The history of ice-sheet retreat on North America during Termination 5: Implications for the origin of the sea-level highstand during interglacial stage 11
chemical weathering; interglacial sea-level; Laurentide Ice Sheet; MIS 11; North Atlantic; Pb isotope; Chemical weathering; Continental ice sheet; Deglaciations; Ice-sheet retreat; Interglacial sea-level; Laurentide ice sheets; Marine isotope stage 11; Marine isotope stages; Pb isotopes; Geophysics; Geochemistry and Petrology; Space and Planetary Science; Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous)
Abstract :
[en] Termination (T) 5, ∼424 ka, involved the biggest deglaciation of land-ice mass during the Quaternary. Warming and ice-sheet retreat during T5 led to an exceptionally long period of interglacial warmth known as Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 11, ∼424–395 ka. A detailed understanding of the history of continental ice-sheet decay during T5 is required to disentangle regional contributions of ice-sheet retreat to sea-level rise (that range between ∼1 and 13 m above present day) and to correct it for glacio-isostatic adjustments (GIA). Yet little is known about the timing and magnitude of retreat during this time of the volumetrically most important continental ice sheet in the Northern Hemisphere, the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS). Here we present new authigenic Fe-Mn oxyhydroxide-derived high-resolution records of Pb isotope data and associated rare earth element profiles for samples spanning T5 from Labrador Sea IODP Site U1302/3. These records feature astronomically-paced radiogenic Pb isotope excursions that track increases in chemical weathering of North American bedrock and freshwater routing to the Labrador Sea via Hudson Straits associated with LIS retreat. Our records show that LIS retreat during T5 began 429. 2 ± 7.9 ka (2σ) and likely occurred over a longer timescale (by ∼10 to 5 kyr) than that observed for T2 and T1. They also show that Hudson Bay Ice Saddle collapse (and therefore LIS break-up) occurred ∼419 ± 4.7 ka (2σ), around the same time as best estimates of southern Greenland deglaciation, but ∼12 kyr before LIS deglaciation and the sea-level high-stand associated with the latter half of MIS 11 likely occurred. Our findings therefore highlight that ice-mass loss on North America likely played an important role in the seemingly protracted nature of T5 sea-level rise. A comparison of the deglaciation histories of the LIS and the southern Greenland Ice Sheet during T5, T2 and T1 also demonstrates that the well-constrained history of regional ice-sheet retreat during T1 is not always applicable as a template for older late Pleistocene terminations in GIA modelling.
Research center :
UR Geology
Disciplines :
Earth sciences & physical geography
Author, co-author :
Parker, Rebecca L. ; Camborne School of Mines, College of Engineering, Mathematics & Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, United Kingdom
Foster, Gavin L.; School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
Gutjahr, Marcus; GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
Wilson, Paul A.; School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
Obrochta, Stephen P.; Graduate School of International Resource Science, Akita University, Akita, Japan
Fagel, Nathalie ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de géologie > Argiles, géochimie et environnements sédimentaires
Cooper, Matthew J. ; School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
Michalik, Agnes ; School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
Milton, James A. ; School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
Bailey, Ian ; Camborne School of Mines, College of Engineering, Mathematics & Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, United Kingdom
Language :
English
Title :
The history of ice-sheet retreat on North America during Termination 5: Implications for the origin of the sea-level highstand during interglacial stage 11
This research used samples provided by the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP). We thank James Channell, the shipboard party of IODP Expedition 303, and H. Kuhlmann for their help at the Bremen Core Repository. We also thank two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments that helped us to improve our manuscript significantly. R.L.P. acknowledges funding from a University of Exeter International Excellence Scholarship. P.A.W. acknowledges support from Natural Environment Research Council (grant number NE/K014137/1 ) and P.A.W. and G.L.F. acknowledge the Royal Society ( Wolfson Merit Awards ).This research used samples provided by the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP). We thank James Channell, the shipboard party of IODP Expedition 303, and H. Kuhlmann for their help at the Bremen Core Repository. We also thank two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments that helped us to improve our manuscript significantly. R.L.P. acknowledges funding from a University of Exeter International Excellence Scholarship. P.A.W. acknowledges support from Natural Environment Research Council (grant number NE/K014137/1) and P.A.W. and G.L.F. acknowledge the Royal Society (Wolfson Merit Awards).
Abbott, A.N., Löhr, S.C., Payne, A., Kumar, H., Du, J., Widespread lithogenic control of marine authigenic neodymium isotope records? Implications for paleoceanographic reconstructions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 319 (2022), 318–336, 10.1016/j.gca.2021.11.021.
Baker, J., Peate, D., Waight, T., Meyzen, C., Pb isotopic analysis of standards and samples using a 207Pb/204Pb double spike and thallium to correct for mass bias with a double-focusing MC-ICP-MS. Chem. Geol. 211:3–4 (2004), 275–303.
Barber, D.C., Dyke, A., Hillaire-Marcel, C., Jennings, A.E., Andrews, J.T.A., Kerwin, M., Bilodeau, W.G., McNeely, R., Southon, J., Morehead, M.D., Gagnon, J.-M., Forcing of the cold event 8,200 years ago by catastrophic drainage of Laurentide lakes. Nature 400 (1999), 344–348, 10.1038/22504.
Barker, S., Knorr, G., Conn, S., Lordsmith, S., Newman, D., Thornalley, D., Early interglacial legacy of deglacial climate instability. Paleoceanogr. Paleoclimatol. 34 (2019), 1455–1475, 10.1029/2019PA003661.
Bazin, L., et al. An optimized multi-proxy, multi-site Antarctic ice and gas orbital chronology (AICC2012): 120–800 ka. Clim. Past 9 (2013), 1715–1731, 10.5194/cp-9-1715-2013.
Blake-Mizen, K.R., Hatfield, R.G., Stoner, J.S., Carlson, A.E., Xuan, C., Walczak, M.H., Lawrence, K.T., Channell, J.E.T., Bailey, I., Southern Greenland glaciation and western boundary undercurrent evolution recorded on Eirik Drift during the late Pliocene intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciation. Quat. Sci. Rev. 209 (2019), 40–51, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.01.015.
Blaser, P., Lippold, J., Gutjahr, M., Frank, N., Link, J.M., Frank, M., Extracting foraminiferal seawater Nd isotope signatures from bulk deep sea sediment by chemical leaching. Chem. Geol. 439 (2016), 189–204, 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.06.024.
Blaser, P., Pöppelmeier, F., Schulz, H., Gutjahr, M., Frank, M., Lippold, J., Heinrich, H., Link, J.M., Hoffmann, J., Szidat, S., Frank, N., The resilience and sensitivity of Northeast Atlantic deep water εNd to overprinting by detrital fluxes over the past 30,000 years. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 245 (2019), 79–97, 10.1016/j.gca.2018.10.018.
Blaser, P., Gutjahr, M., Pöppelmeier, F., Frank, M., Kaboth-Bahr, S., Lippold, J., Labrador Sea bottom water provenance and REE exchange during the past 35,000 years. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 542, 2020, 116299, 10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116299.
Böhm, E., Lippold, J., Gutjahr, M., Frank, M., Blaser, P., Antz, B., Fohlmeister, J., Frank, N., Andersen, M.B., Deininger, M., Strong and deep Atlantic meridional overturning circulation during the last glacial cycle. Nature 517 (2015), 73–79, 10.1038/nature14059.
Brouard, E., Roy, M., Godbout, P-M., Veillette, J.J., A framework for the timing of the final meltwater outbursts from glacial Lake Agassiz-Ojibway. Quat. Sci. Rev., 274, 2021, 107269, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107269.
Chen, M., Carrasco, G., Zhao, N., Wang, X., Lee, J.N., Tanzil, J.T.I., Annammala, K.A., Poh, S.C., Lauro, F.M., Ziegler, A.D., Duangnamon, D., Boyel, E.A., Boundary exchange completes the marine Pb cycle jigsaw. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 120(6), 2023, e2213163120, 10.1073/pnas.2213163120.
Cheng, H., Zhang, P., Spötl, C., Edwards, R., Cai, Y., Zhang, D., Sang, W., Tan, M., An, Z., The climatic cyclicity in semiarid-arid Central Asia over the past 500 000 years. Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, 2012, 1705, 10.1029/2011GL050202.
Colville, E.J., Carlson, A.E., Beard, B.L., Hatfield, R.G., Stoner, J.S., Reyes, A.V., Ullman, D.J., Sr–Nd–Pb isotope evidence for ice-sheet presence on southern Greenland during the last interglacial. Science 333 (2011), 620–623, 10.1126/science.1204673.
Carlson, A.E., Stoner, J.S., Donnelly, J.P., Hillaire-Marcel, C., Response of the southern Greenland Ice Sheet during the last two deglaciations. Geology 36 (2008), 359–362, 10.1130/G24519A.1.
Channell, J.E.T., Kanarnatsu, T., Sato, T., Stein, R., Alvarez Zarikian, C.A., Malone, M.J., Sites U1302 and U1303. Proceedings of the IODP, Volume 303/306, College Station TX (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Management), 2006.
Channell, J.E.T., Hodell, D.A., Romero, O., Hillaire-Marcel, C., de Vernal, A., Stoner, J.S., et al. A 750-kyr detrital-layer stratigraphy for the North Atlantic (IODP Sites U1302-U1303, Orphan Knoll, Labrador Sea). Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 317–318 (2012), 218–230, 10.1016/j.epsl.2011.11.029.
Crocket, K.C., Vance, D., Foster, G.L., Richards, D.A., Tranter, M., Continental weathering fluxes during the last glacial/interglacial cycle: insights from the marine sedimentary Pb isotope record at Orphan Knoll, NW Atlantic. Quat. Sci. Rev. 30 (2012), 89–99, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.02.004.
Dalton, A.S., Margold, M., Stokes, C.R., Tarasov, L., Dyke, A.S., Adams, R.S., et al. An updated radiocarbon-based ice margin chronology for the last deglaciation of the North American Ice Sheet Complex. Quat. Sci. Rev., 234, 2020, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106223.
Dausmann, V., Gutjahr, M., Frank, M., Kouzmanov, K., Schaltegger, U., Experimental evidence for mineral-controlled release of radiogenic Nd, Hf and Pb isotopes from granitic rocks during progressive chemical weathering. Chem. Geol. 507 (2019), 64–84, 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.12.024.
De Vernal, A., Hilliare-Marcel, C., Natural variability of Greenland climate, vegetation, and ice volume during the past million years. Science 320 (2008), 1622–1625, 10.1126/science.1153929.
Dendy, S., Austermann, J., Creveling, J.R., Mitrovica, J.X., Sensitivity of last interglacial sea-level high stands to ice sheet configuration during Marine Isotope Stage 6. Quat. Sci. Rev. 171 (2017), 234–244, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.06.013.
Du, J., Haley, B.A., Mix, A.C., Neodymium isotopes in authigenic phases, bottom waters and detrital sediments in the Gulf of Alaska and their implications for paleo-circulation reconstruction. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 193 (2016), 14–35, 10.1016/j.gca.2016.08.005.
Du, J., Haley, B.A., Mix, A.C., Evolution of the global overturning circulation since the last glacial maximum based on marine authigenic neodymium isotopes. Quat. Sci. Rev., 241, 2020, 106396, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106396.
Dyer, B., Austermann, J., D'Andrea, W.J., Crell, R.C., Sandstrom, M.R., Cashman, M., Rovere, A., Raymo, M.E., Sea-level trends across the Bahamas constrain peak last interglacial ice melt. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 118(33), 2021, e202689118, 10.1073/pnas.2026839118.
Dyke, A.S., Andrews, J.T., Clark, P.U., England, J.H., Miller, G.H., Shaw, J., Veillette, J.J., The Laurentide and Innuitian ice sheets during the last glacial maximum. Quat. Sci. Rev. 21 (2002), 9–31.
Dutton, A., Carlson, A.E., Long, A.J., Milne, G.A., Clark, P.U., DeConto, R., Horton, B.P., Rahmstorf, S., Raymo, M.E., Sea-level rise due to polar ice-sheet mass loss during past warm periods. Science, 349, 2015, 10.1126/science.aaa4019.
Elderfield, H., Ferretti, P., Greaves, M., Crowhurst, S., McCave, I.N., Hodell, D., Piotrowski, A.M., Evolution of ocean temperature and ice volume through the mid-Pleistocene climate transition. Science 337 (2012), 704–709, 10.1126/science.12212.
Expedition 303 Scientists, Site U1308. Channell, J.E.T., et al. (eds.) North Atlantic Climate, Proc. Integr. Ocean Drill. Program 303, 2006 https://doi.org/10.2204/iodp.proc.303306.108.2006.
Fagel, N., Innocent, C., Gariepy, C., Hillaire-Marcel, C., Sources of Labrador Sea sediments since the last glacial maximum inferred from Nd-Pb isotopes. Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta 66:14 (2002), 2569–2581, 10.1016/50016-7037(02)00866-9.
Gutjahr, M., Frank, M., Stirling, C.H., Klemm, V., van de Flierdt, T., Halliday, A.N., Reliable extraction of a deepwater trace metal isotope signal from Fe-Mn oxyhydroxide coatings of marine sediments. Chem. Geol. 242:3–4 (2007), 351–370, 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.03.021.
Gutjahr, M., Frank, M., Lippold, J., Halliday, A.N., Peak Last Glacial weathering intensity on the North American continent recorded by the authigenic Hf isotope composition of North Atlantic deep-sea sediments. Quat. Sci. Rev. 99 (2014), 97–111, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.06.022.
Haley, B.A., Klinkhammer, G.P., McManus, J., Rare Earth elements in pore waters of marine sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 68 (2004), 1265–1279, 10.1016/j.gca.2003.09.012.
Hatfield, R.G., Reyes, A.V., Stoner, J.S., Carlson, A.E., Bard, B.L., Winsor, K., Welke, B., Interglacial responses of the Southern Greenland ice sheet over the last 430,000 years determined using particle-size specific magnetic and isotopic tracers. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 454 (2016), 225–236, 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.09.014.
Hein, J.R., Koschinsky, A., Bau, M., Manheim, F.T., Kang, J.-K., Roberts, L., Cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts in the Pacific. Cronan, D.S., (eds.) Handbook of Marine Mineral Deposits, 1999, CRC Press, 239–279.
Henderson, G.M., Maier-Reimer, E., Advection and removal of 210Pb and stable Pb isotopes in the oceans: a general circulation model study. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 66 (2002), 257–272, 10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00779-7.
Hillaire-Marcel, C., de Vernal, A., McKay, J., Foraminifer isotope study of the Pleistocene Labrador Sea, northwest North Atlantic (IODP Sites 1302/03 and 1305), with emphasis on paleoceanographical differences between its “inner” and “outer” basins. Mar. Geol. 279 (2011), 188–198.
Hodell, D.A., Channell, J.E.T., Curtis, J.H., Romero, O.E., Röhl, U., Onset of “Hudson Strait” Heinrich events in the eastern North Atlantic at the end of the middle Pleistocene transition (<640 ka)?. Paleoceanography, 23, 2008, PA4218, 10.1029/2008PA001591.
Jennings, A.E., Andrews, J.T., Pearce, C., Wilson, L., Ólfasdótttir, S., Detrital carbonate peaks on the Labrador Shelf, a 13 to 7 ka template for freshwater forcing from the Hudson Strait outlet of the Laurentide Ice Sheet into the subpolar gyre. Quat. Sci. Rev. 107 (2015), 62–80, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.10.022.
Kurzweil, F., Gutjahr, M., Vance, D., Keigwin, L., Authigenic Pb isotopes from the Laurentian Fan: changes in chemical weathering and patterns of North American freshwater runoff during the last deglaciation. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 299 (2010), 458–465, 10.1016/j.epsl.2010.09.031.
Lajeunesse, P., St-Onge, G., The subglacial origin of the Lake Agassiz-Ojibway final outburst flood. Nat. Geosci. 1 (2008), 184–187, 10.1038/ngeo130.
Laskar, J., Robutel, P., Joutel, F., Gastineau, M., Correia, A.C.M., Levrard, B., A long-term numerical solution for the insolation quantities of the Earth. Astron. Astrophys. 428 (2004), 261–285, 10.1051/0004-6361:20041335.
Lisiecki, L.E., Raymo, M.E., A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic δ18O records. Paleoceanography 20:1 (2005), 1–17, 10.1029/2004PA001071.
Lochte, A.A., Repschläger, J., Kienast, M., Garbe-Schönberg, D., Andersen, N., Hamann, C., Schneider, R., Labrador Sea freshening at 8.5 ka BP caused by Hudson Bay Ice Saddle collapse. Nat. Commun., 10, 2019, 5869, 10.1038/s41467-019-08408-6.
Lougheed, B.C., Obrochta, S.P., A rapid, deterministic age-depth modeling routine for geological sequences with inherent depth uncertainty. Paleoceanogr. Paleoclimatol. 34 (2019), 122–133, 10.1029/2018PA003457.
Loulergue, L., Schilt, A., Spahni, R., Masson-Delmotte, V., Blunier, T., Lemieux, B., Chappellaz, J., Orbital and millennial-scale features of atmospheric CH4 over the past 800,000 years. Nature 453 (2008), 383–386, 10.1038/nature06950.
Loutre, M.F., Berger, A., Marine Isotope Stage 11 as an analogue for the present interglacial. Glob. Planet. Change 36 (2003), 209–217, 10.1016/S0921-8181(02)00186-8.
Lüthi, D., Le Floch, M., Bereiter, B., Blunier, T., Barnola, J.-M., Siegenthaler, U., Raynaud, D., Jouzel, J., Fischer, H., Kawamura, K., Stocker, T.F., High-resolution carbon dioxide concentration record 650,000–800,000 years before present. Nature 453 (2008), 379–382, 10.1038/nature06949.
Margold, M., Stokes, C.R., Clark, C.D., Reconciling records of ice streaming and ice margin retreat to produce a palaeogeographic reconstruction of the deglaciation of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Quat. Sci. Rev. 189 (2018), 1–30, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.03.013.
Martin, E.E., Blair, S.W., Kamenov, G.D., Scher, H.D., Bourbon, E., Basak, C., Newkirk, D.N., Extraction of Nd isotopes from bulk deep sea sediments for paleoceanographic studies on Cenozoic time scales. Chem. Geol. 269 (2010), 414–443, 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2009.10.016.
McManus, J., Oppo, D., Cullen, J., Healey, S., Marine Isotope Stage 11 (MIS 11): Analog for Holocene and Future Climate?. In Geophysical Monograph Series, vol. 137, 2003, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, 69–85, 10.1029/137gm06.
Naafs, B.D.A., Hefter, J., Acton, G., Haug, G.H., Martínez-Garcia, A., Pancost, R., Stein, R., Strengthening of North American dust sources during the late Pliocene (2.7 Ma). Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 317–318 (2012), 8–19, 10.1016/j.epsl.2011.11.02.
Natural Resources Canada, Atlas of Canada Watershed Framework. https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/maps-tools-publications/tools/geodetic-reference-systems/water/16888, 2006. (Accessed 10 June 2021)
Nicholl, J.A.L., Hodell, D.A., Naafs, B.D.A., Hillaire-Marcel, C., Channell, J.E.T., Romero, O.E., A Laurentide outburst flooding event during the last interglacial period. Nat. Geosci. 5 (2012), 901–904, 10.1038/NGEO1622.
Parker, R.L., Foster, G.L., Gutjahr, M., Wilson, P.A., Littler, K.L., Cooper, M.J., et al. Laurentide Ice Sheet extent over the last 130 thousand years traced by the Pb isotope signature of weathering inputs to the Labrador Sea. Quat. Sci. Rev., 287, 2022, 107564, 10.1016/2022.107564.
Peltier, W.R., Global Glacial Isostasy and the Surface of the Ice-Age Earth: The ICE-5G (VM2) Model and GRACE. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 32 (2004), 111–149, 10.1146/annurev.earth.32.082503.144359.
Piper, D.Z., Rare Earth elements in the sedimentary cycle: a summary. Chem. Geol. 14 (1974), 285–304, 10.1016/0009-2541(74)90066-7.
Pöppelmeier, F., Lippold, J., Blaser, P., Gutjahr, M., Frank, M., Neodymium isotopes as a paleo-water mass tracer: a model-data reassessment. Quat. Sci. Rev., 279, 2022, 107404, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107404.
Regattieri, E., Giaccio, B., Galli, P., Nomade, S., Peronace, E., Messina, P., Sposato, A., Boschi, C., Gemelli, M., A multi-proxy record of MIS 11–12 deglaciation and glacial MIS 12 instability from the Sulmona basin (central Italy). Quat. Sci. Rev. 132 (2016), 129–145, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.11.015.
Raymo, M.E., The timing of major climate terminations. Paleoceanography 12:4 (1997), 577–585, 10.1029/97PA01169.
Raymo, M.E., Mitrovica, J.X., Collapse of polar ice sheets during the stage 11 interglacial. Nature 483 (2012), 453–456, 10.1038/nature10891.
Reyes, A.V., et al. South Greenland ice-sheet collapse during Marine Isotope Stage 11. Nature 510 (2014), 525–528, 10.1038/nature13456.
Rohling, E.J., Braun, K., Grant, K., Kucera, M., Roberts, A.P., Siddall, M., Trommer, G., Comparison between Holocene and Marine Isotope Stage-11 sea-level histories. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 291 (2010), 97–105, 10.1016/j.epsl.2009.12.054.
Rohling, E.J., Medina-Elizalde, M., Shepherd, J.G., Siddall, M., Stanford, J.D., Sea surface and high-latitude temperature sensitivity to radiative forcing of climate over several glacial cycles. J. Climate 25 (2012), 1635–1656, 10.1175/2011JCLI4078.1.
Strelow, F.W.E., Distribution coefficients and anion-exchange behavior of some elements in hydrobromic nitric acid mixtures. Anal. Chem. 50:9 (1978), 1359–1361, 10.1021/ac50031a041.
Süfke, F., Gutjahr, M., Gilli, A., Anselmetti, F.S., Glur, L., Eisenhauer, A., Early stage weathering systematics of Pb and Nd isotopes derived from a high-Alpine Holocene lake sediment record. Chem. Geol. 507 (2019), 42–53, 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.12.026.
Süfke, F., Gutjahr, M., Keigwan, L.D., Reilly, B., Giosan, L., Lippold, J., Arctic drainage of Laurentide Ice Sheet meltwater throughout the past 14,700 years. Commun. Earth Environ., 3, 2022, 98, 10.1038/s43247-022-00428-3.s.
Taylor, R.N., Ishizuka, O., Michalik, A., Milton, J.A., Croudace, I.W., Evaluating the precision of Pb isotope measurement by mass spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 30 (2015), 198–213, 10.1039/C4JA00279B.
Taylor, S.R., McLennan, S.M., The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution. 1985, Blackwell, Oxford 312 pp.
Toucanne, S., Zaragosi, S., Bourillet, J.F., Gibbard, P.L., Eynaud, F., Giraudeau, J., Turon, J.L., Cremer, M., Cortijo, E., Martinez, P., Rossignol, L., A 1.2 Ma record of glaciation and fluvial discharge from the West European Atlantic margin. Quat. Sci. Rev. 28:25–26 (2009), 2974–2981, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.08.003.
Wadham, J.L., Tranter, M., Skidmore, M., Hodson, A.J., Priscu, J., Lyons, W.B., Sharp, M., Wynn, P., Jackson, M., Biogeochemical weathering under ice: size matters. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 24, 2010, GB3025, 10.1029/2009GB003688.
White, L.E., Bailey, I., Foster, G.L., Georgina, A., Kelley, S.P., Andrews, J.T., Hogan, K., Dowdeswell, J.A., Storey, C.D., Tracking the provenance of Greenland-sourced, Holocene aged individual sand-sized ice-rafted debris using the Pb-isotope composition of feldspars and 40Ar/39Ar ages of hornblendes. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 433 (2016), 192–203, 10.1016/j.epsl.2015.10.054.
Wilson, D.J., Bertram, R.A., Needham, E.F., van de Flierdt, T., Welsh, K.J., McKay, R.M., Mazumder, A., Riesselman, C.R., Jimenez-Espejo, F.J., Escutia, C., Ice loss from the East Antarctic Ice Sheet during late Pleistocene interglacials. Nature 561 (2018), 383–386, 10.1038/s41586-018-0501-8.
Xuan, C., Channell, J.E.T., Hodell, D.A., Quaternary magnetic and oxygen isotope stratigraphy in diatom-rich sediments of the southern Gardar Drift (IODP Site U1304, North Atlantic). Quat. Sci. Rev. 142 (2016), 74–89, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.04.010.
