Ecuador; acaricide; cattle; protective factor; risk factor; tick; tick-borne diseases; tropical; Immunology and Allergy; Molecular Biology; Immunology and Microbiology (all); Microbiology (medical); Infectious Diseases; General Immunology and Microbiology
Abstract :
[en] Decision-making on tick control practices is linked to the level of knowledge about livestock farming and to the social context in which individuals practice them. Tick infestation is one of the main problems in tropical livestock production. The objective of this study was to characterize tick-control related practices in two tropical livestock areas and their potential association with the level of tick infestation. A total of 139 farms were included in this survey. To determine this association, a multivariate logistic regression model was used. A stepwise model selection procedure was used and model validation was tested. Cattle husbandry as a main activity, the use of external paddocks, the use of amitraz, and the lack of mechanization on the farm were related with high tick infestation. On the other hand, owner involvement in the preparation of acaricide solution was identified as a protective factor against high tick infestation. At animal level, age (old), body condition status (thin), and lactation were also associated with high tick infestations, while Bos primigenius indicus cattle and their crosses reduced the probability of high tick infestations. The factors studied, such as herd size, education level of the owners, and veterinary guidance, varied from farm to farm. Nonetheless, these differences did not generate changes in the level of tick infestation. According to the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC), the model at farm level predicts a high level of infestation, with an accuracy of 72.00% and high sensitivity. In addition, at animal level, crossbreeding with indicus cattle and breeding selection for host resistance will be useful against high tick infestation. Likewise, the implementation of programs of capacitation and research on tick control for farmers, cowboys, and vets in these areas is necessary.
Disciplines :
Veterinary medicine & animal health
Author, co-author :
Paucar, Valeria ; Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador ; Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liège, Belgium
Pérez-Otáñez, Ximena; Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador ; Georges Lemaitre Centre for Earth and Climate Research, UCLouvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
Rodríguez-Hidalgo, Richar; Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador ; Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador
Perez, Cecilia; Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador
Cepeda-Bastidas, Darío ; Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador
Grijalva, Jorge; Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador
Enríquez, Sandra; Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador
Arciniegas-Ortega, Susana; Facultad de Geología, Minas y Petróleo, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador
Vanwambeke, Sophie O ; Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liège, Belgium
Ron-Garrido, Lenin ; Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador ; Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador
Saegerman, Claude ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des maladies infectieuses et parasitaires (DMI) > Epidémiologie et analyse des risques appliqués aux sciences vétérinaires
Language :
English
Title :
The Associated Decision and Management Factors on Cattle Tick Level of Infestation in Two Tropical Areas of Ecuador.
Acknowledgments: Our thanks go to the Académie de Recherche et d’Enseignement Supérieur (ARES) for funding this research, the Universidad Central del Ecuador (UCE), UCLouvain and the University of Liège for hosting the project. In addition, our thanks go to all the farmers who participated, the community leaders, the field technicians, and the students of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Agronomy of the Universidad Central del Ecuador, who participated in the field and laboratory work, thanks to whom this research was possible.Funding: This survey was funded by the Academy of Research and Higher Education (ARES) through the Research for Development Project (PRD) entitled ‘Socio-eco-epidemiology of ticks, tick-borne parasites, acaricide resistance and residual effects of acaricides in tropical Ecuadorian livestock: environmental, animal and public health impacts’, which involves universities from Ecuador (CIZ, Universidad Central del Ecuador) and Belgium (UCLouvain and ULiège).
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