Adapting a commercial integrated circuit 3-axis Hall sensor for measurements at low temperatures: mapping the three components of B in superconducting applications
3-axis Hall sensor; Cryogenic Hall probe; Magnetic flux mapping; High-Temperature Superconductor; Bulk superconductor; Coated conductor
Abstract :
[en] Mapping the magnitude and the direction of the flux density B at cryogenic temperature is of particular interest in numerous applications involving superconductors. However, it is difficult to find 3-axis Hall probes or magnetometers operating at low temperature and above the mT range. In this work, we report the design and the construction of a device able to perform such a measurement. We show that it is possible to take advantage of a commercially available, inexpensive, room-temperature 3-axis Hall sensor and place it inside a thin cylindrical insert whose inner temperature is carefully controlled to be 25 ± 0.2 ℃, irrespective of the outer cryogenic temperature (typically 77 K). The active area of the Hall sensor is located at 2.2 ± 0.25 mm from the bottom of the insert, so that it can be positioned close to the magnetic structures to be characterized. We built the interfacing electronics that is located sufficiently close (typ. < 300 mm) to the digital Hall sensor and manages the temperature control. The whole system behaves thus as an independent and reliable 3-axis Hall probe able to operate in cryogenic conditions. We tested this device to characterize Bx, By and Bz generated by two magnetized high-Tc superconductors: a bulk polycrystalline tube and a ring magnet made from an eye-shaped coated conductor. We show that the device allows measurements down to ∼ 0.16 mT. Combining the three measured components of B enables mapping the local magnitude and direction of the flux density.
Disciplines :
Electrical & electronics engineering
Author, co-author :
Rotheudt, Nicolas ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Montefiore Institute of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Fagnard, Jean-François ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Montefiore Institute of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Harmeling, Pascal ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'électricité, électronique et informatique (Institut Montefiore) > Capteurs et systèmes de mesures électriques
Vanderbemden, Philippe ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'électricité, électronique et informatique (Institut Montefiore) > Capteurs et systèmes de mesures électriques
Language :
English
Title :
Adapting a commercial integrated circuit 3-axis Hall sensor for measurements at low temperatures: mapping the three components of B in superconducting applications
Thekkethil, S.R., Kar, S., Kumar, M., Soni, V., Suman, N.V., Sharma, R.G., et al. Stress-induced magnetic field inhomogeneity in a 1.5 T superconducting MRI magnet. IEEE Trans Appl Supercond, 28, 2018, 10.1109/TASC.2018.2805170.
Song, X., Mijatovic, N., Kellers, J., Bührer, C., Rebsdorf, A.V., Hansen, J., et al. A pole pair segment of a 2-MW high temperature superconducting wind turbine generator. IEEE Trans Appl Supercond 27:4 (2017), 1–5, 10.1109/TASC.2017.2656778.
Xu, X., Huang, Z., Li, W., Huang, X., Wang, M., Hong, Z., et al. 3D finite element modelling on racetrack coils using the homogeneous T-A formulation. Cryogenics, 119, 2021, 103366, 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2021.103366.
Yang, K., Zhang, T., He, J., Zhang, Q., Zhang, C., Zhou, D., et al. Pulsed field magnetization of YBa2Cu3O7-δ bulk assembly for motor application. IEEE Trans Appl Supercond, 32(4), 2022, 5200205, 10.1109/TASC.2021.3133826.
Petrone, C., van Nugteren, J., Bajas, H., Bottura, L., Kirby, G., Rossi, L., et al. Measurement and analysis of the dynamic effects in an HTS dipole magnet. IEEE Trans Appl Supercond, 28(4), 2018, 4604404, 10.1109/TASC.2018.2801325.
Bortot, L., Mentink, M., Petrone, C., Van Nugteren, J., Deferne, G., Koettig, T., et al. High-temperature superconducting screens for magnetic field-error cancellation in accelerator magnets. Supercond Sci Technol, 34(10), 2021, 105001, 10.1088/1361-6668/ac1c13.
Obana, T., Terazaki, Y., Yanag, N., Hamaguchi, S., Chikaraishi, H., Takayasu, M., Self-field measurements of an HTS twisted stacked-tape cable conductor. Cryogenics, 105, 2020, 103012, 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2019.103012.
Kosse, J.J., Dhallé, M., Tomás, G., Rem, P.C., ter Brake, H.J.M., ten Kate, H.H.J., Optimum coil-system layout for magnet-driven superconducting magnetic density separation. IEEE Trans Magn, 57(8), 2021, 9000209, 10.1109/TMAG.2021.3080178.
Chen, I.G., Liu, J., Weinstein, R., Lau, K., Characterization of YBaCu3O7, including critical current density Jc, by trapped magnetic field. J Appl Phys 72:3 (1992), 1013–1020, 10.1063/1.351826.
Nagashima, K., Higuchi, T., Sok, J., Yoo, S.I., Fujimoto, H., Murakami, M., The trapped field of YBCO bulk superconducting magnets. Cryogenics 37:10 (1997), 577–581, 10.1016/S0011-2275(97)00058-1.
Solovyov, M., Vojenciak, M., Gömöry, F., Magnetic field mapping above the superconducting tape with Ni-covered edges. IEEE Trans Appl Supercond 19:3 (2009), 3049–3052, 10.1109/TASC.2009.2019067.
Leclerc, J., Berger, K., Douine, B., Lévêque, J., Field mapping measurements to determine spatial and field dependence of critical current density in YBCO tapes. Physica C 492 (2013), 158–164, 10.1016/j.physc.2013.06.009.
Tallouli, M., Sun, J., Chikumoto, N., Otabe, E.S., Shyshkin, O., Charfi-Kaddour, S., et al. Observation of self-magnetic field relaxations in Bi2223 and Y123 HTS tapes after over-current pulse and DC current operation. Cryogenics 77 (2016), 53–58, 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2016.04.010.
Cardwell, D., Murakami, M., Zeisberger, M., Gawalek, W., Gonzalez-Arrabal, R., Eisterer, M., et al. Round robin measurements of the flux trapping properties of melt processed Sm-Ba-Cu-O bulk superconductors. Physica C 412–414 (2004), 623–632, 10.1016/j.physc.2004.01.082.
Iliescu, S., Sena, S., Granados, X., Bartolome, E., Puig, T., Obradors, X., et al. In-field hall probe mapping system for characterization of YBCO welds. 3136–39 IEEE Trans Appl Supercond, 13(2), 2003, 10.1109/TASC.2003.812123.
Chaud, X., Noudem, J., Prikhna, T., Savchuk, Y., Haanappel, E., Diko, P., et al. Flux mapping at 77 K and local measurement at lower temperature of thin-wall YBaCuO single-domain samples oxygenated under high pressure. Physica C 469:15 (2009), 1200–1206, 10.1016/j.physc.2009.05.017.
Shi, Y., Dennis, A.R., Zhou, D., Namburi, D.K., Huang, K., Durrell, J.H., et al. Factors affecting the growth of multiseeded superconducting single grains. 5110–17 Cryst Growth Des, 16(9), 2016, 10.1021/acs.cgd.6b00685.
Koblischka, M.R., Pavan Kumar Naik, S., Koblischka-Veneva, A., Murakami, M., Gokhfeld, D., Reddy, E.S., et al. Superconducting YBCO foams as trapped field magnets. Materials, 12(6):853, 2019, 10.3390/ma12060853.
Higashikawa, K., Inoue, M., Ye, S., Matsumoto, A., Kumakura, H., Yoshida, R., et al. Scanning Hall-probe microscopy for site-specific observation of microstructure in superconducting wires and tapes for the clarification of their performance bottlenecks. Supercond Sci Technol, 33, 2020, 064005, 10.1088/1361-6668/ab89ef.
Myers, C.S., Sumption, M.D., Collings, E.W., Magnetization and flux penetration of YBCO CORC cable segments at the injection fields of accelerator magnets. IEEE Trans Appl Supercond, 29(5), 2019, 4701105, 10.1109/TASC.2019.2896625.
Dorget, R., Nouailhetas, Q., Colle, A., Berger, K., Sudo, K., Ayat, S., et al. Review on the use of superconducting bulks for magnetic screening in electrical machines for aircraft applications. Materials, 14(11), 2021, 2847, 10.3390/ma14112847.
Kii, T., Kinjo, R., Kimura, N., Shibata, M., Bakr, M.A., Choi, Y.W., et al. Low-temperature operation of a bulk HTSC staggered array undulator. IEEE Trans Appl Supercond, 22(3), 2012, 4100904, 10.1109/TASC.2011.2180498.
Calvi, M., Ainslie, M.D., Dennis, A., Durrell, J.H., Hellmann, S., Kittel, C., et al. A GdBCO bulk staggered array undulator. Supercond Sci Technol, 33(1), 2020, 014004, 10.1088/1361-6668/ab5b37.
Wang, L., Deng, Z., Cheng, Y., A field cooling method to increase the suspension force of HTS pinning maglev system. Cryogenics, 123, 2022, 103448, 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2022.103448.
Chen, W., Jin, R., Wang, S., Xu, M., Che, T., Shen, B., et al. The effect of flux diverters on the AC loss of REBCO coil coupled with iron core. Cryogenics, 128, 2022, 103573, 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2022.103573.
Hogan, K., Fagnard, J.F., Wéra, L., Vanderheyden, B., Vanderbemden, P., Magnetic shielding of an inhomogeneous magnetic field source by a bulk superconducting tube. Supercond Sci Technol, 28(3), 2015, 035011, 10.1088/0953-2048/28/3/035011.
Lipovský, P., Draganová, K., Novotňák, J., Szőke, Z., Fil'ko, M., Indoor Mapping of Magnetic Fields Using UAV Equipped with Fluxgate Magnetometer. Sensors, 21(12), 2021, 4191, 10.3390/s21124191.
Vu, T.D., Ho, T.H., Miyajima, S., Toji, M., Ninomiya, Y., Shishido, H., et al. SQUID microscopy for mapping vector magnetic fields. Supercond Sci Technol, 32(11), 2019, 115006, 10.1088/1361-6668/ab3945.
Kvitkovic, J., Majoros, M., Three-axis cryogenic hall sensor. 440–41 J Magn Magn Mater, 157–158, 1996, 10.1016/0304-8853(95)01221-4.
Paasi, J., Kalliohaka, T., Korpela, A., Soderlund, L., Hermann, P.F., Kvitkovic, J., et al. Homogeneity studies of multifilamentary BSCCO tapes by three-axis Hall sensor magnetometry. IEEE Trans Appl Supercond 9 (1999), 1598–1601, 10.1109/77.784702.
Wéra, L., Fagnard, J.-F., Levin, G.A., Vanderheyden, B., Vanderbemden, P., A comparative study of triaxial and uniaxial magnetic shields made out of YBCO coated conductors. Supercond Sci Technol, 28(7), 2015, 074001, 10.1088/0953-2048/28/7/074001.
Bruce, R., Soulerin, S., Bouziat, D., Cubizolles, R., Gastineau, B., Juster, F.-P., et al. Compact cryogenic test stand for superconducting magnets characterization. IOP Conf Ser: Mater Sci Eng, 755(1), 2020, 012147, 10.1088/1757-899X/755/1/012147.
González-Jorge, H., Quelle, I., Carballo, E., Domarco, G., Working with non-cryogenic Hall sensors at 77 K. 736–39 Cryogenics, 46(10), 2006, 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2006.06.005.
Metrolab. Cool measurements with MagVector™ MV2, https://www.metrolab.com/cool-measurements-with-magvector-mv2/; 2019 [accessed 4 March 2023].
Leens, F., An introduction to I2C and SPI protocols. IEEE Instrum Meas Mag 12:1 (2009), 8–13, 10.1109/MIM.2009.4762946.
Williams, E.H., Magnetic properties of copper-nickel alloys. Phys Rev 38:4 (1931), 828–831.
Huber, S., Burssens, J.-W., Dupré, N., Dubrulle, O., Bidaux, Y., Close, G., et al. A gradiometric magnetic sensor system for stray-field-immune rotary position sensing in harsh environment. Proc Eurosensors, 2(13), 2018, 809, 10.3390/proceedings2130809.
Rachid A, Collet F. 2020. Bus CAN. Techniques de l'ingénieur: Automatique et Ingénierie Système 2020; S8140 v2. https://doi.org/10.51257/a-v2-s8140.
Wolfhard L. CAN System Engineering: From Theory to Practical Applications. London: Springer; 2013.
Ziegler, J.G., Nichols, N.B., Optimum settings for automatic controllers. Trans ASME 64:8 (1942), 759–768.
Åström, K.J., Murray, R.M., Feedback Systems: An Introduction for Scientists and Engineers. 1, 2008, Princeton University Press.
Ventura, G., Risegari, L., The Art of Cryogenics: Low-Temperature Experimental Techniques. 1, 2008, Elsevier Science.
Fagnard J-F, Vanderheyden B, Vanderbemden P. Magnetic shielding with bulk high temperature superconductors: factors influencing the magnetic field penetration in hollow cylinders. In: Muralidhar Miryala editor. Superconductivity: recent developments and new production technologies. Nova Science Publishers; 2012.
Callaghan E E, Maslen S H, The magnetic field of a finite solenoid. Nasa Tech. Note 1960, no. D-465.
Levin, G.A., Barnes, P.N., Murphy, J., Brunke, L., Long, J.D., Horwath, J., et al. Persistent current in coils made out of second generation high temperature superconductor wire. Appl Phys Lett, 93(6), 2008, 062504, 10.1063/1.2969798.
Lee, H.-G., Kim, J.G., Lee, S.W., Kim, W.S., Lee, S.W., Choi, K.D., et al. Design and fabrication of permanent mode magnet by using coated conductor. Physica C 445–448 (2006), 1099–1102, 10.1016/j.physc.2006.05.044.
Wéra, L., Fagnard, J.F., Levin, G.A., Vanderheyden, B., Vanderbemden, P., Magnetic shielding with YBCO coated conductors: influence of the geometry on its performances. IEEE Trans Appl Supercond, 23(3), 2013, 8200504, 10.1109/TASC.2012.2235514.
Sheng, J., Zhang, M., Wang, Y., Li, X., Patel, J., Yuan, W., A new ring-shape high-temperature superconducting trapped-field magnet. Supercond Sci Technol, 30(9), 2017, 094002, 10.1088/1361-6668/aa7a51.
Zheng, Y., Wang, Y., Li, J., Jin, Z., Magnetization of the joint-free high temperature superconductor (RE)Ba2Cu3Ox Coil by field cooling. AIP Adv, 7(9), 2017, 095218, 10.1063/1.4998230.
Ali, M.Z., Zheng, J., Huber, F., Zhang, Z., Yuan, W., Zhang, M., 4.6 T generated by a high-temperature superconducting ring magnet. Supercond Sci Technol, 33(4), 2020, 04LT01, 10.1088/1361-6668/ab794a.
Zhao, C., Shi, J., Sheng, J., Chen, W., Study on the electromagnetic characteristics of ring-shaped superconducting permanent magnets for medical applications. Crystals, 12(10), 2022, 1438, 10.3390/cryst12101438.
Liao, H., Yuan, W., Zhang, Z., Zhang, M., Magnetization mechanism of a hybrid high temperature superconducting trapped field magnet. J Appl Phys, 133, 2023, 023902, 10.1063/5.0133219.
Carusone T.C., Johns D., Martin K. Analog Integrated Circuit Design. 2nd ed. Wiley; 2011.