governance hybridisation; stare co-production; technical hybridisation; urban; water; Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment; Urban Studies; Public Administration
Abstract :
[en] This study questions the processes of technical and governance hybridisation in the coproduction of water services in cities of the Global South. The existing literature addresses the compensatory role that water services coproduction plays in urban and peri-urban areas, where access to centralised and reliable water resources is often lacking. However, less research focuses on the evolution of coproduced practices in relation to wider transitions of urban spaces, water resources, centralised infrastructure, and service delivery strategies. Still, the resulting technical and governance configurations stemming from these situations are largely unexplored. This study considers four cities, namely, Hanoi (Vietnam), Dar es Salaam (Tanzania), Cochabamba (Bolivia), and Addis Ababa (Ethiopia). All our case studies are somewhat characterised by rapid land-use changes, juxtaposition of rural and urban activities, varying urban typologies, and increasing poverty, sociospatial inequality, and exclusionary service provision. We draw on data collected from field surveys and participatory workshops with inhabitants and institutional actors between 2017 and 2020 as part of a recent research project. We explore the evolution of water coproduction from technological and governance perspectives. The cases analysed in the research highlight that the time and social development of water coproduction do not follow a linear path. It is rather characterised by cycles of emergence, maturation, and decline. It may build upon pre-existing forms of community-based water management that were established in rural areas (for irrigation or water harvesting, for instance). The results show that water coproduction may have different evolutions, entailing different hybridisation processes. Water coproduction can be characterised by either complementary or concurrent service configurations, by blurring actor categories, and by different drivers in the hybridisation process. Ultimately, evolution in urban coproduced practices appears as a process of technical and governance hybridisation, rather than as final and fixed hybrid systems.
Disciplines :
Architecture
Author, co-author :
Moretto, Luisa; Faculty of Architecture La Cambre Horta, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
Faldi, Giuseppe; Faculty of Architecture La Cambre Horta, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
Rosati, Federica Natalia; Faculty of Architecture La Cambre Horta, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium ; LEMA, Urban and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
Teller, Jacques ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département ArGEnCo > LEMA (Local environment management and analysis)
Language :
English
Title :
Coproduced urban water services: When technical and governance hybridisation go hand in hand
Addis Ababa Water and Sanitation Authority (2011). Business Plan 2011-2020. Final Report. Addis Ababa: City Government of Addis Ababa.
Ahlers R. Cleaver F. Rusca M. Schwartz K. (2014). Informal space in the urban waterscape: disaggregation and co-production of water services. Water Altern. 7, 1–14.
Albrecht P. Moe L. W. (2015). The simultaneity of authority in hybrid orders. Peacebuilding 3, 1–16. 10.1080/21647259.2014.928551
Allen A. (2013). “Water provision for and by the peri-urban poor. Public-community partnerships or citizens coproduction?” in Urban Sustainability: A Global Perspective, ed. J. Vojnovic (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press). p. 309–340.
Allen A. Hofmann P. Mukherjee J. Walnycki A. (2017). Water trajectories through non-networked infrastructure: insights from peri-urban Dar es Salaam, Cochabamba and Kolkata. Urban Res. Pract. 10, 22–42. 10.1080/17535069.2016.1197306
Bakker K. (2003). Archipelagos and networks: urbanization and water privatization in the South. Geogr. J. 169, 328–341. 10.1111/j.0016-7398.2003.00097.x
Bakker K. Kooy M. Shofiani N. E. Martijn E-. J. (2008). Governance failure: rethinking the institutional dimensions of urban water supply to poor households. World Dev. 36, 1891–1915. 10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.09.015
Bazely P. (2010). “Computer-assisted integration of mixed methods data sources and analysis,” in Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioural Research, 2nd Edition, ed A Tashakkori and C. Teddlie (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage). p. 431–467. 10.4135/9781506335193.n18
Chatterjee S. Kundu R. (2022). Co-production or contested production? Complex arrangements of actors, infrastructure, and practices in everyday water provisioning in a small town in India. Int. J. Urban Sustain. Dev. 14, 196–208. 10.1080/19463138.2020.1852408
Colona F. Jaffe R. (2016). Hybrid governance arrangements. Eur. J. Dev. Res. 28, 175–183. 10.1057/ejdr.2016.5
Coutard O. Rutherford J. (2015). Beyond the Networked City: Infrastructure Reconfigurations and Urban Change in the North and South. London: Routledge. 10.4324/9781315757612
Coutard O. Rutherford J. Florentin D. (2014). “Towards hybrid socio-technical solutions for water and energy provision,” in Innovations for Sustainable Development ed J. Y. Grosclaude, R. K. Tubiana, and L. Pachauri (New Delhi: TERI Press). p. 91–100.
Dobre C. C. Vinke-de Kruijf, J. Moretto L. Ranzato M. (2018). Stormwater management in transition: the influence of technical and governance attributes in the case of Brussels, Belgium. Env. Sci. Policy 85, 1–10. 10.1016/j.envsci.2018.03.015
Faldi G. Fisher A. Moretto L. (2021). “Five points for conceptualising place-based approaches to African urban planning: an introduction,” in African Cities Through Local Eyes: Experiments in Place-Based Planning and Design, ed G. Faldi, A. Fisher, and L. Moretto (Cham, Switzerland: Springer). p. 1–27. 10.1007/978-3-030-84906-1_1
Faldi G. Ranzato M. Moretto L. (2022). Urban service co-production and technology: nine key issues. Int. J. Urban Sust. Dev. 14, 146–161. 10.1080/19463138.2022.2060237
Faldi G. Rosati F. N. Moretto L. Teller J. (2019). A comprehensive framework for analyzing co-production of urban water and sanitation services in the Global South. Water Int. 44, 886–918. 10.1080/02508060.2019.1665967
Faldi G. Rosati F. N. Moretto L. Teller J. (2020). “A multi-perspective discourse on the sustainability of water and sanitation service co-production in Global South cities,” in Handbook of Quality of Life and Sustainability ed. J. Martínez, C. Mikkelsen, and R. Phillips (Cham, Switzerland: Springer). p. 53–80. 10.1007/978-3-030-50540-0_4
Furlong K. (2014). STS beyond the “modern infrastructure ideal”: extending theory by engaging with infrastructure challenges in the South. Technol. Soc. 38, 139–147. 10.1016/j.techsoc.2014.04.001
Goodfellow T. Lindemann S. (2013). The clash of institutions: traditional authority, conflict and the failure of “hybridity” in Buganda. Commonw. Comp. Polit. 51, 3–26. 10.1080/14662043.2013.752175
Han S. S. (2022). Co-producing an urban mobility service? The role of actors, policies, and technology in the boom and bust of dockless bike-sharing programmes. Int. J. Urban Sust. Dev. 14, 209–224. 10.1080/19463138.2020.1772268
Jakobsen M. (2013). ‘Can government initiatives increase citizen coproduction? Results of a randomized field experiment. J. Public Admin. Res. Theory, 23, 27–54. 10.1093/jopart/mus036
Kironde J. M. (1994). The evolution of land use structure of Dar es Salaam 1890-1990. A study in the effects of land policy (dissertation). Nairobi: University of Nairobi.
Kjellen M. (2006). From Public Pipes to Private Hands. Water Access and Distribution in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Stockholm: Intellecta DocuSys.30082638
Koh D. W. H. (2006). Wards of Hanoi. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 10.1355/9789812305961
Kyed H. M. (2017). Hybridity and boundary-making: exploring the politics of hybridisation. Third World Thematics TWQ J. 2, 464–480. 10.1080/23802014.2017.1408423
Larsen L. Yeshitela K. Mulatu T. Seifu S. Desta H. (2019). The impact of rapid urbanization and public housing development on urban form and density in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Land 8, 66. 10.3390/land8040066
McMillan R. Spronk S. Caswell C. (2014). Popular participation, equity, and co-production of water and sanitation services in Caracas, Venezuela. Water Int. 39, 201–215. 10.1080/02508060.2014.886844
Meagher K. (2012). The strength of weak states? Non-state security forces and hybrid governance in Africa. Dev. Change 43, 1073–1101. 10.1111/j.1467-7660.2012.01794.x
Mees H. Alexander M. Gralepois M. Matczak P. Mees H. (2018). Typologies of citizen co-production in flood risk governance. Environ Sci Policy 89, 330–339. 10.1016/j.envsci.2018.08.011
Miraftab F. (2004). Making neo-liberal governance: the disempowering work of empowerment. Int Plan Stud. 9, 239–259. 10.1080/13563470500050130
Mitlin D. (2008). With and beyond the state—co-production as a route to political influence, power and transformation for grassroots organizations. Environ. Urban. 20, 339–360. 10.1177/0956247808096117
Mitlin D. Bartlett S. (2018). Editorial: co-production—key ideas. Environ. Urban. 30, 355–366. 10.1177/0956247818791931
Moretto L. Faldi G. Ranzato M. Rosati F. N. Ilito Boozi J-. P. Teller J. et al. (2018). Challenges of water and sanitation service co-production in the Global South. Environ. Urban. 30, 425–443. 10.1177/0956247818790652
Moretto L. Ranzato M. (2017). A socio-natural standpoint to understand coproduction of water, energy and waste services. Urban Res. Pract. 10, 1–21. 10.1080/17535069.2016.1201528
Nabatchi T. Sancino A. Sicilia M. (2017). Varieties of participation in public services: the who, when, and what of coproduction. Pub. Admin. Rev. 77, 766–776. 10.1111/puar.12765
Offner J-. M. (1993). Le développement des réseaux techniques: un modèle générique. Flux 13, 1–18. 10.3406/flux.1993.960
Ostrom E. (1996). Crossing the great divide: coproduction, synergy, and development. World Dev. 24, 1073–1087. 10.1016/0305-750X(96)00023-X
Peter L. L. Yang Y. (2019). Urban planning historical review of master plans and the way towards a sustainable city: Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Front Archit. Res. 8, 359–377. 10.1016/j.foar.2019.01.008
Peterson J. H. (2012). A conceptual unpacking of hybridity: accounting for notions of power, politics and progress in analyses of aid-driven interface. J. Peacebuild Dev. 7, 8–22. 10.1080/15423166.2012.742802
Ramadier T. (2004). Transdisciplinarity and its challenges: the case of urban studies. Futures 36, 423–439. 10.1016/j.futures.2003.10.009
Rateau M. Jaglin S. (2022). Co-production of access and hybridisation of configurations: a socio-technical approach to urban electricity in Cotonou and Ibadan. Int. J. Urban Sust. Dev. 14, 180–195. 10.1080/19463138.2020.1780241
Rosati F. N. Moretto L. Teller J. (2022). An incremental approach to co-production: reading transformations of urban systems and water and sanitation infrastructures. Int. J. Urban Sust. Dev. 14, 162–179. 10.1080/19463138.2020.1818085
Sliuzas R. V. (1988). Problems in monitoring the growth of squatter settlement: the housing process in Manzese, Dar es Salaam. (master's thesis). Enschede, Netherlands: International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences.
Slum Dwellers International (2017). The Know Your City Campaign: Kilimani. Available online at: https://sdinet.org/settlement/1849/235951 (accessed May 28, 2022).
Smith H. Garcia Ferrari S. G. Medero G. M. Rivera H. Coupé F. Mejía Escalante M. E. et al. (2022). Exploring appropriate sociotechnical arrangements for the co-production of landslide risk management strategies in informal neighbourhoods in Colombia and Brazil. Int. J. Urban Sust. Dev. 14, 242–263. 10.1080/19463138.2021.1872082
Smith H. Jenkins P. (2013). Embedding trans-disciplinary research approaches to strategic urban expansion planning through combined methods in a context of weak institutional capacity: Experience of Huambo, Angola. in Paper given at the 14th N-AERUS Conference, Enschede, Netherlands, 12th−14th September.
Steen T. Brandsen T. Verschuere B. (2018). “The dark side of co-creation and co-production. Seven Evils,” in Co-Production and Co-Creation: Engaging Citizens in Public Services, ed T. Brandsen, T. Steen, and B. Verschure (New York: Routledge). p. 284–293. 10.4324/9781315204956-45
Tashakkori A. Teddlie C. (2003). Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and behavioural Research. Thousands Oaks, California: SAGE Publications.30409549
Tesfaye A. (2007). Problems and prospects of housing development in Ethiopia. Prop. Manag. 25, 27–53. 10.1108/02637470710723245
UN–Habitat (2009). Tanzania: Dar es Salaam City Profile. Nairobi: UN–Habitat/Union.
UN–Habitat (2010). Citywide Action Plan for Upgrading Unplanned and Unserviced Settlements in Dar es Salaam. Nairobi: UN–Habitat.
UN–Habitat (2017). The State of Addis Ababa. Nairobi: UN–Habitat.
United Nations (2016). Habitat III Policy Paper 9—Urban Services and Technology. Available online at: https://habitat3.org/wp-content/uploads/Habitat%20III%20Policy%20Paper%209.pdf (accessed November 2, 2022).
United Republic of Tanzania (2012). Population and Housing Census: Population Distribution by Administrative Areas. Dar es Salaam: National Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Finance.
Visoka G. (2012). Three levels of hybridisation practices in post-conflict Kosovo. J. Peacebuilding Dev. 7, 22–36. 10.1080/15423166.2012.743807
Yu C. Brown R. Morison P. (2012). Co-governing decentralised water systems: an analytical framework. Water Sci. Technol. 66, 2731–2736. 10.2166/wst.2012.48923109592