COVID-19; digital technologies; mental health; professional healthcare practices; psychiatry; Communicable Disease Control; Europe/epidemiology; Humans; Pandemics/prevention & control; Physical Distancing; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19/epidemiology; COVID-19/prevention & control; Europe; Pandemics; Pollution; Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health; Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis
Abstract :
[en] A The COVID-19 pandemic has had a considerable impact on the organization of psychiatric care. The present study examines how care professionals experienced this period and faced these new constraints weighing on their professional practices. Based on a qualitative research methodology, 13 group interviews with healthcare professionals working in psychiatric wards were conducted in five countries in western Europe. To complement this, 31 individual interviews were carried out in Belgium and France. Public health measures hindered certain therapeutic activities, jeopardized communication, and obliged healthcare professionals to modify and adapt their practices. Confronted with a transformation of their usual roles, healthcare professionals feared a deterioration in the quality of care. Impossible to continue in-person care practices, they resorted to online videoconferencing which went against their idea of care in which the encounter holds an essential place. The lockdown contradicted efforts to co-build care pathways toward readaptation, social reintegration, and recovery, thus reviving the perception of psychiatric hospitalization based on isolation.
Disciplines :
Public health, health care sciences & services Anthropology
Author, co-author :
Kane, Hélène ; EA 7505 Éducation, Ethique, Sante, Université François-Rabelais, 37020 Tours, France
Gourret Baumgart, Jade ; EA 7505 Éducation, Ethique, Sante, Université François-Rabelais, 37020 Tours, France
Rusch, Emmanuel; EA 7505 Éducation, Ethique, Sante, Université François-Rabelais, 37020 Tours, France
Absil, Gaëtan ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Institut de recherche en Sciences Sociales (IRSS)
Deloyer, Jocelyn; Centre Neuro Psychiatrique St. Martin (CNP St Martin), 5100 Namur, Belgium
El-Hage, Wissam ; CIC 1415, U 1253 iBrain, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire (CHRU), 37000 Tours, France
Marazziti, Donatella ; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy ; UniCamillus, Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences, 00131 Roma, Italy
Pozza, Andrea; Department of Medical, Surgical and Neuroscience Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
Thome, Johannes ; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
Tucha, Oliver; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
Verwaest, Wim; Centre Hospitalier Neuro-Psychiatrique, 9012 Ettelbruck, Luxembourg
Fond-Harmant, Laurence ; Agence de Coopération Scientifique Europe-Afrique (ASCAE), Grand Duché de Luxembourg, 2010 Luxembourg, Luxembourg ; LEPS, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, UR 3412, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
Denis, Frédéric; EA 7505 Éducation, Ethique, Sante, Université François-Rabelais, 37020 Tours, France
CNRS - French National Centre for Scientific Research Region Centre-Val de Loire
Funding text :
Funding: This research was funded by the French National Research Agency (Agence Nationale de la Recherche) and the Region Centre-Val de Loire, France. The funders had and will not have a role in the study design, data collection analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.This work is based on a qualitative research methodology using in-depth group and individual interviews. These interviews were carried out within the PsyGipo2C research project financed by the French National Research Agency and the Centre Val de Loire Region. The PsyGipo2C project takes a particular interest in the impact of COVID-19 on mental health and psychiatry professionals in Europe. Our research protocol received the approval of the ethics council of each of the partner countries in this study: Germany, Belgium, France, Italy, and Luxembourg.
Kelly, B.D. Plagues, pandemics and epidemics in Irish history prior to COVID-19 (coronavirus): What can we learn? Ir. J. Psychol. Med. 2020, 37, 269–274. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Esterwood, E.; Saeed, S.A. Past Epidemics, Natural Disasters, COVID19, and Mental Health: Learning from History as we Deal with the Present and Prepare for the Future. Psychiatr. Q 2020, 91, 1121–1133. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Kreuzer, P.M.; Baghai, T.C.; Rupprecht, R.; Wittmann, M.; Steffling, D.; Ziereis, M.; Zowe, M.; Hausner, H.; Langguth, B. SARS-CoV-2 Risk Management in Clinical Psychiatry: A Few Considerations on How to Deal With an Unrivaled Threat. Front. Psychiatry 2020, 11, 550. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Li, S.; Zhang, Y. Mental healthcare for psychiatric inpatients during the COVID-19 epidemic. Gen. Psychiatr. 2020, 33, e100216. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Sangalli, L.; Fernandez-Vial, D.; Moreno-Hay, I.; Boggero, I. Telehealth Increases Access to Brief Behavioral Interventions in Orofacial Pain Clinic during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Retrospective Study. Pain Med. 2021. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Thomas, J. Les lieux de communication dans l’urgence psychiatrique. In Communication et Santé: Enjeux Contmporains; Presses du Septentrion: Villeneuve d’Ascq, France, 2010; pp. 195–204.
Estryn-Behar, D.; Duville, N.; Menini, M.L.; Foll, S.; Nézet, O.; Bocher, R. Mots à maux … Expression de la souffrance chez les soignants en psychiatrie. Étude comparative en France et dans trois autres pays européens. Ann. Med.-Psychol. 2006, 164, 732–748. [CrossRef]
Robin-Poupard, F. Distanciation sociale, masques et visioconférence: Être thérapeute au temps de la COVID-19. J. Psychol. 2020, 382, 70–74. [CrossRef]
Hanon, C. Le nez du psychiatre ou comment l’odeur est nécessaire à la relation thérapeutique en psychiatrie? Fr. J. Psychiatry 2019, 1, S16–S17. [CrossRef]
Paul, E.; Crommelinck, B.; Decker, M.; Doeraene, S.; Kaisin, P.; Lallemand, B.; Noël, C.; Van Ypersele, D. Impacts de la crise du COVID-19 sur un hôpital psychiatrique pour enfants et adolescents. Cah. Crit. Thérapie Fam. Prat. Réseaux 2020, 65, 185–204. [CrossRef]
Petho, B. Recent crisis of psychiatry in the context of modern and postmodern science. Psychiatr. Hung. 2008, 23, 396–419.
Bourdeux, C. Psychiatry is in crisis! Soins Psychiatr. 2003, 224, 5–7.
Lunn, B. Recruitment into Psychiatry: An International Challenge. Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry 2011, 45, 805–807. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Han, R.H.; Schmidt, M.N.; Waits, W.M.; Bell, A.K.C.; Miller, T.L. Planning for Mental Health Needs During COVID-19. Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 2020, 22, 66. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Bautzer, É.R. Chapitre 2. Une approche sociologique du soin comme travail relationnel. J. Int. Bioethique D’ethique Sci. 2016, 27, 41–57.
Saillant, F.; Gagnon, E. Vers une anthropologie des soins? Anthropol. Sociétés 1999, 23, 5–14. [CrossRef]
Abbott, A. The sociology of work and occupations. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 1993, 19, 187–209. [CrossRef]
Baribeau, C.; Germain, M. L’entretien de groupe: Considérations théoriques et méthodologiques. Rech. Qual. 2010, 29, 28–49.
Gourret Baumgart, J.; Kane, H.; El-Hage, W.; Deloyer, J.; Maes, C.; Lebas, M.C.; Marazziti, D.; Thome, J.; Fond-Harmant, L.; Denis, F. The Early Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health Facilities and Psychiatric Professionals. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 8034. [CrossRef]
Thome, J.; Deloyer, J.; Coogan, A.N.; Bailey-Rodriguez, D.; da Cruz, E.S.O.A.B.; Faltraco, F.; Grima, C.; Gudjonsson, S.O.; Hanon, C.; Hollý, M.; et al. The impact of the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental-health services in Europe. World J. Biol. Psychiatry 2020, 22, 516–525. [CrossRef]
Vermersch, P. L’entretien D’explicitation; ESF Editeur: Paris, France, 2010; p. 220.
Heinich, N. Vers une science sociale de l’expérience. Rev. MAUSS 2006, 28, 403–413. [CrossRef]
Fond-Harmant, L.; Kane, H.; Gourret Baumgart, J.; Rusch, E.; Breton, H.; El-Hage, W.; Deloyer, J.; Lebas, M.C.; Marazziti, D.; Thome, J.; et al. International professional practices in mental health, organization of psychiatric care, and COVID-19: A survey protocol. PLoS ONE 2021, 16, e0261818. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Ozolins, U. Back translation as a means of giving translators a voice. Transl. Interpret. 2009, 1, 1–13.
Bardin, L. L’analyse de Contenu; Presses Universitaires de France: Paris, France, 2013; p. 296. [CrossRef]
Olivier de Sardan, J.-P. Le “je” méthodologique, implications et explicitations dans l’enquête de terrain. Rev. Française Sociol. 2001, 41, 417–445. [CrossRef]
Goffman, E. La Présentation de Soi. La Mise en Scène de la Vie Quotienne I; Les éditions de Minuit: Paris, France, 1973.
Goffman, E. Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience; Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1974.
De Villers, B. Vers une signification anthropologique des «dimensions informelles» des soins en psychiatrie. Cercle Herméneutique 2016, 26–27. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Benedicte-De-Villers/publication/312595196_Vers_ une_signification_anthropologique_des_dimensions_informelles_des_soins_en_psychiatrie/links/5f5b63834585154dbbc89c8f/Vers-une-signification-anthropologique-des-dimensions-informelles-des-soins-en-psychiatrie.pdf (accessed on 25 January 2022).
Langlois, E.; Abraham, M. L’appropriation de la télémédecine dans les EHPAD: Entre contraintes organisationnelles et engage-ments individuels. Rev. Française Aff. Soc. 2021, 2, 237–254. [CrossRef]
Russ, M.J.; Sisti, D.; Wilner, P.J. When patients refuse COVID-19 testing, quarantine, and social distancing in inpatient psychiatry: Clinical and ethical challenges. J. Med. Ethics 2020, 46, 579–580. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Amadei, F. Le repas thérapeutique en hôpital de jour de pédopsychiatrie à l’épreuve des contraintes sanitaires: Thérapie institutionnelle et COVID-19. Ann. Médico-Psychol. Rev. Psychiatr. 2021. [CrossRef]
Kane, H.; Gourret Baumgart, J.; El Hage, W.; Deloyer, J.; Maes, C.; Lebas, M.C.; Marazziti, D.; Thome, J.; Fond-Harmant, L.; Denis, F. Uses of digital technologies in the time of COVID-19: Opportunities and challenges for professionals in psychiatry and mental health care. JMIR Hum. Factors 2021, 9, e30359. [CrossRef]
Viviers, S. Souffrance et stratégies défensives dans le travail de conseillers d’orientation en milieu scolaire: L’identité profession-nelle en question. Éducation Vie Trav. 2016, 253–293.
Cintas, C. Pénibilité du Travail en Hôpital Psychiatrique. Perspect. Interdiscip. Trav. St. 11-1. 2009. Available online: https://journals.openedition.org/pistes/2283?lang=en (accessed on 25 January 2022).
Raudenská, J.; Steinerová, V.; Javůrková, A.; Urits, I.; Kaye, A.D.; Viswanath, O.; Varrassi, G. Occupational burnout syndrome and post-traumatic stress among healthcare professionals during the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Anaesthesiol. 2020, 34, 553–560. [CrossRef]
El-Hage, W.; Hingray, C.; Lemogne, C.; Yrondi, A.; Brunault, P.; Bienvenu, T.; Etain, B.; Paquet, C.; Gohier, B.; Bennabi, D.; et al. Health professionals facing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: What are the mental health risks? Encephale 2020, 46, S73–S80. [CrossRef]
Dumais Michaud, A.-A.; Lemieux, A.J.; Dufour, M.; Plante, L.; Crocker, A.G. COVID-19 et pratiques professionnelles dans les milieux institutionnels fermés. Sante Publique 2022, 33, 6. [CrossRef]
Jouet, E.; Greacen, T. Pour des Usagers de la Psychiatrie Acteurs de Leur Propre Vie. Rétablissement, Inclusion Sociale, Empowerment; Érès: Toulouse, France, 2012; p. 344. [CrossRef]
Foucault, M. Histoire de la Folie à L’âge Classique; Gallimard: Paris, France, 1976.
Csordas, T.J. Embodiment as a Paradigm for Anthropology. Ethos 1990, 18, 5–47. [CrossRef]
Peneff, J. L’Hôpital en Urgence. Etude par Observation Participante; Métailié: Paris, France, 1992; p. 260.
Bocher, R.; Jansen, C.; Gayet, P.; Gorwood, P.; Laprévote, V. Réactivité et pérénnité des soins psychiatrique en France à l’épreuve du COVID-19. Encephale 2020, 46, S81–S84. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Ingram, D.H.; Best, K. The Psychodynamic Psychiatrist and Psychiatric Care in the Era of COVID-19. Psychodyn. Psychiatry 2020, 48, 234–258. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Girard, V.; Driffin, K.; Musso, S.; Naudin, J.; Rowe, M.; Davidson, L.; Lovell, A.M. La relation thérapeutique sans le savoir. Ap-proche anthropologique de la rencontre entre travailleurs pairs et personnes sans chez-soi ayant une co-occurrence psychiatrique. L’Évolution Psychiatr. 2006, 71, 75–85. [CrossRef]
Cowan, A.; Johnson, R.; Close, H. Telepsychiatry in Psychotherapy Practice. Innov. Clin. Neurosci. 2020, 17, 23–26.
Kocsis, B.J.; Yellowlees, P. Telepsychotherapy and the Therapeutic Relationship: Principles, Advantages, and Case Examples. Telemed. J. e-Health 2018, 24, 329–334. [CrossRef]
Mishkind, M.C.; Shore, J.H.; Schneck, C.D. Telemental Health Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Virtualization of Outpatient Care Now as a Pathway to the Future. Telemed. J. e-Health 2021, 27, 709–711. [CrossRef]
Goffman, E. Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates; AldineTransaction: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 1968.
