Field-test performance models of a residential micro-cogeneration system based on the hybridization of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell and a gas condensing boiler
Paulus, Nicolas; Lemort, Vincent
2023 • In Energy Conversion and Management, 295, p. 117634
fuel cell; micro-cogeneraton; modelling; efficiency; hybridization; goodness of fit
Abstract :
[en] The energy transition brings focus on cogeneration systems, even at residential levels. One of the latter systems consists in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) combined with a gas condensing boiler and a 220L domestic hot water tank. The system, fed by natural gas, is designed to provide the heat demands of residential houses and to participate locally in the electrical produc-tion thanks to the PEMFC of nominal constant power of 0.75kWel (and 1.1kWth). The boiler, sized for peak heat demands, can be chosen between four rated power versions from 11.4 to 30.8kWth. The machine is never electrically driven. This study has developed daily (and monthly) performance models of the system based on field-test results of two machines installed and monitored in Belgium for the whole year 2020. All models only require daily (or monthly) heat demands of the building as inputs but more elaborated (and accurate) models have been established considering operating temperatures and the demonstrated ability of the machine to modulate its heat rate output in real onsite applications. Finally, this paper has demonstrated that daily PEMFC load factor (its daily electrical production) has a significant influence on the daily performance and therefore on the goodness of fit of the models. Unfortunately, the demonstrated PEMFC load factor is unexpectedly low for the monitored dwellings, probably due to the high level of complexity of the hybridization between the components of the system.
Disciplines :
Energy
Author, co-author :
Paulus, Nicolas ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Aérospatiale et Mécanique (A&M)
Lemort, Vincent ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'aérospatiale et mécanique > Thermodynamique appliquée
Language :
English
Title :
Field-test performance models of a residential micro-cogeneration system based on the hybridization of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell and a gas condensing boiler
Publication date :
11 September 2023
Journal title :
Energy Conversion and Management
ISSN :
0196-8904
eISSN :
1879-2227
Publisher :
Elsevier BV
Volume :
295
Pages :
117634
Peer reviewed :
Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi
Development Goals :
7. Affordable and clean energy 11. Sustainable cities and communities 13. Climate action
Paulus, N., Confronting Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) to IPPC's +2°C carbon budgets through the analyses of France and Wallonia climate policies. J Ecol Eng, 2023, 24 https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/162984.
Paulus, N, Lemort, V, Pollutant testing (NOx, SO2 and CO) of commercialized micro-combined heat and power (mCHP) fuel cells. https://doi.org/10.52202/069564-0104.
Davila C, Paulus N, Lemort V. Experimental investigation of a Micro-CHP unit driven by natural gas for residential buildings. Proceedings of the 19th International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference (Herrick 2022) 2022.
Baldi, S., Le, Q.T., Holub, O., Endel, P., Real-time monitoring energy efficiency and performance degradation of condensing boilers. Energy Convers Manag 136 (2017), 329–339, 10.1016/j.enconman.2017.01.016.
Bennett, G., Elwell, C., Effect of boiler oversizing on efficiency: a dynamic simulation study. Build Serv Eng Res Technol 41:6 (2020), 709–726 https://doi.org/10.1177/0143624420927352.
Paulus, N, Lemort, V, Grid-impact factors of field-tested residential Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell systems. https://doi.org/10.34641/CLIMA.2022.176.
Ghenciu, A.F., Review of fuel processing catalysts for hydrogen production in PEM fuel cell systems. Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci 6 (2002), 389–399, 10.1016/S1359-0286(02)00108-0.
Braun, R.J., Klein, S.A., Reindl, D.T., Evaluation of system configurations for solid oxide fuel cell-based micro-combined heat and power generators in residential applications. J Power Sources 158 (2006), 1290–1305, 10.1016/J.JPOWSOUR.2005.10.064.
Dolci, F., Thomas, D., Hilliard, S., Guerra, C.F., Hancke, R., Ito, H., et al. Incentives and legal barriers for power-to-hydrogen pathways: An international snapshot. Int J Hydrogen Energy 44:23 (2019), 11394–11401 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJHYDENE.2019.03.045.
Boait, P.J., Greenough, R., Can fuel cell micro-CHP justify the hydrogen gas grid? Operating experience from a UK domestic retrofit. Energ Buildings 194 (2019), 75–84, 10.1016/J.ENBUILD.2019.04.021.
Paulus N, Job N, Lemort V. Investigation of degradation mechanisms and corresponding recovery procedures of a field-tested residential cogeneration Polymer Electrolyte Membrane fuel cell. To Be Submitted 2023.
Zhang B., Wang L., Li R. Chapter 10 - Bioconversion and Chemical Conversion of Biogas for Fuel Production. Advanced Bioprocessing for Alternative Fuels, Biobased Chemicals, and Bioproducts: Technologies and Approaches for Scale-Up and Commercialization. Woodhead Publishing; 2019. p. 187–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817941-3.00010-3.
Daoud I. Installer une Cogénération dans votre Etablissement. Ministère de La Région Wallonne Direction Générale Des Technologies, de La Recherche et de l'Energie (GGTRE) 2003.
Korotkikh, O., Farrauto, R., Selective catalytic oxidation of CO in H2: fuel cell applications. Catal Today 62 (2000), 249–254, 10.1016/S0920-5861(00)00426-0.
Wakita, H., Kani, Y., Fujihara, S., Ukai, K., Maenishi, A., Hydrogen generator, fuel cell system and their operating methods. US8652224B2, 2014 https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/11/ab/c7/703e1eb83a1a8c/US8652224.pdf.
Adams, W.A., Blair, J., Bullock, K.R., Gardner, C.L., Enhancement of the performance and reliability of CO poisoned PEM fuel cells. J Power Sources 145 (2005), 55–61, 10.1016/J.JPOWSOUR.2004.12.049.
Valdés-López, V.F., Mason, T., Shearing, P.R., Brett, D.J.L., Carbon monoxide poisoning and mitigation strategies for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells – A review. Prog Energy Combust Sci, 79, 2020, 100842, 10.1016/J.PECS.2020.100842.
Zhang, Y., Chen, S., Wang, Y., Ding, W., Wu, R., Li, L.i., et al. Study of the degradation mechanisms of carbon-supported platinum fuel cells catalyst via different accelerated stress test. J Power Sources 273 (2015), 62–69 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JPOWSOUR.2014.09.012.
Xie, J., Wood, D.L., More, K.L., Atanassov, P., Borup, R.L., Microstructural Changes of Membrane Electrode Assemblies during PEFC Durability Testing at High Humidity Conditions. J Electrochem Soc, 152, 2005, A1011, 10.1149/1.1873492/XML.
Darling, R.M., Meyers, J.P., Kinetic Model of Platinum Dissolution in PEMFCs. J Electrochem Soc, 150, 2003, A1523, 10.1149/1.1613669/XML.
European Commission. EN13757-4: Communication systems for meters and remote reading of meters - Part 4: Wireless meter readout (Radio meter reading for operation in SRD bands). 2013.
Butler, D, Abela, A, Martin, C, Heat meter accuracy testing, 2016, UK Government - Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/576680/Heat_Meter_Accuracy_Testing_Final_Report_16_Jun_incAnxG_for_publication.pdf.
International Organization of Legal Metrology. OIML R 75-1: 2002 (E): Heat meters Part 1: General requirements Compteurs d’énergie thermique Partie 1: Exigences générales. 2002.
International Electrotechnical Commission. IEC 62053-21: Electricity metering equipment (a.c.) – Particular requirements. Part 21: Static meters for active energy (classes 1 and 2). 2003.
Paulus, N., Lemort, V., Establishing the energy content of natural gas residential consumption: example with Belgian field-test applications. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci, 1185, 2023, 012013, 10.1088/1755-1315/1185/1/012013.
Paulus N, Lemort V. Field-test performance of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) for residential cogeneration applications. Proceedings of the 7th International High Performance Buildings Conference at Purdue (Herrick 2022) 2022.
European Parliament. DIRECTIVE 2010/31/EU on the energy performance of buildings. Official Journal of the European Union 2010.
De Bruijn, F.A., Dam, V.A.T., Janssen, G.J.M., Review: Durability and Degradation Issues of PEM Fuel Cell Components. Fuel Cells 8 (2008), 3–22, 10.1002/FUCE.200700053.
Paulus, N, Davila, C, Lemort, V, Field-test economic and ecological performance of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) used in micro-combined heat and power residential applications (micro-CHP). https://doi.org/10.11581/dtu.00000267.
Staffell, I., Green, R., Kendall, K., Cost targets for domestic fuel cell CHP. J Power Sources 181 (2008), 339–349, 10.1016/J.JPOWSOUR.2007.11.068.
Orr, G, Lelyveld, T, Burton, S, Final Report: In-situ monitoring of efficiencies of condensing boilers and use of secondary heating. Energy Saving Trust, 2009 https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/180950/In-situ_monitoring_of_condensing_boilers_final_report.pdf.
Zhang, L., Xia, J., Thorsen, J.E., Gudmundsson, O., Li, H., Svendsen, S., Technical, economic and environmental investigation of using district heating to prepare domestic hot water in Chinese multi-storey buildings. Energy 116 (2016), 281–292, 10.1016/J.ENERGY.2016.09.019.
Van Kenhove, E., Dinne, K., Janssens, A., Laverge, J., Overview and comparison of Legionella regulations worldwide. Am J Infect Control 47 (2019), 968–978, 10.1016/J.AJIC.2018.10.006.
Paulus, N, Davila, C, Lemort, V, Correlation between field-test and laboratory results for a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) used as a residential cogeneration system, 2022, Annuel de La Société Française de Thermique” (SFT 2022) https://doi.org/10.25855/SFT2022-119.
European Commission. Commission. Delegated Regulation No 811/2013 of 18 February 2013 with regard to the energy labelling of space heaters. . Off J Eur Union, 2013 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32013R0811&from=EN.
