Fish; Heavy metals; Migration; River-floodplain system; Trophic magnification factor; Trophic magnification slope; General Environmental Science; Biochemistry
Abstract :
[en] Information on pollutant trophodynamics can be crucial for public health, as contaminated food consumption may lead to deleterious effects. This study was performed in Puruzinho Lake, a remote body of water in the Brazilian Amazon from which a riparian human population obtains an important part of its animal protein intake. Samples from 92 individuals, comprising 13 species and four trophic guilds (iliophagous, planktivorous, omnivorous, and piscivorous fish) were analysed for the determination of trace elements (Fe, Cr, Mn, Ni, Zn, Ca, Sr, Cd, Sn, Tl and Pb) and methylmercury concentrations. Samples from the same individuals had already been analysed for stable isotope (SI) measurements (δ13C and δ15N) in a previous investigation and the SI data have been statistically treated with those generated in this study for the evaluation of trophic dynamics of contaminants. Methylmercury was the only analyte that biomagnified, presenting TMF values of 4.65 and 4.55 for total and resident ichthyofauna, respectively. Trace elements presented either trophic dilution or independence from the trophic position, constituting a behaviour that was coherent with that found in the scientific literature. The similarity between Ni behaviour through the trophic web to that of essential elements contributes to the discussion on the essentiality of this metal to fish. Considering the Non-cancer Risk Assessment, the calculated Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) values were higher than 1.0 for all analysed individuals for methylmercury, as well as for only one individual for nickel. No other analyte rendered THQ values higher than 1.0.
Research Center/Unit :
FOCUS - Freshwater and OCeanic science Unit of reSearch - ULiège
Eduardo Azevedo-Silva, Claudio; Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho S/n, Bloco G, Sala 60, Subsolo. Cidade Universitária, Ilha Do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
Carolina Pizzochero, Ana; Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho S/n, Bloco G, Sala 60, Subsolo. Cidade Universitária, Ilha Do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
Galvão, Petrus M A ; Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho S/n, Bloco G, Sala 60, Subsolo. Cidade Universitária, Ilha Do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
Ometto, Jean P H B ; Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Centro de Ciências Do Sistema Terrestre. Avenida Dos Astronautas, 1758, Jardim da Granja, São José Dos Campos, SP, Brazil
de Camargo, Plínio B ; Laboratório de Ecologia Isotópica, Centro de Energia Nuclear Na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Centenário, 303, São Dimas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
Azeredo, Antonio; Núcleo de Estudos de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro. Avenida Horácio Macedo, S/N. Ilha Do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
Coelho-Souza, Sergio A; Centro de Biologia Marinha, Universidade de São Paulo, (USP), Rod. Manoel Hipólito Do Rego, Km 131.5, Praia Do Cabelo Gordo, 11612-109, São Sebastião, SP, Brazil
Das, Krishna ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de Biologie, Ecologie et Evolution > Océanographie biologique
Bastos, Wanderley R; Laboratório de Biogeoquímica Ambiental - Universidade Federal de Rondônia. Br 364 Km 9,5. Sentido Acre, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
Malm, Olaf ; Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho S/n, Bloco G, Sala 60, Subsolo. Cidade Universitária, Ilha Do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
Dorneles, Paulo Renato ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de Biologie, Ecologie et Evolution > Océanographie biologique
Language :
English
Title :
Trophic dynamics of methylmercury and trace elements in a remote Amazonian Lake.
Albuquerque, C.Q.D., Miekeley, N., Muelbert, J.H., Whitemouth croaker, Micropogonias furnieri, trapped in a freshwater coastal lagoon: a natural comparison of freshwater and marine influences on otolith chemistry. Neotrop. Ichthyol. 8 (2010), 311–320.
Almeida, R., Análise geoestatística das concentrações de mercúrio no Lago Puruzinho - Amazônia ocidental, Master Thesis., 2006, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, 80f.
Almeida, R.G., Aspectos taxonômicos e hábitos alimentares de três espécies de Triportheus (Pisces, Characoidei, Characidae) do Lago Castanho, Manaus, Amazonas. Acta Amazonica 14 (1984), 48–76.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Toxicological Profile for Cadmium (Draft for Public Comment). 2008, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Atlanta, GA.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Toxicological Profile for Lead. 2020, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Atlanta, GA.
Asante, K.A., Agusa, T., Mochizuki, H., Ramu, K., Inoue, S., Kubodera, T., Takahashi, S., Subramanian, A., Shinsuke Tanabe, S., Trace elements and stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) in shallow and deep-water organisms from the East China Sea. Environ. Pollut. 156:3 (2008), 862–873.
Azevedo-Silva, C.E., Estudo da Biomagnificação do Mercúrio na Ictiofauna do lago Puruzinho (AM), através do uso de isótopos estáveis de Carbono e Nitrogênio. PhD Dissertation., 2011, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 98f.
Azevedo-Silva, C.E., Almeida, R., Carvalho, D.P., Ometto, J.P., de Camargo, P.B., Dorneles, P.R., Azeredo, A., Bastos, W.R., Malm, O., Torres, J.P., Mercury biomagnification and the trophic structure of the ichthyofauna from a remote lake in the Brazilian Amazon. Environ. Res. 151 (2016), 286–296.
Barwick, M., Maher, W., Biotransference and biomagnification of selenium copper, cadmium, zinc, arsenic and lead in a temperate seagrass ecosystem from Lake Macquarie Estuary, NSW, Australia. Mar. Environ. Res. 56:4 (2003), 471–502.
Barthem, R.B., Fabré, N.N., Biologia e diversidade dos recursos pesqueiros da Amazônia. A pesca e os recursos pesqueiros na Amazônia brasileira 1 (2004), 17–62.
Bastos, W.R., Gomes, J.P.O., Oliveira, R.C., Almeida, R., Nascimento, E.L., Bernardi, J.V.E., Lacerda, L.D., Silveira, E.G., Pfeiffer, W.C., Mercury in the environment and riverside population in the Madeira River basin, Amazon, Brazil. Sci. Total Environ. 368:1 (2006), 344–351.
Bastos, W.R., Dórea, J.G., Bernardi, J.V.E., Lauthartte, L.C., Mussy, M.H., Lacerda, L.D., Malm, O., Mercury in fish of the Madeira River (temporal and spatial assessment), Brazilian Amazon. Environ. Res. 140 (2015), 191–197.
Bisi, T.L., Lepoint, G., de Freitas Azevedo, A., Dorneles, P.R., Flach, L., Das, K., Malm, O., Lailson-Brito, J., Trophic relationships and mercury biomagnification in Brazilian tropical coastal food webs. Ecol. Indicat. 18 (2012), 291–302.
Boischio, A.A.P., Henshel, D., Fish consumption, fish lore, and mercury pollution—risk communication for the Madeira River people. Environ. Res., Section A 84 (2000), 108–126.
Bonsignore, M., Manta, D.S., Oliveri, E., Sprovieri, M., Basilone, G., Bonanno, A., Falco, F., Traina, A., Mazzola, S., Mercury in fishes from Augusta Bay (southern Italy): risk assessment and health implication. Food Chem. Toxicol. 56 (2013), 184–194.
Borgå, K., Kidd, K.A., Muir, D.C., Berglund, O., Conder, J.M., Gobas, F.A., Kucklick, J., Malm, O., Powell, D.E., Trophic magnification factors: considerations of ecology, ecosystems, and study design. Integrated Environ. Assess. Manag. 8 (2012), 64–84.
Bowen, S.H., Detritivory in neotropical fish communities. Environ. Biol. Fish. 9 (1983), 137–144.
Braga, F.M.S., Aspectos da reprodução e alimentação de peixes comuns em um trecho do rio Tocantins entre Imperatriz e Estreito, estados do Maranhão e Tocantins, Brasil. Rev. Bras. Biol. 50 (1990), 547–558.
Bungala, S.O., Machiwa, J.F., Shilla, D.A., Concentration and biomagnification of heavy metals in biota of the coastal marine areas of Tanzania. J. Environ. Sci. Eng. 6 (2017), 406–424.
Campana, S.E., Thorrold, S.R., Otoliths, increments, and elements: keys to a comprehensive understanding of fish populations?. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 58:1 (2001), 30–38.
Campbell, L.M., Norstrom, R.J., Hobson, K.A., Muir, D.C.G., Backus, S., Fisk, A.T., Mercury and other trace elements in a pelagic Arctic marine food web (Northwater Polynya, Baffin Bay). Sci. Total Environ. 351–352 (2005), 247–263.
Campbell, L., Verburg, P., Dixon, D.G., Hecky, R.E., Mercury biomagnification in the food web of lake tanganyika (Tanzania, east africa). Sci. Total Environ. 402 (2008), 184–191.
Cardoso, R.S., Freitas, C.E.D.C., A pesca de pequena escala no rio Madeira pelos desembarques ocorridos em Manicoré (Estado do Amazonas), Brasil. Acta Amazonica 38 (2008), 781–787.
Carvalho, F.M., Biological and ecophysiological aspects of Curimata (Potamorhina) pristigaster, a neotropical choracine. Amazoniana Kiel 8 (1984), 525–539.
Carvalho, M.L., Santiago, S., Nunes, M.L., Assessment of the essential element and heavy metal content of edible fish muscle. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 382 (2005), 426–432.
Claro-Jr, L.H., Ferreira, E., Zuanon, J., Araujo-Lima, C., O efeito da floresta alagada na alimentação de três espécies de peixes onívoros em lagos de várzea da Amazônia Central, Brasil. Acta Amazonica 34 (2004), 133–137.
Coelho-Souza, S.A., Guimarães, J.R., Miranda, M.R., Poirier, H., Mauro, J.B., Lucotte, M., Mergler, D., Mercury and flooding cycles in the Tapajós river basin, Brazilian Amazon: the role of periphyton of a floating macrophyte (Paspalum repens). Sci. Total Environ. 409:14 (2011), 2746–2753.
Collins, S.M., Bickford, N., McIntyre, P.B., Coulon, A., Ulseth, A.J., Taphorn, D.C., Flecker, A.S., Population structure of a neotropical migratory fish: contrasting perspectives from genetics and otolith microchemistry. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 142:5 (2013), 1192–1201.
Crespo-Lopez, M.E., Arrifano, G.P., Augusto-Oliveira, M., Macchi, B.M., Lima, R.R., do Nascimento, J.L.M., Souza, C.B., Mercury in the Amazon: the danger of a single story. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 256, 2023, 114895.
Currie, R.S., Muir, D.C., Fairchild, W.L., Holoka, M.H., Hecky, R.E., Influence of nutrient additions on cadmium bioaccumulation by aquatic invertebrates in littoral enclosures. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.: Int. J. 17:12 (1998), 2435–2443.
da Silva, R.M., Lopes, A.G., Santos, C.A.G., Deforestation and fires in the Brazilian Amazon from 2001 to 2020: impacts on rainfall variability and land surface temperature. J. Environ. Manag., 326, 2023, 116664.
Dorea, J.G., Fish are central in the diet of Amazonian riparians: should we worry about their mercury concentrations?. Environ. Res. 92 (2003), 232–244.
Doria, C.R.D.C., Ruffino, M.L., Hijazi, N.C., Cruz, R.L.D., A pesca comercial na bacia do rio Madeira no estado de Rondônia, Amazônia brasileira. Acta Amazonica 42 (2012), 29–40.
Dorneles, P.R., Schilithz, P.F., Paiva, T.C., Flach, L., Barbosa, L.A., Domit, C., Cremer, M.J., Azevedo-Silva, C.E., Azevedo, A.F., Malm, M., Lepoint, G., Bisi, T.L., Das, K., Lailson-Brito, J., Total tin (TSn) biomagnification: evaluating organotin trophic flow and dispersion using hepatic TSn concentrations and stable isotope (C, N) data of nektonic organisms from Brazil. Mar. Environ. Res., 161, 2020, 105063.
Espejo, W., Padilha, J.D.A., Kidd, K.A., Dorneles, P., Malm, O., Chiang, G., Celis, J.E., Concentration and trophic transfer of copper, selenium, and zinc in marine species of the Chilean Patagonia and the Antarctic Peninsula Area. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 197 (2020), 285–293.
Farrell, J., Campana, S.E., Regulation of calcium and strontium deposition on the otoliths of juvenile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Physiol. 115:2 (1996), 103–109.
Ferreira, E.J.G., Brasília, D.F., (eds.) Peixes comerciais do Médio Amazonas - Região de Santarém, vol. 1, 1998, Imprensa Oficial, 211 PA. 1.
Fisk, A.T., Hobson, K.A., Norstrom, R.J., Influence of chemical and biological factors on trophic transfer of persistent organic pollutants in the northwater polynya marine food web. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35 (2001), 1700–1710.
Furch, K., Junk, J.W., Physicochimical condition in floodplains. Junk, Wolfgang J., (eds.) The Central Amazon Floodplain: Ecological Studies 126, 1997, Springer, Berlin, 69–108.
Goyer, R.A., Toxic effects of metals. Klaassen, C.D., (eds.) Cassarett and Doull's Toxicology: the Basic Science of Poisons, 2001, McGraw-Hill Publisher, New York, 811–867.
Gray, J.S., Biomagnification in marine systems: the perspective of an ecologist. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 45:1–12 (2002), 46–52.
Guo, B., Jiao, D., Wang, J., Lei, K., Lin, C., Trophic transfer of toxic elements in the estuarine invertebrate and fish food web of Daliao River, Liaodong Bay, China. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 113:1–2 (2016), 258–265.
Hamilton, S.K., Lewis-Jr, W.M., Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in algae and detritus from the Orinoco River floodplain, Venezuela. Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta 56 (1992), 4237–4246.
Hamilton, S.K., Lewis-Jr, W.M., Sippel, S.J., Energy sources for aquatic animals in the Orinoco River floodplain: evidence from stable isotopes. Oecologia 89 (1992), 324–330.
Hoeinghaus, D., Layman, C.A., Arrington, D.A., Winemiller, K.O., Effects of seasonality and migratory prey on body condition of Cichla species in a tropical floodplain river. Ecol. Freshw. Fish 15 (2006), 398–407.
Ikemoto, T., Tu, N.P.C., Okuda, N., Iwata, A., Omori, K., Tanabe, S., Tuyen, B.C., Takeuchi, I., Biomagnification of trace elements in the aquatic food web in the Mekong Delta, South Vietnam using stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 54 (2008), 504–515.
IBGE. Tábua completa de mortalidade para o Brasil – 2019. Breve análise da evolução da mortalidade no Brasil. 2020.
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Projeto Radam, Brasil. 2003, Levantamento de Recursos Naturais: Folha SB. 20 Purus, Rio de Janeiro, 16p.
Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Chromium(III) (CASRN 16065-83-1). 1987, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC.
Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Manganese (CASRN 7439-96-5). 1988, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC.
Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Zinc (CASRN 7440-66-6). 1991, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC.
Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Nickel, Soluble Salts (CASRN Various). 1991, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC.
Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Methylmercury (CASRN 22967-92-6). 2001, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC.
Jardine, T.D., Doig, L.E., Jones, P.D., Bharadwaj, L., Carr, M., Tendler, B., Lindenschmidt, K.E., Vanadium and thallium exhibit biodilution in a northern river food web. Chemosphere 233 (2019), 381–386.
Jæger, I., Hop, H., Gabrielsen, G.W., Biomagnification of mercury in selected species from an Arctic marine food web in Svalbard. Sci. Total Environ. 407 (2009), 4744–4751.
Javed, M.T., Tanwir, K., Akram, M.S., Shahid, M., Niazi, N.K., Lindberg, S., Phytoremediation of cadmium-polluted water/sediment by aquatic macrophytes: role of plant-induced pH changes. Cadmium Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants, 2019, Academic Press, 495 52.
Jepsen, D.B., Winemiller, K.O., Basin geochemistry and isotopic ratios of fishes and basal production sources in four neotropical rivers. Ecol. Freshw. Fish 16 (2007), 267–281.
Jiang, H., Qin, D., Chen, Z., Tang, S., Bai, S., Mou, Z., Heavy metal levels in fish from heilongjiang river and potential health risk assessment. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 97 (2016), 536–542.
Junk, W.J., Bayley, P.B., Spark, R.E., The flood pulse concept in river-floodpain systems. Dodge, D.P., (eds.) Proceedings of the International Large River Symposium, Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 106, 1989, 110–127.
Junk, W.J., Wolfgang, J., JUNK, (eds.) The Fish - the Central Amazon Floodplain, Ecological Studies 126, 1997, Springer, Berlin., 23–42.
Junk, W.J., Junk, Wolfgang J., (eds.) General Aspects of Floodplain Ecology with Special Reference to Amazonian Floodplain - the Central Amazon Floodplain, Ecological Studies 126, 1997, Springer, Berlin, 3–22.
Kelly, B.C., Ikonomou, M.G., Blair, J.D., Gobas, F.A., Bioaccumulation behaviour of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in a Canadian Arctic marine food web. Sci. Total Environ. 401 (2008), 60–72.
Keshavarzi, B., Hassanaghaei, M., Moore, F., Mehr, M.R., Soltanian, S., Lahijanzadeh, A.R., Sorooshian, A., Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in three commercial fish species in the Persian Gulf. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 129 (2018), 245–252.
Kidd, K.A., Bootsma, H.A., Hesslein, R.H., Lockhart, W.L., Hecky, R.E., Mercury concentrations in the food web of Lake Malawi, east africa. J. Great Lake. Res. 29 (2003), 258–266.
Lall, S.P., The minerals. Fish Nutrition, 2002, Academic Press, 469–554.
Lavoie, R.A., Jardine, T.D., Chumchal, M.M., Kidd, K.A., Campbell, L.M., Biomagnification of mercury in aquatic food webs: a worldwide meta-analysis. Environ. Sci. Technol. 47 (2013), 13385–13394.
Lima, M.A.L., De Carvalho Freitas, C.E., De Moraes, S.M., Da Costa Doria, C.R., Pesca artesanal no município de Humaitá, médio rio Madeira, Amazonas, Brasil. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca 42:4 (2016), 914–923.
Liu, J., Cao, L., Dou, S., Trophic transfer, biomagnification and risk assessments of four common heavy metals in the food web of Laizhou Bay, the Bohai Sea. Sci. Total Environ. 670 (2019), 508–522.
Love, R.M., Love, R.M., (eds.) The Chemical Biology of Fishes” Academic Press, Vol. 4, 1980, 133p London.
Lowe-McConnell, R.H.L., The cichlid fishes of Guyana, South America, with notes on their ecology and breeding behaviour. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 48 (1969), 255–302.
Lucas, M.C., Baras, E., Methods for studying spatial behaviour of freshwater fishes in the natural environment. Fish Fish. 1:4 (2000), 283–316.
Łuczyńska, J., Paszczyk, B., Nowosad, J., Łuczyński, M.J., Mercury, fatty acids content and lipid quality indexes in muscles of freshwater and marine fish on the polish market. Risk assessment of fish consumption. Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health 14 (2017), 1120–1136.
Łuczyńska, J., Paszczyka, B., Łuczyński, M.J., Fish as a bioindicator of heavy metal pollution in aquatic ecosystem of Pluszne Lake, Poland, and risk assessment for consumer's health. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 153 (2018), 60–67.
Machado, F.A., Comportamento e hábitos alimentares de quatro espécies de Cichlidae (Teleostei) no Pantanal Matogrossense. 80f. Master Thesis, Universidade Estadual de Campinas., 1983, Campinas-SP.
Maciel, T.R., Avigliano, E., de Carvalho, B.M., Miller, N., Vianna, M., Population structure and habitat connectivity of Genidens genidens (Siluriformes) in tropical and subtropical coasts from Southwestern Atlantic. Estuar. Coast Shelf Sci., 242, 2020, 106839.
Mansilla-Rivera, I., Rodríguez-Sierra, C.J., Metal levels in fish captured in Puerto Rico and estimation of risk from fish consumption. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 60 (2011), 132–144.
Mason, R.P., Trace Metals in Aquatic Systems, 2013, John Wiley & Sons.
Mason, R.P., Laporte, J.-M., Andres, S., Factors controlling the bioaccumulation of mercury, methylmercury, arsenic, selenium, and cadmium by freshwater invertebrates and fish. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 38:3 (2000), 283–297.
Mérona, B., Santos, G.M., Almeida, R.G., Short term effects of Tucuruí Dam (Amazonia, Brazil) on the trophic organization of fish communities. Environ. Biol. Fish. 60 (2001), 375–392.
Mérona, B., Mérona, J.R., Food resource partitioning in a fish community of the central Amazon floodplain. Neotrop. Ichthyol. 2 (2004), 75–84.
Monferrán, M.V., Garnero, P., de los Angeles Bistoni, M., Anbar, A.A., Gordon, G.W., Wunderlin, D.A., From water to edible fish. Transfer of metals and metalloids in the San Roque Reservoir (Córdoba, Argentina). Implications associated with fish consumption. Ecol. Indicat. 63 (2016), 48–60.
Moreira, F.R., Moreira, J.C., A cinética do chumbo no organismo humano e sua importância para a saúde. Ciência Saúde Coletiva 9 (2004), 167–181.
Muyssen, B.T., Brix, K.V., DeForest, D.K., Janssen, C.R., Nickel essentiality and homeostasis in aquatic organisms. Environ. Rev. 12:2 (2004), 113–131.
Nascimento, E.L., Gomes, J.P.O., Almeida, R., Bastos, W.R., Bernardi, J.V.E., Miyai, R.K., Mercúrio no Plâncton de um Lago Natural Amazônico, Lago Puruzinho (Brasil). J. Braz. Soc. Ecotoxicol. 1 (2006), 1–6.
National Research Council (NRC). Nutrient Requirements of Fish. Subcommittee on Fish Nutrition. 1993, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington D.C, 124.
National Research Council (NRC). Nutrient Requirements of Fish and Shrimp. 2011, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 399p.
Nfon, E., Cousins, I.T., Järvinen, O., Mukherjee, A.B., Verta, M., Broman, D., Trophodynamics of mercury and other trace elements in a pelagic food chain from the Baltic Sea. Sci. Total Environ. 407:24 (2009), 6267–6274.
Ng, T.T., Amiard-Triquet, C., Rainbow, P.S., Amiard, J.C., Wang, W.X., Physico-chemical form of trace metals accumulated by phytoplankton and their assimilation by filter-feeding invertebrates. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 299 (2005), 179–191.
Nickerson, S., Chen, G., Fearnside, P.M., Allan, C.J., Hu, T., Carvalho, L.M.T., Zhao, K., Forest loss is significantly higher near clustered small dams than single large dams per megawatt of hydroelectricity installed in the Brazilian Amazon. Environ. Res. Lett., 17, 2022, 084026.
Oliveira, R.C., Dórea, J.G., Bernardi, J.V.E., Bastos, W.R., Almeida, R., Manzatto, A.G., Fish consumption by traditional subsistence villagers of the Rio Madeira (Amazon): impact on hair mercury. Ann. Hum. Biol. 37 (2010), 629–642.
Prabhu, A.J.P., Schrama, J.W., Kaushik, S.J., Mineral requirements of fish: a systematic review. Rev. Aquacult. 8:2 (2016), 172–219.
Pereira, A.A., Van Hattum, B., De Boer, J., Van Bodegom, P.M., Rezende, C.E., Salomons, W., Trace elements and carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes in organisms from a tropical coastal lagoon. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 59 (2010), 464–477.
Prado, K.L.L., Freitas, C.E.C., Soares, M.G.M., Assembléias de peixes associadas às macrófitas aquáticas em lagos de várzea do baixo rio Solimões. Biotemas 23:1 (2010), 131–142.
Pyle, G., Couture, P., Nickel. Fish Physiol. 31 (2011), 253–289.
Poste, A.E., Muir, D.C.G., Guildford, S.J., Hecky, R.E., Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of mercury in African lakes: the importance of trophic status. Sci. Total Environ. 506–507 (2015), 126–136.
Pouilly, M., Yunoki, T., Rosales, C., Torres, L., Trophic structure of fish assemblages from Mamore River floodplain lakes (Bolivia). Ecol. Freshw. Fish 13 (2004), 245–257.
Pouilly, M., Rejas, D., Pérez, T., Duprey, J.L., Molina, C.I., Hubas, C., Guimarães, J.R., Trophic structure and mercury biomagnification in tropical fish assemblages, Iténez River, Bolivia. PLoS One, 8, 2013, e65054.
Qin, Y., Xiao, X., Liu, F., de Sá e Silva, F., Shimabukuro, Y., Arai, E., Fearnside, P.M., Forest conservation in Indigenous territories and protected areas in the Brazilian Amazon. Nat. Sustain. 6 (2023), 295–305.
Revenga, J.E., Campbell, L.M., Arribére, M.A., Guevara, S.R., Arsenic, cobalt and chromium food web biodilution in a Patagonia mountain lake. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 81 (2012), 1–10.
Richir, J., Luy, N., Lepoint, G., Rozet, E., Alvera Azcarate, A., Gobert, S., Experimental in situ exposure of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile to 15 trace elements. Aquat. Toxicol. 140–141 (2013), 157–173.
Roulet, M., Lucotte, M., Canuel, R., Farella, N., Courcelles, M., Guimaraes, J.R., Mergler, D., Amorim, M., Increase in mercury contamination recorded in lacustrine sediments following deforestation in the central Amazon. Chem. Geol. 165:3–4 (2000), 243–266.
Rubio-Franchini, I., López-Hernández, M., Ramos-Espinosa, M.G., Rico-Martínez, R., Bioaccumulation of metals arsenic, cadmium, and lead in zooplankton and fishes from the Tula River Watershed, Mexico. Water, Air. & Soil Pollution 227 (2016), 1–12.
Saha, N., Mollah, M.Z.I., Alam, M.F., Rahman, M.S., Seasonal investigation of heavy metals in marine fishes captured from the Bay of Bengal and the implications for human health risk assessment. Food Control 70 (2016), 110–118.
Saleh, Y.S., Marie, M.A.S., Assessment of metal contamination in water, sediment, and tissues of Arius thalassinus fish from the Red Sea coast of Yemen and the potential human risk assessment. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Control Ser. 22 (2015), 5481–5490.
Santos, C.L., Santos, I.A., Silva, C.J., Ecologia trófica de peixes ocorrentes em bancos de macrófitas aquáticas na baía Caiçara, Pantanal Mato-Grossense. Rev. Brasileira Biociências 7 (2009), 473–476.
Santos, G.M., Ferreira, E., Zuanon, J., Manaus, A.M., (eds.) Peixes comerciais de Manaus. 4, vol. 4, 2006, IBAMA/AM, Provárzea, 48.
Suzuki, Y., Nakamura, R., Ueda, T., Accumulation of strontium and calcium in freshwater fishes of Japan. J. Radiat. Res. 13:4 (1972), 199–207.
United States - Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Guidance for Assessing Chemical Contaminant Data for Use in Fish Advisories Volume 1: Fish Sampling and Analysis. third ed., 2000, EPA, 485 823-B-00e007.
United States - Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Guidance for Assessing Chemical Contaminant Data for Use in Fish Advisories Volume 2: Risk Assessment and Fish Consumption Limits. third ed., 2000, EPA, 383 823-B-00e008.
United States - Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Water Quality Criterion for the Protection of Human Health. 2001, Methylmercury Final, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
Walther, B.D., Limburg, K.E., Jones, C.M., Schaffler, J.J., Frontiers in otolith chemistry: insights, advances and applications. J. Fish. Biol. 90 (2017), 473–479.
Wantzen, K.M., Machado, F.A., Voss, M., Boriss, H., Junk, W.J., Seasonal isotopic shifts in fish of the Pantanal wetland, Brazil. Aquat. Sci. 64 (2002), 239–251.
Winemiller, K.O., Kelso-Winemiller, L.C., Brenkert, A.L., Ecomorphological diversification and convergence in fluvial cichlid fishes. Ecomorphology of Fishes, 1995, 235–261.
Yipel, M., Yarsan, E.A., Risk assessment of heavy metal concentrations in fish and an invertebrate from the Gulf of antalya. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 93 (2014), 542–548.
Zeng, Y., Huang, X., Zhang, D., Zhang, X., Ye, F., Zeng, Y., Gu, B., Analyzing biomagnification of heavy metals in food web from the Pearl River Estuary, South China by stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes. Fresenius Environ. Bull. 22:6 (2013), 1652–1658.
Zhang, J., Li, X., Chromium pollution of soil and water in Jinzhou. Journal of Chinese Preventive Medicine 21 (1987), 262–264.
