., Collinet, M., Charlier, B., Grove, T.L., Holtz, F., McCammon, C., Melting processes and mantle sources of lavas on Mercury. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 439 (2016), 117–128.
Namur, O., Charlier, B., Holtz, F., Cartier, C., McCammon, C., Sulfur solubility in reduced mafic silicate melts: Implications for the speciation and distribution of sulfur on Mercury. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 448 (2016), 102–111.
Neumann, G.A., Bright and dark polar deposits on Mercury: Evidence for surface volatiles. Science 339 (2013), 296–300.
Nicodemus, F.E., Directional reflectance and emissivity of an opaque surface. Appl. Opt., 4, 1965, 767.
Nittler, L.R., Frank, E.A., Weider, S.Z., Crapster-Pregont, E., Vorburger, A., Starr, R.D., Solomon, S.C., Global major-element maps of Mercury from four years of MESSENGER X-Ray Spectrometer observations. Icarus, 345, 2020, 113716, 10.1016/j.icarus.2020.113716.
Peplowski, P.N., Remote sensing evidence for an ancient carbon-bearing crust on Mercury. Nat. Geosci. 9 (2016), 273–276.
Peplowski, P.N., Stockstill-Cahill, K., Analytical identification and characterization of the major geochemical Terranes of Mercury's northern hemisphere. J. Geophys. Res. 124 (2019), 2414–2429.
Peplowski, P.N., Evans, L.G., Hauck, S.A., McCoy, T.J., Boynton, W.V., Gillis-Davis, J.J., Ebel, D.S., Goldsten, J.O., Hamara, D.K., Lawrence, D.J., McNutt, R.L., Nittler, L.R., Solomon, S.C., Rhodes, E.A., Sprague, A.L., Starr, R.D., Stockstill-Cahill, K.R., Radioactive elements on Mercury's surface from MESSENGER: implications for the planet's formation and evolution. Science 333:6051 (2011), 1850–1852, 10.1126/science.1211576.
Peplowski, P.N., Lawrence, D.J., Feldman, W.C., Goldsten, J.O., Bazell, D., Evans, L.G., Head, J.W., Nittler, L.R., Solomon, S.C., Weider, S.Z., Geochemical terranes of Mercury's northern hemisphere as revealed by MESSENGER neutron measurements. Icarus 253 (2015), 346–363, 10.1016/j.icarus.2015.02.002.
Reitze, M.P., Weber, I., Morlok, A., Hiesinger, H., Bauch, K.E., Stojic, A.N., Helbert, J., Mid-infrared spectroscopy of crystalline plagioclase feldspar samples with various Al,Si order and implications for remote sensing of Mercury and other terrestrial Solar System objects. EPSL, 554, 2020, 116697.
Reitze, M.P., Weber, I., Morlok, A., Hiesinger, H., Bauch, K.E., Stojic, A.N., Helbert, J., Mid-infrared spectroscopy of anorthosite samples from near manicouagan crater, Canada, as analogue for remote sensing of mercury and other terrestrial solar system objects. J. Geophys. Res., 126, 2021, e06832.
Renggli, C.J., Klemme, S., Morlok, A., Berndt, J., Weber, I., Hiesinger, H., King, P.L., Sulfides and hollows formed on Mercury's surface by reactions with reducing S-rich gases. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 593, 2022, 117647.
Rothery, D.A., Massironi, M., Alemanno, G., Barraud, O., Besse, S., Bott, N., Brunetto, R., Bunce, E., Byrne, P., Capaccioni, F., Capria, M.T., Carli, C., Charlier, B., Cornet, T., Cremonese, G., D'Amore, M., De Sanctis, M.C., Doressoundiram, A., Ferranti, L., Filacchione, G., Galluzzi, V., Giacomini, L., Grande, M., Guzzetta, L.G., Helbert, J., Heyner, D., Hiesinger, H., Hussmann, H., Hyodo, R., Kohout, T., Kozyrev, A., Litvak, M., Lucchetti, A., Malakhov, A., Malliband, C., Mancinelli, P., Martikainen, J., Martindale, A., Maturilli, A., Milillo, A., Mitrofanov, I., Mokrousov, M., Morlok, A., Muinonen, K., Namur, O., Owens, A., Nittler, L.R., Oliveira, J.S., Palumbo, P., Pajola, M., Pegg, D.L., Penttilä, A., Politi, R., Quarati, F., Re, C., Sanin, A., Schulz, R., Stangarone, C., Stojic, A., Tretiyakov, V., Väisänen, T., Rationale for bepicolombo studies of mercury's surface and composition. Space Sci. Rev., 216, 2020, 66.
Salisbury, J.W., Wald, A., The role of volume scattering in reducing spectral contrast of reststrahlen bands in spectra of powdered minerals. Icarus 96 (1992), 121–123.
Salisbury, J.W., Walter, L.S., Thermal infrared (2.5–13.5 μm) spectroscopic remote sensing of igneous rock types on particulate planetary surfaces. J. Geophys. Res. 94 (1989), 9192–9202.
Salisbury, J.W., Wald, A., Di Aria, D.M., Thermal-infrared remote sensing and Kirchhoff's law 1. Labaratory measurements. J. Geophys. Res. 99:B6 (1994), 11897–11911.
Salisbury, J.W., Basu, A., Fischer, E.M., Thermal infrared spectra of lunar soils. Icarus 130 (1997), 125–139.
Sprague, A.L., Roush, T.L., Comparison of laboratory emission spectra with mercury telescopic data. Icarus 133 (1998), 174–183.
Sprague, A.L., Kozlowski, R.W.H., Wittebom, F.C., et al. Mercury: evidence for anorthosite and basalt from mid-infrared (7.5–13.5 micrometer) spectroscopy. Icarus 109 (1994), 156–167.
Sprague, A.L., Emery, J.P., Donaldson, K.L., Russell, R.W., Lynch, D.K., Mazuk, A.L., Mercury: mid-infrared (3–13.5 μm) observations show heterogeneous composition, presence of intermediate and basic soil types, and pyroxene. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 37 (2002), 1255–1268.
Sprague, A., Warell, J., Cremonese, G., Langevin, Y., Helbert, J., Wurz, P., Veselovsky, I., Orsini, S., Milillo, A., Mercury's surface composition and character as measured by ground-based observations. Space Sci. Rev. 132 (2007), 399–431.
Sprague, A.L., Donaldson Hanna, K.L., Kozlowski, R.W.H., Helbert, J., Maturilli, A., Warell, J.B., Hora, J.L., Spectral emissivity measurements of Mercury's surface indicate Mg- and Ca-rich mineralogy, K-spar, Na-rich plagioclase, rutile, with possible perovskite, and garnet. Planet. Space Sci. 57 (2009), 364–383.
Stockstill-Cahill, K.R., McCoy, T.J., Nittler, L.R., Weider, S.Z., Hauck, S.A., Magnesium-rich crustal compositions on Mercury: Implications for magmatism from petrologic modeling. J. Geophys. Res., 117, 2012 CiteID E00L15.
Thomson, J.L., Salisbury, J.W., The mid-infrared reflectance of mineral mixtures (7–14 microns). Remote Sens. Environ. 45 (1993), 1–13.
Van der Meer, F., Estimating and simulating the degree of serpentinization of peridotites using hyperspectral remotely sensed imagery. Nonrenew. Res. 4 (1995), 84–98.
Vander Kaaden, K.E., McCubbin, F.M., The origin of boninites on Mercury: An experimental study of the northern volcanic plains lavas. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 173 (2016), 246–263.
Vander Kaaden, K.E., McCubbin, F.M., Nittler, L.R., Peplowski, P.N., Weider, S.Z., Frank, E.A., McCoy, T., Geochemistry, mineralogy, and petrology of Boninitic and Komatiitic rocks on the Mercurian surface: insights into the Mercurian mantle. Icarus., 2017, 10.1016/j.icarus.2016.11.041. in Press.
Vilas, F., Mineralogical indicators of Mercury's hollows composition in MESSENGER color observations. Geophys. Res. Lett. 43 (2016), 1450–1456.
Weber, I., Morlok, A., Bischoff, A., Hiesinger, H., Ward, D., Joy, K.H., Crowther, S.A., Jastrzebski, N.D., Gilmour, J.D., Clay, P.L., Wogelius, R.A., Greenwood, R.C., Franchi, I.A., Münker, C., Cosmochemical and spectroscopic properties of Northwest Africa 7325—A consortium study. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 51 (2016), 3–30.
Weber, I., Morlok, A., Grund, T., Bauch, K.E., Hiesinger, H., Stojic, A., Joy, K.H., A mid-infrared reflectance database in preparation for space missions. Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, 2018, 1430.
Weber, I., Reitze, M.P., Heeger, M., Adolphs, T., Morlok, A., Stojic, A.N., Hiesinger, H., Arlinghaus, H.F., Helbert, J., The effect of excimer laser irradiation on mid-IR spectra of mineral mixtures for remote sensing. EPS, 569, 2021, 117072.
Weider, S.Z., Nittler, L.R., Starr, R.D., Ellen, Crapster-Pregont, Peplowski, P.N., Denevi, B.W., Head, J.W., Byrne, P.K., Hauck, S.A., Ebel, D.S., Solomon, S.C., Evidence for geochemical terranes on mercury: global mapping of major elements with MESSENGER's X-ray spectrometer. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 416 (2015), 109–120.
