[en] Recent allostatic-interoceptive explanations using predictive coding models propose that efficient regulation of the body's internal milieu is necessary to correctly anticipate environmental needs. We review this framework applied to understanding behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) considering both allostatic overload and interoceptive deficits. First, we show how this framework could explain divergent deficits in bvFTD (cognitive impairments, behavioral maladjustment, brain atrophy, fronto-insular-temporal network atypicality, aberrant interoceptive electrophysiological activity, and autonomic disbalance). We develop a set of theory-driven predictions based on levels of allostatic interoception associated with bvFTD phenomenology and related physiopathological mechanisms. This approach may help further understand the disparate behavioral and physiopathological dysregulations of bvFTD, suggesting targeted interventions and strengthening clinical models of neurological and psychiatric disorders.
Disciplines :
Human health sciences: Multidisciplinary, general & others
Author, co-author :
Migeot, Joaquin A; Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile, Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibanez, Santiago, Chile
Duran-Aniotz, Claudia A; Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile, Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibanez, Santiago, Chile
Signorelli, Camilo Miguel ; Université de Liège - ULiège > GIGA > GIGA CRC In vivo Imaging - Physiology of Cognition
Piguet, Olivier; The University of Sydney, School of Psychology and Brain & Mind Centre, Sydney, Australia
Ibáñez, Agustín ; Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile, Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, Argentina, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina, Global Brain Health Institute, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA, and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. Electronic address: agustin.ibanez@gbhi.org
Language :
English
Title :
A predictive coding framework of allostatic-interoceptive overload in frontotemporal dementia.
A.I. is partially supported by grants from Takeda CW2680521 ; CONICET ; ANID/FONDECYT Regular ( 1210195 and 1210176 ); FONCYT-PICT 2017-1820 ; ANID/FONDAP/15150012 ; Sistema General de Regalías (BPIN2018000100059), Universidad del Valle (CI 5316); Programa Interdisciplinario de Investigación Experimental en Comunicación y Cognición (PIIECC) , Facultad de Humanidades, USACH ; Alzheimer’s Association GBHI ALZ UK-20-639295 ; and the MULTI-PARTNER CONSORTIUM TO EXPAND DEMENTIA RESEARCH IN LATIN AMERICA [ReDLat, supported by National Institutes of Health , National Institutes of Aging ( R01 AG057234 ), Alzheimer’s Association ( SG-20-725707 ), Rainwater Charitable foundation - Tau Consortium , and Global Brain Health Institute)]. C.D.A. is partially supported by 2018-AARG-591107 , ANID/FONDEF ID20I10152 , ANID/FONDECYT 1210622, and ANID/PIA/ANILLOS ACT210096 . C.M.S. is supported by the FNRS MIS project ‘Evidencing sentience in low arousal states by probing brain-body interactions’ (2020) and Human Brain Project task, Brain Inspired Consciousness (BRICON). O.P. is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Leadership Fellowship ( GNT2008020 ). The contents of this publication are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not represent the official views of these institutions.
Petzschner, F.H., et al. Computational models of interoception and body regulation. Trends Neurosci. 44 (2021), 63–76.
Nord, C.L., Garfinkel, S.N., Interoceptive pathways to understand and treat mental health conditions. Trends Cogn. Sci. 26 (2022), 499–513.
Quigley, K.S., et al. Functions of interoception: from energy regulation to experience of the self. Trends Neurosci. 44 (2021), 29–38.
Kleckner, I.R., et al. Evidence for a large-scale brain system supporting allostasis and interoception in humans. Nat. Hum. Behav., 1, 2017, 0069.
Schulkin, J., Sterling, P., Allostasis: a brain-centered, predictive mode of physiological regulation. Trends Neurosci. 42 (2019), 740–752.
Sterling, P., Homeostasis vs allostasis implications for brain function and mental disorders. JAMA Psychiatry 71 (2014), 1192–1193.
Guidi, J., et al. Allostatic load and its impact on health: a systematic review. Psychother. Psychosom. 90 (2020), 11–27.
Tsakiris, M., Critchley, H., Interoception beyond homeostasis: affect, cognition and mental health. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci., 371, 2016, 20160002.
Kocagoncu, E., et al. Evidence and implications of abnormal predictive coding in dementia. Brain 144 (2021), 3311–3321.
Birba, A., et al. Allostatic-interoceptive overload in frontotemporal dementia. Biol. Psychiatry 92 (2022), 54–67.
Barrett, L.F., et al. An active inference theory of allostasis and interoception in depression. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci., 371, 2016, 20160011.
Piguet, O., et al. Behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia: diagnosis, clinical staging, and management. Lancet Neurol. 10 (2011), 162–172.
Piguet, O., Kumfor, F., Frontotemporal dementias: main syndromes and underlying brain changes. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 33 (2020), 215–221.
Possin, K.L., et al. Dissociable executive functions in behavioral variant frontotemporal and Alzheimer dementias. Neurology 80 (2013), 2180–2185.
McEwen, B.S., et al. Mechanisms of stress in the brain. Nat. Neurosci. 18 (2015), 1353–1363.
Ibanez, A., The mind's golden cage and cognition in the wild. Trends Cogn. Sci., 2022, 10.1016/j.tics.2022.07.008.
McEwen, B.S., Allostasis, allostatic load, and the aging nervous system: role of excitatory amino acids and excitotoxicity. Neurochem. Res. 25 (2000), 1219–1231.
Bäuml, J.G., et al. The default mode network mediates the impact of infant regulatory problems on adult avoidant personality traits. Biol. Psychiatry Cogn. Neurosci. Neuroimaging 4 (2019), 333–342.
Coll, M.P., et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the relationship between the heartbeat-evoked potential and interoception. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 122 (2021), 190–200.
Shiels, P.G., et al. Circulating markers of ageing and allostatic load: a slow train coming. Pract. Lab. Med. 7 (2017), 49–54.
Wright, K.D., et al. Beyond allostatic load: focused biological measures of chronic stress in African American older adults. Res. Gerontol. Nurs. 14 (2021), 222–224.
Piolanti, A., et al. Use of the psychosocial index: a sensitive tool in research and practice. Psychother. Psychosom. 85 (2016), 337–345.
Fava, G.A., et al. Current psychosomatic practice. Psychother. Psychosom. 86 (2017), 13–30.
Pollatos, O., et al. Brain structures involved in interoceptive awareness and cardioafferent signal processing: a dipole source localization study. Hum. Brain Mapp. 26 (2005), 54–64.
Al, E., et al. Heart-brain interactions shape somatosensory perception and evoked potentials. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 117 (2020), 10575–10584.
García-Cordero, I., et al. Feeling, learning from and being aware of inner states: interoceptive dimensions in neurodegeneration and stroke. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci., 371, 2016, 20160006.
Abrevaya, S., et al. At the heart of neurological dimensionality: cross-nosological and multimodal cardiac interoceptive deficits. Psychosom. Med. 82 (2020), 850–861.
Salamone, P.C., et al. Altered neural signatures of interoception in multiple sclerosis. Hum. Brain Mapp. 39 (2018), 4743–4754.
Salamone, P.C., et al. Dynamic neurocognitive changes in interoception after heart transplant. Brain Commun., 2, 2020, fcaa095.
Canales-Johnson, A., et al. Auditory feedback differentially modulates behavioral and neural markers of objective and subjective performance when tapping to your heartbeat. Cereb. Cortex 25 (2015), 4490–4503.
Yoris, A., et al. The inner world of overactive monitoring: neural markers of interoception in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychol. Med. 47 (2017), 1957–1970.
Yoris, A., et al. Multilevel convergence of interoceptive impairments in hypertension: new evidence of disrupted body–brain interactions. Hum. Brain Mapp. 39 (2018), 1563–1581.
Richter, F., et al. Behavioral and neurophysiological signatures of interoceptive enhancements following vagus nerve stimulation. Hum. Brain Mapp. 42 (2021), 1227–1242.
Richter, F., Ibáñez, A., Time is body: multimodal evidence of crosstalk between interoception and time estimation. Biol. Psychol., 159, 2021, 108017.
Park, S., et al. Evaluation of visual-induced motion sickness from head-mounted display using heartbeat evoked potential: a cognitive load-focused approach. Virtual Reality 8 (2021), 1–22.
Park, S., et al. Evaluation of 3D cognitive fatigue using heart–brain synchronization. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 97 (2015), 120–130.
Legaz, A., et al. Heart–brain interactions during social and cognitive stress in hypertensive disease: a multidimensional approach. Eur. J. Neurosci. 55 (2020), 2836–2850.
Salamone, P.C., et al. Interoception primes emotional processing: multimodal evidence from neurodegeneration. J. Neurosci. 41 (2021), 4276–4292.
Pang, J., et al. Altered interoceptive processing in generalized anxiety disorder-a heartbeat-evoked potential research. Front. Psychiatry, 10, 2019, 616.
Flasbeck, V., et al. Altered interoception in patients with borderline personality disorder: a study using heartbeat-evoked potentials. Borderline Personal. Disord. Emot. Dysregulation, 7, 2020, 24.
Couto, B., et al. Heart evoked potential triggers brain responses to natural affective scenes: a preliminary study. Auton. Neurosci. 193 (2015), 132–137.
Logan, J.G., Barksdale, D.J., Allostasis and allostatic load: expanding the discourse on stress and cardiovascular disease. J. Clin. Nurs. 17 (2008), 201–208.
Borrell, L.N., et al. Racial/ethnic inequities in the associations of allostatic load with all-cause and cardiovascular-specific mortality risk in U.S. adults. PLoS One, 15, 2020, e0228336.
Thayer, Z., et al. Early life trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder, and allostatic load in a sample of American Indian adults. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 29, 2017, 10.1002/ajhb.22943.
Mazgelytė, E., et al. Association of hair cortisol concentration with prevalence of major cardiovascular risk factors and allostatic load. Med. Sci. Monit. 25 (2019), 3573–3582.
Gillespie, S.L., et al. Allostatic load in the association of depressive symptoms with incident coronary heart disease: the Jackson Heart Study. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 109, 2019, 104369.
Stepto, A., et al. Disruption of multisystem responses to stress in type 2 diabetes: investigating the dynamics of allostatic load. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 111 (2014), 15693–15698.
Hux, V.J., Roberts, J.M., A potential role for allostatic load in preeclampsia. Matern. Child Health J. 19 (2015), 591–597.
Al Hazzouri, Zeki, et al. Body mass index in early adulthood and dementia in late life: findings from a pooled cohort. Alzheimers Dement. 17 (2021), 1798–1807.
Seeman, T., et al. Education, income and ethnic differences in cumulative biological risk profiles in a national sample of US adults: NHANES III (1988-1994). Soc. Sci. Med. 66 (2008), 72–87.
Soysal, P., et al. The relationship between dementia subtypes and nutritional parameters in older adults. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 21 (2020), 1430–1435.
Bright, F., et al. Neuroinflammation in frontotemporal dementia. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 15 (2019), 540–555.
Duran-Aniotz, C., et al. Systematic review: genetic, neuroimaging, and fluids biomarkers for frontotemporal dementia across Latin America countries. Front. Neurol., 12, 2021, 663407.
Sjögren, M., et al. Increased intrathecal inflammatory activity in frontotemporal dementia: pathophysiological implications. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 75 (2004), 1107–1111.
Zhang, J., Mapping neuroinflammation in frontotemporal dementia with molecular PET imaging. J. Neuroinflammation, 12, 2015, 108.
Cagnin, A., et al. In vivo detection of microglial activation in frontotemporal dementia. Ann. Neurol. 56 (2004), 894–897.
Rentzos, M., et al. Interleukin-12 is reduced in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia. J. Neurol. Sci. 249 (2006), 110–114.
Yaffe, K., et al. The metabolic syndrome, inflammation, and risk of cognitive decline. JAMA 292 (2004), 2237–2242.
Dik, M.G., et al. Contribution of metabolic syndrome components to cognition in older individuals. Diabetes Care 30 (2007), 2655–2660.
Woolley, J.D., et al. Satiety-related hormonal dysregulation in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. Neurology 82 (2014), 512–520.
Yuan, A., et al. Neurofilaments and neurofilament proteins in health and disease. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 9, 2017, a018309.
Donker Kaat, L., et al. Serum neurofilament light chain in progressive supranuclear palsy. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 56 (2018), 98–101.
Rohrer, J.D., et al. Serum neurofilament light chain protein is a measure of disease intensity in frontotemporal dementia. Neurology 87 (2016), 1329–1336.
Rojas, J.C., et al. Plasma neurofilament light chain predicts progression in progressive supranuclear palsy. Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol. 3 (2016), 216–225.
Steinacker, P., et al. Serum neurofilament light chain in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. Neurology 91 (2018), E1390–E1401.
Takada, L.T., et al. GRN and MAPT mutations in 2 frontotemporal dementia research centers in Brazil. Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord. 30 (2016), 310–317.
Juster, R.-P., et al. Elevated allostatic load in individuals presenting at psychiatric emergency services. J. Psychosom. Res. 115 (2018), 101–109.
Kobrosly, R.W., et al. Depressive symptoms are associated with allostatic load among community-dwelling older adults. Physiol. Behav. 123 (2014), 223–230.
Scheuer, S., et al. Childhood abuse and depression in adulthood: the mediating role of allostatic load. Psychoneuroendocrinology 94 (2018), 134–142.
Van den Stock, J., Kumfor, F., Behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia: at the interface of interoception, emotion and social cognition?. Cortex 115 (2019), 335–340.
Baez, S., et al. The social context network model in psychiatric and neurological diseases. Curr. Top. Behav. Neurosci. 30 (2017), 379–396.
Kamalian, A., et al. Convergent regional brain abnormalities in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia: a neuroimaging meta-analysis of 73 studies. Alzheimer's Dement. (Amst.), 14, 2022, e12318.
Zhou, J., et al. Divergent network connectivity changes in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Brain 133 (2010), 1352–1367.
Zhou, J., Seeley, W.W., Network dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia: implications for psychiatry. Biol. Psychiatry 75 (2014), 565–573.
Hafkemeijer, A., et al. A longitudinal study on resting state functional connectivity in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. J. Alzheimers Dis. 55 (2017), 521–537.
Pasquini, L., et al. Salience network atrophy links neuron type-specific pathobiology to loss of empathy in frontotemporal dementia. Cereb. Cortex 30 (2020), 5387–5399.
Whitwell, J.L., et al. Altered functional connectivity in asymptomatic MAPT subjects: a comparison to bvFTD. Neurology 77 (2011), 866–874.
Ripp, I., et al. Integrity of neurocognitive networks in dementing disorders as measured with simultaneous PET/functional MRI. J. Nucl. Med. 61 (2020), 1341–1347.
Seeley, W.W., et al. Frontal paralimbic network atrophy in very mild behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. Arch. Neurol. 65 (2008), 249–255.
Seeley, W.W., et al. Frontotemporal dementia: what can the behavioral variant teach us about human brain organization?. Neuroscientist. 18 (2012), 373–385.
Filippi, M., et al. Functional network connectivity in the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia. Cortex 49 (2013), 2389–2401.
Ruiz-Rizzo, A.L., et al. Decreased cingulo-opercular network functional connectivity mediates the impact of aging on visual processing speed. Neurobiol. Aging 73 (2019), 50–60.
Sturm, V.E., et al. Network architecture underlying basal autonomic outflow: evidence from frontotemporal dementia. J. Neurosci. 38 (2018), 8943–8955.
Azzalini, D., et al. Visceral signals shape brain dynamics and cognition. Trends Cogn. Sci. 23 (2019), 488–509.
Park, H.D., et al. Neural sources and underlying mechanisms of neural responses to heartbeats, and their role in bodily self-consciousness: an intracranial EEG study. Cereb. Cortex 28 (2018), 2351–2364.
Ahmed, R.M., et al. Autonomic dysregulation in frontotemporal dementia. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 86, 2015, 1048.
Ibañez, A., Manes, F., Contextual social cognition and the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia. Neurology 78 (2012), 1354–1362.
Santamaría-García, H., et al. A lesion model of envy and Schadenfreude: legal, deservingness and moral dimensions as revealed by neurodegeneration. Brain 140 (2017), 3357–3377.
Chen, K.H., et al. Diminished preparatory physiological responses in frontotemporal lobar degeneration syndromes. Brain Commun., 4, 2022, fcac075.
Marshall, C.R., et al. The functional neuroanatomy of emotion processing in frontotemporal dementias. Brain 142 (2019), 2873–2887.
Adolfi, F., et al. Convergence of interoception, emotion, and social cognition: a twofold fMRI meta-analysis and lesion approach. Cortex 88 (2017), 124–142.
Beydoun, M.A., et al. BMI and allostatic load are directly associated with longitudinal increase in plasma neurofilament light among urban middle-aged adults. J. Nutr. 152 (2021), 535–549.
Chen, W.G., et al. The emerging science of interoception: sensing, integrating, interpreting, and regulating signals within the self. Trends Neurosci. 44 (2021), 3–16.
Healey, M.L., et al. Getting on the same page: the neural basis for social coordination deficits in behavioral variant frontotemporal degeneration. Neuropsychologia 69 (2015), 56–66.
McMillan, C.T., et al. The neural basis for establishing a focal point in pure coordination games. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 7 (2012), 881–887.
Van den Stock, J., et al. Brain-behaviour associations and neural representations of emotions in frontotemporal dementia. Brain, 143, 2020, e17.
Ibanez, A., et al. Social neuroscience: undoing the schism between neurology and psychiatry. Soc. Neurosci. 13 (2018), 1–39.
Hsieh, S., et al. Grief and joy: emotion word comprehension in the dementias. Neuropsychology 26 (2012), 624–630.
Van den Stock, J., et al. The interplay of social cognition sub-domains in frontotemporal dementia. Brain Commun., 3, 2021, fcab161.
Ottino-González, J., et al. Allostatic load and executive functions in overweight adults. Psychoneuroendocrinology 106 (2019), 165–170.
Ruisoto, P., Contador, I., The role of stress in drug addiction. An integrative review. Physiol. Behav. 202 (2019), 62–68.
Evans, G.W., et al. Early childhood poverty and adult executive functioning: distinct, mediating pathways for different domains of executive functioning. Dev. Sci., 24, 2021, e13084.
D'Amico, D., et al. The association between allostatic load and cognitive function: a systematic and meta-analytic review. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 121, 2020, 104849.
Seth, A.K., Friston, K.J., Active interoceptive inference and the emotional brain. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci., 371, 2016, 20160007.
Gray, J.D., et al. Genomic and epigenomic mechanisms of glucocorticoids in the brain. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 13 (2017), 661–673.
Ahmed, R.M., et al. Energy expenditure in frontotemporal dementia: a behavioural and imaging study. Brain 140 (2017), 171–183.
Seth, A.K., Interoceptive inference, emotion, and the embodied self. Trends Cogn. Sci. 17 (2013), 565–573.
Salvato, G., et al. A very light lunch: interoceptive deficits and food aversion at onset in a case of behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. Alzheimers Dement. 10 (2018), 750–754.
Barker, M.S., et al. Proposed research criteria for prodromal behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia. Brain 145 (2022), 1079–1097.
Laneri, D., et al. Mindfulness meditation regulates anterior insula activity during empathy for social pain. Hum. Brain Mapp. 38 (2017), 4034–4046.
Tang, Y.-Y., et al. Short-term meditation increases blood flow in anterior cingulate cortex and insula. Front. Psychol., 6, 2015, 212.
Lanata, S.C., Miller, B.L., The behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) syndrome in psychiatry. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 87 (2016), 501–511.
Savransky, A., et al. Elevated allostatic load early in the course of schizophrenia. Transl. Psychiatry, 8, 2018, 246.
Kivelä, M., et al. Multilayer networks. J. Complex. Netw. 2 (2014), 203–271.
Signorelli, C.M., Boils, J.D., Multilayer networks as embodied consciousness interactions. A formal model approach. PsyArXiv, 2021 Published online November 17, 2021 https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/3y8at.
Sterling, P., What Is Health?: Allostasis and the Evolution of Human Design. 2020, MIT Press.
Sterling, P., Allostasis: a model of predictive regulation. Physiol. Behav. 106 (2012), 5–15.
Irish, M., et al. Self-projection and the default network in frontotemporal dementia. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 8 (2012), 152–161.
Buckley, C.L., et al. The free energy principle for action and perception: a mathematical review. J. Math. Psychol. 81 (2017), 55–79.
De Felice, F.G., et al. Impaired insulin signalling and allostatic load in Alzheimer disease. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 23 (2022), 215–230.
Luczkowski, M., “No screams and cries will convince us that white is white and black is black”, an ode to the defenders of amyloid cascade hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease. Coord. Chem. Rev. 327-328 (2016), 35–42.
Bonaz, B., et al. Diseases, disorders, and comorbidities of interoception. Trends Neurosci. 44 (2021), 39–51.
Garcia-Cordero, I., et al. Metacognition of emotion recognition across neurodegenerative diseases. Cortex 137 (2021), 93–107.
Ricciardi, L., et al. Know thyself: exploring interoceptive sensitivity in Parkinson's disease. J. Neurol. Sci. 364 (2016), 110–115.
Christopher, L., et al. Uncovering the role of the insula in non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Brain 137 (2014), 2143–2154.
Santangelo, G., et al. Interoceptive processing deficit: a behavioral marker for subtyping Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 53 (2018), 64–69.
Gonzalez Campo, C., et al. Fatigue in multiple sclerosis is associated with multimodal interoceptive abnormalities. Mult. Scler. 26 (2020), 1845–1853.
Thomson, E.M., Air pollution, stress, and allostatic load: linking systemic and central nervous system impacts. J. Alzheimers Dis. 69 (2019), 597–614.
Ouanes, S., Popp, J., High cortisol and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: a review of the literature. Front. Aging Neurosci., 11, 2019, 43.
Cohen, S., et al. Socioeconomic status is associated with stress hormones. Psychosom. Med. 68 (2006), 414–420.
Sirkis, D.W., et al. Immunological signatures in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 32 (2019), 272–278.
Pottier, C., et al. Genome-wide analyses as part of the international FTLD-TDP whole-genome sequencing consortium reveals novel disease risk factors and increases support for immune dysfunction in FTLD. Acta Neuropathol. 137 (2019), 879–899.
Cacabelos, D., et al. Interplay between TDP-43 and docosahexaenoic acid-related processes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurobiol. Dis. 88 (2016), 148–160.
Armstrong, R., What causes neurodegenerative disease?. Folia Neuropathol. 58 (2020), 93–112.
Clark, A., Whatever next? Predictive brains, situated agents, and the future of cognitive science. Behav. Brain Sci. 36 (2013), 181–204.