Modeling and Simulation; Earth and Planetary Sciences (all); General Environmental Science; Earth System Model; Climate model; carbon cycle
Abstract :
[en] The carbon cycle component of the newly developed Earth system model of intermediate complexity CLIMBER-X is presented. The model represents the cycling of carbon through the atmosphere, vegetation, soils, seawater and marine sediments. Exchanges of carbon with geological reservoirs occur through sediment burial, rock weathering and volcanic degassing. The state-of-the-art HAMOCC6 model is employed to simulate ocean biogeochemistry and marine sediment processes. The land model PALADYN simulates the processes related to vegetation and soil carbon dynamics, including permafrost and peatlands. The dust cycle in the model allows for an interactive determination of the input of the micro-nutrient iron into the ocean. A rock weathering scheme is implemented in the model, with the weathering rate depending on lithology, runoff and soil temperature. CLIMBER-X includes a simple representation of the methane cycle, with explicitly modelled natural emissions from land and the assumption of a constant residence time of CH4 in the atmosphere. Carbon isotopes 13C and 14C are tracked through all model compartments and provide a useful diagnostic for model-data comparison. A comprehensive evaluation of the model performance for the present day and the historical period shows that CLIMBER-X is capable of realistically reproducing the historical evolution of atmospheric CO2 and CH4 but also the spatial distribution of carbon on land and the 3D structure of biogeochemical ocean tracers. The analysis of model performance is complemented by an assessment of carbon cycle feedbacks and model sensitivities compared to state-of-the-art Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) models. Enabling an interactive carbon cycle in CLIMBER-X results in a relatively minor slow-down of model computational performance by ∼20 % compared to a throughput of ∼10 000 simulation years per day on a single node with 16 CPUs on a high-performance computer in a climate-only model set-up. CLIMBER-X is therefore well suited to investigating the feedbacks between climate and the carbon cycle on temporal scales ranging from decades to >100000 years.
Disciplines :
Earth sciences & physical geography
Author, co-author :
Willeit, Matteo ; Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
Ilyina, Tatiana ; Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Liu, Bo ; Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Heinze, Christoph ; Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
Perrette, Mahé ; Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
Heinemann, Malte; Institute of Geosciences, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
Dalmonech, Daniela ; Forest Modelling Laboratory, Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISAFOM), Perugia, Italy
Brovkin, Victor ; Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany ; Cen, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany ; Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
BMBF - Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung [DE] F.R.S.-FNRS - Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique [BE] European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) [DE] Land Brandenburg [DE]
This research has been supported by the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (PalMod project, grant nos. 01LP1920B, 01LP1917D, 01LP1919B, 01LP1919C and 01LP1920C).The publication of this article was funded by the Open Access Fund of the Leibniz Association.Matteo Willeit, Bo Liu, Malte Heinemann and Janine Börker are funded by the German climate modelling project PalMod supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) as a Research for Sustainability (FONA) initiative (grant nos. 01LP1920B, 01LP1917D, 01LP1919B, 01LP1919C and 01LP1920C). Guy Munhoven is a Research Associate with the Belgian Fund for Scientific Research – F.R.S.-FNRS. The authors are grateful to the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research and the State of Brandenburg for supporting this project by providing resources on the high-performance computer system at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research.
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