Space cooling; Alternative cooling technologies; Vapour compression; Residential sector; Development trends; Costs
Abstract :
[en] This paper presents a comprehensive taxonomy and assessment of existing and emerging space cooling technologies in Europe. The study aims to categorize 32 alternative space cooling technologies based on eight scouting parameters (physical energy form, basic working/operating principle, refrigerant or heat transfer medium, phase of the working fluid, specific physical process/device, type of space cooling technology, fuel type and technology readiness level) and evaluate their key characteristics and development trends. The increasing demand for space cooling in Europe necessitates a thorough understanding of these technologies and their potential for energy efficiency. The majority of space cooling demand in Europe is currently met by conventional vapour compression systems, while a small portion is covered by thermally-driven heat pumps. The study reveals that several alternative space cooling technologies show promise for energy-efficient cooling but are not yet competitive with vapour compression systems in terms of efficiency and cost in the short-term and medium-term. However, technologies such as membrane heat pumps, thermionic systems, thermotunnel systems, and evaporative liquid desiccant systems demonstrate cost-competitiveness and energy efficiency in specific applications. The findings highlight the need for further research and development to improve the efficiency, costs, and market competitiveness of alternative space cooling technologies. The study also emphasizes the importance of policy support and the urgency to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, which can drive the adoption and advancement of sustainable cooling solutions.
Precision for document type :
Review article
Disciplines :
Energy Engineering, computing & technology: Multidisciplinary, general & others Mechanical engineering
Author, co-author :
El Nagar, Essam ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Aérospatiale et Mécanique (A&M) ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'aérospatiale et mécanique > Systèmes énergétiques
Pezzutto, Simon
Duplessis, Bruno
Fontenaille, Théodore
Lemort, Vincent ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'aérospatiale et mécanique > Thermodynamique appliquée
Language :
English
Title :
A comprehensive scouting of space cooling technologies in Europe: Key characteristics and development trends
Atanasiu, Bogdan, Principles for nearly zero-energy buildings: paving the way for effective implementation of policy requirements. 2011, BPIE, Brussels, Belgium https://www.bpie.eu/publication/principles-for-nearly-zero-energy-buildings/.
Elnagar, E., Köhler, B., Reduction of the energy demand with passive approaches in multifamily nearly zero-energy buildings under different climate conditions. Front Energy Res, 8, 2020, 10.3389/fenrg.2020.545272.
Kalkan, N., Young, E.A., Celiktas, A., Solar thermal air conditioning technology reducing the footprint of solar thermal air conditioning. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 16 (2012), 6352–6383, 10.1016/j.rser.2012.07.014.
Labban, O., Chen, T., Ghoniem, A.F., Lienhard, J.H., Norford, L.K., Next-generation HVAC: prospects for and limitations of desiccant and membrane-based dehumidification and cooling. Appl Energy 200 (2017), 330–346, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.051.
Eurostat, table on EU policy-europe 2020 indicators-headline indicators-climate change and energy-primary energy consumption., (n.d.). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/online-help/first-visit/first-visit_en.html#/_actions_selection. (Accessed 10 November 2022)
European Commission, Energy efficiency targets, (n.d.). https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-targets_en. (Accessed 10 November 2022)
European Commission, Energy efficiency statistics, (n.d.). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Energy_efficiency_statistics. (Accessed 10 November 2022)
Pezzutto, S., Fazeli, R., De Felice, M., Sparber, W., Future development of the air-conditioning market in Europe: an outlook until 2020: future development of the AC market in Europe. WIREs Energy Environ 5 (2016), 649–669, 10.1002/wene.210.
Pezzutto, S., Toleikyte, A., De Felice, M., Assessment of the space heating and cooling market in the EU28: a comparison between EU15 and EU13 member states. Int J Contemp Energy 1 (2015), 35–48.
Pezzutto, S., Croce, S., Zambotti, S., Kranzl, L., Novelli, A., Zambelli, P., Assessment of the space heating and domestic hot water market in europe—open data and results. Energies, 12, 2019, 1760, 10.3390/en12091760.
European Commission, Directorate-General for Energy Pezzutto, S., Novelli, A., Zambito, A., Quaglini, G., Miraglio, P., Belleri, A., Bottecchia, L., Gantioler, S., Moser, D., Riviere, P., Etienne, A., Stabat, P., Berthou, T., Kranzl, L., Mascherbauer, P., Fallahnejad, M., Viegand, J., Jensen, C., Hummel, M., Müller, A., Cooling technologies overview and market shares. Part 1 of the study “Renewable cooling under the revised Renewable Energy Directive ENER/C1/2018-493. 2022, Publications Office of the European Union, 10.2833/799633.
EU emissions trading system (EU ETS), (n.d.). https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/eu-emissions-trading-system-eu-ets_en. (Accessed 14 November 2022)
Pezzutto, S., De Felice, M., Fazeli, R., Kranzl, L., Zambotti, S., Status quo of the air-conditioning market in Europe: assessment of the building stock. Energies, 10, 2017, 1253, 10.3390/en10091253.
Braungardt, S., Bürger, V., Zieger, J., Kenkmann, T., Contribution of renewable cooling to the. 2018, Renewable Energy Target of the EU.
Steven Brown, J., Domanski, P.A., Review of alternative cooling technologies. Appl Therm Eng 64 (2014), 252–262, 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2013.12.014.
EUROVENT. Statistics data on the HVAC&R market in Europe, Middle-East and Afric, n.d. https://www.eurovent-marketintelligence.eu/. (Accessed 11 October 2022)
Vakiloroaya, V., Samali, B., Fakhar, A., Pishghadam, K., A review of different strategies for HVAC energy saving. Energy Convers Manag 77 (2014), 738–754, 10.1016/j.enconman.2013.10.023.
U.S. DoE. DOE G 413.3-4A, Technology Readiness Assessment Guide https://www.directives.doe.gov/directives-documents/400-series/0413.3-EGuide-04a, 2011.
Zhang, C., Kazanci, O.B., Levinson, R., Heiselberg, P., Olesen, B.W., Chiesa, G., Sodagar, B., Ai, Z., Selkowitz, S., Zinzi, M., Mahdavi, A., Teufl, H., Kolokotroni, M., Salvati, A., Bozonnet, E., Chtioui, F., Salagnac, P., Rahif, R., Attia, S., Lemort, V., Elnagar, E., Breesch, H., Sengupta, A., Wang, L.L., Qi, D., Stern, P., Yoon, N., Bogatu, D.-I., Rupp, R.F., Arghand, T., Javed, S., Akander, J., Hayati, A., Cehlin, M., Sayadi, S., Forghani, S., Zhang, H., Arens, E., Zhang, G., Resilient cooling strategies – a critical review and qualitative assessment. Energy Build, 251, 2021, 111312, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111312.
Ding, G., Recent developments in simulation techniques for vapour-compression refrigeration systems. Int J Refrig 30 (2007), 1119–1133, 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2007.02.001.
Barbosa, J.R., Ribeiro, G.B., de Oliveira, P.A., A state-of-the-art review of compact vapor compression refrigeration systems and their applications. Heat Tran Eng 33 (2012), 356–374, 10.1080/01457632.2012.613275.
Elnagar, E., Zeoli, A., Rahif, R., Attia, S., Lemort, V., A qualitative assessment of integrated active cooling systems: a review with a focus on system flexibility and climate resilience. Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 175, 2023, 113179, 10.1016/j.rser.2023.113179.
Eicker, U., Pietruschka, D., Haag, M., Schmitt, A., Systematic design and analysis of solar thermal cooling systems in different climates. Renew Energy 80 (2015), 827–836, 10.1016/j.renene.2015.02.019.
Allouhi, A., Kousksou, T., Jamil, A., Bruel, P., Mourad, Y., Zeraouli, Y., Solar driven cooling systems: an updated review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 44 (2015), 159–181, 10.1016/j.rser.2014.12.014.
Eicker, U., Pietruschka, D., Schmitt, A., Haag, M., Comparison of photovoltaic and solar thermal cooling systems for office buildings in different climates. Sol Energy 118 (2015), 243–255, 10.1016/j.solener.2015.05.018.
Pezzutto, S., Quaglini, G., Riviere, P., Kranzl, L., Novelli, A., Zambito, A., Wilczynski, E., Screening of cooling technologies in Europe: alternatives to vapour compression and possible market developments. Sustainability, 14, 2022, 2971, 10.3390/su14052971.
Fischer, S.K., Tomlinson, J.J., Hughes, P.J., Energy and global warming impacts of not-in-kind and next generation CFC and HCFC alternatives. 1994, AFEAS.
Goetzler, W., Zogg, R., Young, J., Johnson, C., Alternatives to vapor-compression HVAC technology. ASHRAE J, 2014, 12–23 https://iifiir.org/en/fridoc/alternatives-to-vapor-compression-hvac-technology-138055.
Goetzler, W., Corporate, B.T.O., Shandross, R.A., Young, J.V., Petritchenko, O., Ringo, D.F.P., McClive, S., Energy savings potential and RD&D opportunities for commercial building HVAC systems. 2017 https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/12/f46/bto-DOE-Comm-HVAC-Report-12-21-17.pdf.
Goetzler, B., Guernsey, M., Kassuga, T., Young, J., Savidge, T., Bouza, A., Neukomm, M., Sawyer, K., Grid-interactive efficient buildings technical report series: heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC); water heating; appliances; and refrigeration., 2019, 10.2172/1577967.
Deng, J., Wang, R.Z., Han, G.Y., A review of thermally activated cooling technologies for combined cooling, heating and power systems. Prog Energy Combust Sci 37 (2011), 172–203, 10.1016/j.pecs.2010.05.003.
Montagnino, F.M., Solar cooling technologies. Design, application and performance of existing projects. Sol Energy 154 (2017), 144–157, 10.1016/j.solener.2017.01.033.
The International Patent Classification (IPC). F25 - refrigeration or cooling; combined heating and refrigeration systems; heat pump systems; manufacture or storage of ice; liquefaction or solidification of gases. n.d https://ipcpub.wipo.int/?notion=scheme&version=20220101&symbol=F25B0047000000&menulang=en&lang=en&viewmode=f&fipcpc=yes&showdeleted=yes&indexes=yes&headings=yes¬es=yes&direction=o2n&initial=A&cwid=none&tree=no&searchmode=smart. (Accessed 13 October 2022)
The International Patent Classification (IPC). F24F - air-conditioning; air-humidification; ventilation; use of air currents for screening. n.d https://ipcpub.wipo.int/?notion=scheme&version=20220101&symbol=F24F&menulang=en&lang=en&viewmode=f&fipcpc=no&showdeleted=yes&indexes=no&headings=yes¬es=yes&direction=o2n&initial=A&cwid=none&tree=no&searchmode=smart. (Accessed 13 October 2022)
Goetzler, W., Zogg, R., Young, J., Johnson, C., Energy savings potential and RD&D opportunities for non-vapor-compression HVAC technologies. 2014, 10.2172/1220817.
Mitchell, M.P., Fabris, D., Tomlinson, B.J., Ross, R.G., (eds.) Double vortex tube as heat exchanger and flow impedance for a pulse tube refrigerator Cryocoolers 10, 2002, Springer US, Boston, MA, 257–264, 10.1007/0-306-47090-X_30.
Vhk, Armines, Viegand, Maagøe, ApS., (VM), wuppertal institute for climate, environment and energy GmbH. Technology Roadmap in Preparatory/Review Study on Commission Regulation (EC) No. 643/2009 with Regard to Ecodesign Requirements for Household Refrigeration Appliances and Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No. 1060/2010 with Regard to Energy Labelling http://www.ecodesign-fridges.eu/, 2016.
The air-conditioning, heating, and refrigeration institute, AHRI 210/240: performance rating of unitary air-conditioning & air-source heat pump equipment, 2020, AHRI https://www.ahrinet.org/search-standards/ahri-210240-performance-rating-unitary-air-conditioning-air-source-heat-pump-equipment. (Accessed 19 April 2023)
International Organization for Standardization. ISO 5151:2017 Non-ducted air conditioners and heat pumps — testing and rating for performance. https://www.iso.org/standard/63409.html, 2017. (Accessed 19 April 2023)
Union, European, Directive (EU) 2018/844 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 amending Directive 2010/31/EU on the energy performance of buildings and Directive 2012/27/EU on energy efficiency (Text with EEA relevance). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2018/844/oj/eng, 2018. (Accessed 26 October 2022)
Pezzutto, S., Analysis of the space heating and cooling market in Europe. PhD Thesis, 2014.
Elnagar, E., Lemort, V., Cooling concepts for residential buildings: a comparison under climate change scenarios. International high performance buildings conference, 2022 https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/ihpbc/406.
Bahman, A., Analysis of packaged air conditioning system for high temperature climates. 2018, Open Access Dissertations https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_dissertations/1685.
European Union, COMMISSION REGULATION (EU). 2281 - of 30 November 2016 - implementing Directive 2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for the setting of ecodesign requirements for energy-related products, with regard to ecodesign requirements for air heating products, cooling products, high temperature process chillers and fan coil units. n.d. http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/2281/oj, 2016.
Huang, B., Hansen, P.M.S., Viegand, J., Riviere, P., Asloune, H., Dittmann, F., Air conditioners and comfort fans, Review of Regulation 206/2012 and 626/2011 Final report., 2018.
Dittmann, Florian, Rivière, Philippe, Pascal, Stabat, Space cooling technology in Europe - technology data and demand modelling. Deliverable 3.2: cooling technology datasheets in the 14 MSs in the EU28. 2017.
Fletier, T., Steinbach, J., Ragwitz, M., Mapping and analyses of the current and future (2020 - 2030) heating/cooling fuel deployment (fossil/renewables). Work package 2: assessment of the technologies for the year 2012. https://energy.ec.europa.eu/mapping-and-analyses-current-and-future-2020-2030-heatingcooling-fuel-deployment-fossilrenewables-1_en, 2016. (Accessed 2 November 2022)
European commission, communication from the commission to the European parliament, the council, the European economic and social committee and the committee of the regions on an EUStrategy for heating and cooling. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52016DC0051, 2016. (Accessed 2 November 2022)
Liu, Z., Zhang, L., Gong, G., Li, H., Tang, G., Review of solar thermoelectric cooling technologies for use in zero energy buildings. Energy Build 102 (2015), 207–216, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.05.029.
Khalifaa, A.H.N., Faraja, J.J., Khaleelb, M.H., Performance study of two circuits lorenz–mutzner vapour compression cycle. Int J of Therm Environ Eng 15 (2017), 97–102.
Ismail, M., Yebiyo, M., Chaer, I., A review of recent advances in emerging alternative heating and cooling technologies. Energies, 14, 2021, 502, 10.3390/en14020502.
Go, D.B., Haase, J.R., George, J., Mannhart, J., Wanke, R., Nojeh, A., Nemanich, R., Thermionic energy conversion in the twenty-first century: advances and opportunities for space and terrestrial applications. Front Mech Eng, 3, 2017, 13, 10.3389/fmech.2017.00013.
Liang, W., Meng, S., Zeng, Q., Han, X., Intrinsic connections between thermionic emission cooling effect and emission characteristics of W-La2O3 cathodes at high temperatures. Mater Lett, 308, 2022, 131172, 10.1016/j.matlet.2021.131172.
James, N.A., Braun, J.E., Groll, E.A., Horton, W.T., Thermodynamic analysis of an electrochemically driven chemical looping heat pump, international refrigeration and air conditioning conference. https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/iracc/1745, 2016.
Tao, Y., Electrochemical compressION with ION exchange membranes for air conditIONing, refrigeratION and other related applicatIONS. 2017, 10.13016/M2PV6B85W.
Yoon, W.J., Seo, K., Chung, H.J., Lee, E.-J., Kim, Y., Performance optimization of a Lorenz–Meutzner cycle charged with hydrocarbon mixtures for a domestic refrigerator-freezer. Int J Refrig 35 (2012), 36–46, 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2011.09.014.
Rice, C., Sand, J., Initial parametric results using cyclez- an LMTD-specified, lorenz-meutzner cycle refrigerator-freezer model, international refrigeration and air conditioning conference. 1990 https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/iracc/130.
Nebot-Andrés, L., Sánchez, D., Calleja-Anta, D., Cabello, R., Llopis, R., Experimental determination of the optimum intermediate and gas-cooler pressures of a commercial transcritical CO2 refrigeration plant with parallel compression. Appl Therm Eng, 189, 2021, 116671, 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.116671.
Llopis, R., Nebot-Andrés, L., Cabello, R., Sánchez, D., Catalán-Gil, J., Experimental evaluation of a CO2 transcritical refrigeration plant with dedicated mechanical subcooling. Int J Refrig 69 (2016), 361–368, 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2016.06.009.
Barta, R., Hugenroth, J., Groll, E., Modeling of S-ram energy recover compressor integration in a transcritical carbon dioxide cycle for application in electronics cooling in varying gravity, international refrigeration and air conditioning conference. 2018 https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/iracc/1988.
Yang, B., Kurtulus, O., Groll, E., An integrated model for an oil free carbon dioxide compressor using sanderson-rocker arm motion mechanism, in. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/An-Integrated-Model-for-an-Oil-Free-Carbon-Dioxide-Yang-Kurtulus/ca42139afd5a5ebaba1d56febe61290e9053ddb2?p2df, 2016. (Accessed 13 January 2023)
Barta R, B., Groll E, A., Hugenroth J, J., Modeling of S-RAM energy recovery compressor integration in a transcritical carbon dioxide cycle for application in multi-temperature refrigerated container systems. 2018, 10.18462/IIR.GL.2018.1117.
Arpagaus, C., Bless, F., Bertsch, S., Javed, A., Schiffmann, J., Heat pump driven by a small-scale oil-free turbocompressor – system design and simulation, in. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Heat-Pump-driven-by-a-Small-Scale-Oil-Free-%E2%80%93-System-Arpagaus-Bless/d0e50b838d95ddc67760630b5c77cd3d5a58e67e?p2df, 2017. (Accessed 13 January 2023)
Tongdee, N., Jandakaew, M., Dolwichai, T., Thumthae, C., Thermodynamics analysis for optimal geometrical parameters and influence of heat sink temperature of gamma-configuration stirling engine. Energy Proc 105 (2017), 1782–1788, 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.516.
Douglas corpotation, McDonnell, Application of the radioisotope-fueled stirling engine to circulatory support systems: final report, United States atomic energy commission., 1968, Division of Technical Information.
Huang, Y., Wang, B., Cheng, L., Wu, J., Wang, R., Cooling performance measurement of the reverse application of a coaxial free-piston Stirling engine. Sci Technol Built Environ 22 (2016), 556–564, 10.1080/23744731.2016.1186461.
Dai, D., Liu, Z., Yuan, F., Long, R., Liu, W., Finite time thermodynamic analysis of a solar duplex Stirling refrigerator. Appl Therm Eng 156 (2019), 597–605, 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.04.098.
S, V.C., Stirling engines: a beginners Guide. 2011, Vineeth CS.
Tyagi, S.K., Kaushik, S.C., Singhal, M.K., Parametric study of irreversible Stirling and Ericsson cryogenic refrigeration cycles. Energy Convers Manag 43 (2002), 2297–2309, 10.1016/S0196-8904(01)00181-9.
Hugenroth, J., Braun, J., Groll, E., King, G., Experimental investigation of a liquid-flooded Ericsson cycle cooler. Int J Refrig 31 (2008), 1241–1252, 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2008.01.015.
Getie, M.Z., Lanzetta, F., Bégot, S., Admassu, B.T., Hassen, A.A., Reversed regenerative Stirling cycle machine for refrigeration application: a review. Int J Refrig 118 (2020), 173–187, 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2020.06.007.
Erbay, L.B., Ozturk, M.M., Doğan, B., Overall performance of the duplex Stirling refrigerator. Energy Convers Manag 133 (2017), 196–203, 10.1016/j.enconman.2016.12.003.
Sridhar, K.R., Nanjundan, A., Gottmann, M., Swanson, T.D., Didion, J., Evaluation of a reverse Brayton cycle heat pump for lunar base cooling. 1994, 941271, 10.4271/941271.
Biglia, A., Comba, L., Fabrizio, E., Gay, P., Mannini, A., Mussinatto, A., Ricauda Aimonino, D., Reversed Brayton cycle for food freezing at very low temperatures: energy performance and optimisation. Int J Refrig 81 (2017), 82–95, 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2017.05.022.
Qian, S., Geng, Y., Wang, Y., Ling, J., Hwang, Y., Radermacher, R., Takeuchi, I., Cui, J., A review of elastocaloric cooling: materials, cycles and system integrations. Int J Refrig 64 (2016), 1–19, 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2015.12.001.
Johra, H., Bahl, C., Innovative heating and cooling systems based on caloric effects, CLIMA 2022 Conference. CLIMA 2022 the 14th REHVA HVAC world congress, 2022, 2022, 10.34641/CLIMA.2022.275.
Qian, S., Development of thermoelastic cooling systems. 2015, Digital Repository at the University of Maryland, 10.13016/M26H8Q.
Seo, J., Braun, J.D., Dev, V.M., Mason, J.A., Driving barocaloric effects in a molecular spin-crossover complex at low pressures. J Am Chem Soc 144 (2022), 6493–6503, 10.1021/jacs.2c01315.
Debus, K., Gielda, T., Kulkarni, S., US20120297800 supersonic cooling nozzle inlet. https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=US76345035&_fid=WO2012018627, 2012. (Accessed 18 January 2023)
Gielda, T.P., Impact of high-performance computing on new product design: a case study for a Novel cooling system. 2011 https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Impact-of-High-Performance-Computing-on-New-Product-Gielda/fb1095a97abb6afd362718234908232954807835?p2df.
Woods, J., Pellegrino, J., Kozubal, E., Burch, J., Design and experimental characterization of a membrane-based absorption heat pump. J Membr Sci 378 (2011), 85–94, 10.1016/j.memsci.2010.11.012.
Bukshaisha, A., Fronk, B.M., Simulation of seasonal performance of a membrane heat pump system in different climate regions, international refrigeration and air conditioning conference. 2018 https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/iracc/1977.
Lim, H., Lee, J., Choi, S., Kim, S., Jung, M., Lim, J., Kim, M., Performance simulation of membrane heat pumps based on vacuum membrane dehumidification system. J Mech Sci Technol 34 (2020), 941–948, 10.1007/s12206-020-0143-2.
Bukshaisha, A.A., Fronk, B.M., Simulation of membrane heat pump system performance for space cooling. Int J Refrig 99 (2019), 371–381, 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2018.12.010.
Bansal, P., Vineyard, E., Abdelaziz, O., Status of not-in-kind refrigeration technologies for household space conditioning, water heating and food refrigeration. Int J Sustain Built Environ 1 (2012), 85–101, 10.1016/j.ijsbe.2012.07.003.
Kitanovski, A., Egolf, P.W., Innovative ideas for future research on magnetocaloric technologies. Int J Refrig 33 (2010), 449–464, 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2009.11.005.
Sarbu, I., Sebarchievici, C., Solar thermal-driven cooling systems. Solar heating and cooling systems, 2017, Elsevier, 241–313, 10.1016/B978-0-12-811662-3.00007-4.
Lai, L., Wang, X., Kefayati, G., Hu, E., Evaporative cooling integrated with solid desiccant systems: a review. Energies, 14, 2021, 5982, 10.3390/en14185982.
Mohammad, A.Th, Mat, S.B., Sulaiman, M.Y., Sopian, K., Al-abidi, A.A., Historical review of liquid desiccant evaporation cooling technology. Energy Build 67 (2013), 22–33, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.08.018.
Speerforck, A., Schmitz, G., Experimental investigation of a ground-coupled desiccant assisted air conditioning system. Appl Energy 181 (2016), 575–585, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.08.036.
Guo, J., Bilbao, J.I., Sproul, A.B., A novel solar cooling cycle – a ground coupled PV/T desiccant cooling (GPVTDC) system with low heat source temperatures. Renew Energy 162 (2020), 1273–1284, 10.1016/j.renene.2020.08.050.
Das, R.S., Jain, S., Experimental investigations on a solar assisted liquid desiccant cooling system with indirect contact dehumidifier. Sol Energy 153 (2017), 289–300, 10.1016/j.solener.2017.05.071.
Cuce, P.M., Thermal performance assessment of a novel liquid desiccant-based evaporative cooling system: an experimental investigation. Energy Build 138 (2017), 88–95, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.12.029.
Zheng, X., Ge, T.S., Wang, R.Z., Recent progress on desiccant materials for solid desiccant cooling systems. Energy 74 (2014), 280–294, 10.1016/j.energy.2014.07.027.
Sultan, M., El-Sharkawy, I.I., Miyazaki, T., Saha, B.B., Koyama, S., An overview of solid desiccant dehumidification and air conditioning systems. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 46 (2015), 16–29, 10.1016/j.rser.2015.02.038.
Vineyard, E.A., Sand, J.R., Durfee, D.J., Parametric analysis of variables that affect the performance of a desiccant dehumidification system. Transac-Am Soc Heat Refrig Air Condit Eng 106 (2000), 87–94.
Gupta, K., Reusable instant cooler based on endothermic chemical reactions. 2007, 5, 10.15680/IJIRSET.2016.0510130.
Coulter, J.O., Case for cooling an electronic device via an endothermic reaction. 2017, Google Patents https://patents.google.com/patent/US20170187411A1/en.
Herold, K.E., Radermacher, R., Klein, S.A., Absorption chillers and heat pumps. 0 ed., 2016, CRC Press, 10.1201/b19625.
Kuczyńska, A., Szaflik, W., Absorption and adsorption chillers applied to air conditioning systems. Arch Therm 31 (2010), 77–94, 10.2478/v10173-010-0010-0.
Kuehn, A., Ziegler, F., Dawoud, B., Schossig, P., Wienen, J., Critoph, R., Thermally driven heat pumps for heating and cooling. 2013 https://d-nb.info/1066160627/34.
Pilatowsky, I., Romero, R.J., Isaza, C.A., Gamboa, S.A., Sebastian, P.J., Rivera, W., Cogeneration fuel cell-sorption air conditioning systems. 2011, Springer London, London, 10.1007/978-1-84996-028-1.
Florian, D., Anies, G., Riviere, P., Opportunité de développement d'une pompe à chaleur BoostHeat réversible, in. https://hal-mines-paristech.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01677280, 2017. (Accessed 23 January 2023)
Ibsaine, R., Joffroy, J.-M., Stouffs, P., Modelling of a new thermal compressor for supercritical CO 2 heat pump. Energy 117 (2016), 530–539, 10.1016/j.energy.2016.07.017.
Zhao, D., Aili, A., Zhai, Y., Xu, S., Tan, G., Yin, X., Yang, R., Radiative sky cooling: fundamental principles, materials, and applications. Appl Phys Rev, 6, 2019, 021306, 10.1063/1.5087281.
Urmee, T., Hernandez-Manrique, J., Petrichenko, K., Ganesan, K., Baldy, O., Onstad, M., Fitzgerald, D., Mapping existing solutions and best practices on sustainable cooling: scoping review. 2021.
Dean, B., Garcia, R., Hamilton, I., Hartley, B., Jose, A., Mehic, S., Pasqualetto, G., Uwamaliya, A., Wadhwa, A., Chilling prospects: tracking sustainable cooling for all. 2022 https://www.seforall.org/chilling-prospects-2022/sustainable-cooling-policy-progress. (Accessed 16 June 2023)
Delmastro, C., Martinez-Gordon, R., IEA space cooling – analysis. https://www.iea.org/reports/space-cooling, 2022. (Accessed 16 June 2023)
Huppes, G., Schaubroeck, T., Forecasting the future sustainability of technology choices: qualitative predictive validity of models as a complement to quantitative uncertainty. Front Sustain, 3, 2022, 629653, 10.3389/frsus.2022.629653.
Abedrabboh, O., Koç, M., Biçer, Y., Sustainability performance of space-cooling technologies and approaches. Energy Sources, Part A Recovery, Util Environ Eff 44 (2022), 9017–9042, 10.1080/15567036.2022.2127979.