China; globalization; Kenya; livelihoods; migration; Somalia; trade; Cultural Studies; Anthropology
Abstract :
[en] Research on Somali mobility and migration has predominantly focused on forced migration from Somalia and diaspora communities in Western Europe and North America, neglecting other experiences and destinations. This article traces the journeys of Somali traders from East Africa to China, mapping the growth of a transnational trading economy that has offered a stable career path to a few but a chance to scrape by for many others. Understandings of migration and mobility must encompass these precarious terrains, allowing for a richer examination of how individuals have navigated war, displacement, and political and economic change by investing in transnational livelihoods, not just via ties to the West, but through the myriad connections linking African economies to the Gulf and Asia.
Research center :
Group for Research on Ethnic Relations, Migration and Equality (GERME), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
Disciplines :
Anthropology Sociology & social sciences
Author, co-author :
Lochery, Emma ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des sciences sociales > Labo d'anthropologie sociale et culturelle (LASC)
Language :
English
Title :
Somali Ventures in China: Trade and Mobility in a Transnational Economy
Publication date :
March 2020
Journal title :
African Studies Review
ISSN :
0002-0206
Publisher :
Cambridge University Press
Special issue title :
Migration in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Somali Refugee and Migrant Experience
This research was made possible by those businesspeople who shared their stories with me in Kenya, Somaliland, and China. Thank you especially to those I call here Naima, Ali, and Farah; I remain profoundly grateful. Thanks also to Mohaa, Alvin and Melina Mosioma, Xidig Hassan, Hannah Elliott, and Francesca Meloni. This research was funded by the Wiener-Anspach Foundation (FWA) as part of the project “Border Crossing, Trade and Trust” at the Group for Research on Ethnic Relations, Migration and Equality (GERME) at the Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB). Thanks to FWA and my project colleagues at ULB and Oxford: Martin Rosenfeld, Andrea Rea, Neil Carrier, and Nicholas Van Hear. Finally, thank you to the Forum editors, Ahmed Ibrahim, Aditi Malik, and Cori Wielenga, for bringing together not just the forum articles but their authors in 2016.This research was funded by the Wiener-Anspach Foundation (FWA) as part of the project "Border Crossing, Trade and Trust" at the Group for Research on Ethnic Relations, Migration and Equality (GERME) at the Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB).
Abdi, Cawo M. 2015. Elusive Jannah: The Somali Diaspora and a Borderless Muslim Identity. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Abdile, Mahdi. 2010. "Diasporas and Their Role in the Homeland Conflicts and Peacebuilding: The Case of Somali Diaspora." Working Paper 7, Diaspeace Project. Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä.
Ahmad, Aisha. 2012. "Agenda for Peace or Budget for War? Evaluating the Economic Impact of International Intervention in Somalia." International Journal 67 (2): 313-31.
Bakewell, Oliver. 2008. "Research Beyond the Categories: The Importance of Policy Irrelevant Research into Forced Migration." Journal of Refugee Studies 21 (4): 432-53.
Bakewell, Oliver, and Ayla Bonfiglio. 2013. "Moving Beyond Conflict: Re-Framing Mobility in the African Great Lakes Region." Working Paper 71, African Great Lakes Mobility Project. Oxford: International Migration Institute.
Belguidoum, Said, and Olivier Pliez. 2015. "Yiwu: The Creation of a Global Market Town in China." Articulo -Journal of Urban Research (12): 1-16.
Bertoncelo, Brigitte, and Sylvie Bredeloup. 2007. "The Emergence of New African 'Trading Posts' in Hong Kong and Guangzhou." China Perspectives (1): 94-105.
Birtchnell, Thomas, Satya Savitzky, and John Urry. 2015. Cargomobilities: Moving Materials in a Global Age. New York: Routledge.
Bodomo, Adams. 2012. Africans in China: A Sociocultural Study and Its Implications on Africa-China Relations. Amherst, NY: Cambria Press.
-. 2010. "The African Trading Community in Guangzhou: An Emerging Bridge for Africa-China Relations." The China Quarterly (203): 693-707.
Bradbury, Mark, Ken Menkhaus, and Roland Marchal. 2001. "Human Development Report for Somalia 2001." Nairobi: Somalia Country Office, United Nations Development Programme.
Carling, Jørgen. 2002. "Migration in the Age of Involuntary Immobility: Theoretical Reflections and Cape Verdean Experiences." Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 28 (1): 5-42.
Carling, Jørgen, and Francis Collins. 2018. "Aspiration, Desire and Drivers of Migration." Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 44 (6): 909-26.
Carrier, Neil. 2017. Little Mogadishu: Eastleigh, Nairobi's Global Somali Hub. London: Hurst.
Carrier, Neil, and Emma Lochery. 2013. "Missing States? Somali Trade Networks and the Eastleigh Transformation." Journal of Eastern African Studies 7 (2): 334-52.
Castles, Stephen. 2003. "Towards a Sociology of Forced Migration and Social Transformation." Sociology 37 (1): 13-34.
-. 2010. "Understanding Global migration: A Social Transformation Perspective." Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 36 (10): 1565-86.
Choplin, Armelle, and Olivier Pliez. 2015. "The Inconspicuous Spaces of Globalization." Articulo -Journal of Urban Research (12): 1-17.
Ciabarri, Luca. 2017. "Biographies of Roads, Biographies of Nations: History, Territory and the Road Effect in Post-Conflict Somaliland." In The Making of the African Road, edited by Kurt Beck, Gabriel Klaeger, and Michael Stasik, 116-40. Leiden: Brill.
Collins, Francis L. 2018. "Desire as a Theory for Migration Studies: Temporality, Assemblage and Becoming in the Narratives of Migrants." Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 44 (6): 964-80.
Dalleo, Peter T. 1975. Trade and Pastoralism: Economic Factors in the History of the Somali of Northeastern Kenya, 1890-1948. Ph.D. diss., Syracuse University.
Ding, Ke. 2012. Market Platforms, Industrial Clusters and Small Business Dynamics: Specialized Markets in China. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Dong, Niu. 2018. "Transient: A Descriptive Concept for Understanding Africans in Guangzhou." African Studies Quarterly 17 (4): 85-100.
Erdal, Marta Bivand, and Ceri Oeppen. 2018 . "Forced to Leave? The Discursive and Analytical Significance of Describing Migration as Forced and Voluntary." Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 44 (6): 981-98.
Ewald, Janet J. 2000. "Crossers of the Sea: Slaves, Freedmen, and Other Migrants in the Northwestern Indian Ocean, c. 1750-1914." The American Historical Review 105 (1): 69-91.
Flahaux, Marie-Laurence, and Hein De Haas. 2016. "African Migration: Trends, Patterns, Drivers." Comparative Migration Studies 4 (1): 1-25.
Haga, Rannveig Jetne. 2010. "Piety and Trade: A Somali Woman Trader in Dubai." In Perspectives on Women's Everyday Religion, edited by Marja-Liisa Keinänen. Stockholm: Stockholm University.
Hagmann, Tobias, and Finn Stepputat. 2016. "Corridors of Trade and Power: Economy and State Formation in Somali East Africa." DIIS Working Paper, 8, GOVSEA Paper Series. Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies.
Hammar, Amanda. 2014. Displacement Economies in Africa: Paradoxes of Crisis and Creativity. London: Zed Books.
Hammond, Laura. 2013. "Somali Transnational Activism and Integration in the UK: Mutually Supporting Strategies." Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 39 (6): 1001-17.
-. 2014. "History, Overview, Trends and Issues in Major Somali Refugee Displacements." Research Paper 268, New Issues in Refugee Research. Geneva: UNHCR.
Hansen, Stig Jarle. 2007. "War Economies, the Hunt for Profit and the Incentives for Peace (The Case of Somalia)." AE Working Paper 1/"Big Business" in Peacemaking and Disarmament, Department of Economics and International Development, University of Bath.
Haugen, Heidi Østbø. 2018. "From Pioneers to Professionals: African Brokers in a Maturing Chinese Marketplace." African Studies Quarterly 17 (4): 45-62.
-. 2019. "The Social Production of Container Space." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, DOI: 10.1177/0263775818822834: 1-18.
Horst, Cindy. 2006. Transnational Nomads: How Somalis Cope with Refugee Life in the Dadaab Camps of Kenya. New York: Berghahn Books.
Huynh, Tu. 2016. "A 'Wild West' of Trade? African Women and Men and the Gendering of Globalisation from below in Guangzhou." Identities 23 (5): 501-18.
Iazzolino, Gianluca. 2016. Standing on One Leg: Mobility, Money and Power in East Africa's Somali Social Networks. Ph.D. diss., University of Edinburgh.
Iazzolino, Gianluca, and Mohamed Hersi. 2019. "Shelter from the Storm: Somali Migrant Networks in Uganda between International Business and Regional Geopolitics." Journal of Eastern African Studies, DOI: 10.1080/17531055.2019. 1575513: 1-18.
Jamal, Vali. 1988. "Somalia: Understanding an Unconventional Economy." Development and Change 19 (2): 203-65.
Knowles, Caroline. 2015. "The Flip-Flop Trail and Fragile Globalization." Theory, Culture & Society 32 (7-8): 231-44.
Kusow, Abdi M., and Stephanie R. Bjork, eds. 2007. From Mogadishu to Dixon: The Somali Diaspora in a Global Context. N. J. Trenton: The Red Sea Press.
Lewis, I. M. 2002. A Modern History of the Somali: Nation and State in the Horn of Africa. Woodbridge, Suffolk: James Currey.
Li, Anshan. 2018. "African Students in China: Research, Reality, and Reflection." African Studies Quarterly 17 (4): 5-44.
Li, Ran, Qianyi Wang, and Kee Cheok Cheong. 2016. "From Obscurity to Global Prominence-Yiwu's Emergence as an International Trade Hub." Cities 53: 8-17.
Lindley, Anna. 2009. "Leaving Mogadishu: The War on Terror and Displacement Dynamics in the Somali Regions." MICROCON Research Working Paper 15. Brighton, UK: MICROCON.
-. 2010. The Early Morning Phonecall: Somali Refugees' Remittances. New York: Berghahn Books.
Lubkemann, Stephen C. 2008. "Involuntary Immobility: On a Theoretical Invisibility in Forced Migration Studies." Journal of Refugee Studies 21 (4): 454-75.
Malkki, Liisa. 1992. "National Geographic: The Rooting of Peoples and the Territorialization of National Identity Among Scholars and Refugees." Cultural Anthropology 7 (1): 24-44.
Mangieri, Tina. 2007. Refashioning South-South Spaces: Cloth, Clothing and Kenyan Cultures of Economies. Ph.D. diss., University of North Carolina.
Marchal, Roland. 1996. "The Post Civil War Somali Business Class." Nairobi: European Commission/Somalia Unit.
-. 2002. "A Survey of Mogadishu's Economy."Nairobi: European Commission/Somalia Unit.
-. 2005. "Dubai: Global City and Transnational Hub." In Transnational Connections and the Arab Gulf, edited by Madawi Al-Rasheed, 93-110. London: Routledge.
Mathews, Gordon, Linessa Dan Lin, and Yang Yang. 2017. The World in Guangzhou: Africans and Other Foreigners in South China's Global Marketplace. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Menkhaus, Ken. 2003. "State Collapse in Somalia: Second Thoughts." Review of African Political Economy 30 (97): 405-22.
Mohamedali, Khairunnisa. 2014. Negotiating the State: The Development of Informal and Formal State Institutions in Contemporary Uganda and Kenya. Ph.D. diss., Northwestern University.
Monsutti, Alessandro. 2008. "Afghan Migratory Strategies and the Three Solutions to the Refugee Problem." Refugee Survey Quarterly 27 (1): 58-73.
Mursal, Faduma Abukar. 2014. "Disclaiming the Diaspora: Somali Forced Migrants in Cairo and 'the Other Abroad'." Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies 14 (7): 50-77.
Papastergiadis, Nikos. 2000. The Turbulence of Migration: Globalization, Deterritorialization and Hybridity. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
Peraldi, Michel. 2005. "Algerian Routes: Emancipation, Deterritorialisation and Transnationalism through Suitcase Trade." History and Anthropology 16 (1): 47-61.
Rawlence, Ben. 2016. City of Thorns: Nine Lives in the World's Largest Refugee Camp.
Renders, Marleen. 2012. Consider Somaliland: State-Building with Traditional Leaders and Institutions. Leiden: Brill.
Ripero-Muñiz, Nereida. 2020. "Agency of Somali Migrant Women in Nairobi and Johannesburg: Negotiating Religious and Cultural Identifications in Diasporic Spaces." African Studies Review 63 (1): 65-92.
Ritchie, Holly A. 2014. "Rethinking 'Entrepreneurship' in Fragile Environments: Lessons Learnt in Somali Women's Enterprise, Human Security and Inclusion." Occasional Paper 9, International Institute of Social Studies, Wageningen University.
Schiller, Nina Glick, Linda Basch, and Cristina Blanc-Szanton. 1992. "Transnationalism: A New Analytic Framework for Understanding Migration." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 645 (1): 1-24.
Sinatti, Giulia, and Cindy Horst. 2015. "Migrants as Agents of Development: Diaspora Engagement Discourse and Practice in Europe." Ethnicities 15 (1): 134-52.
Steinberg, Jonny. 2015. A Man of Good Hope: One Man's Extraordinary Journey from Mogadishu to Tin Can Town. London: Vintage.
Sylvanus, Nina. 2016. Patterns in Circulation: Cloth, Gender, and Materiality in West Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Tastevin, Yann Philippe. 2015 "The Indian Auto Rickshaw in Egypt: An Ethnography of Transnational Trade Connections." Articulo -Journal of Urban Research (12): 1-12.
Thompson, Daniel K. 2017. "Visible and Invisible Diasporas: Ethiopian Somalis in the Diaspora Scene." Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies 17 (1): 1-31.
-. 2015. "Risky Business and Geographies of Refugee Capitalism in the Somali Migrant Economy of Gauteng, South Africa." Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 42 (1), 120-35.
Turton, David. 2003. "Refugees, Forced Resettlers and 'Other Forced Migrants': Towards a Unitary Study of Forced Migration." Working Paper 94, New Issues in Refugee Research. Geneva: UNHCR.
Wang, Jinmin, and Paul Gooderham. 2014. "Institutional Change and Regional Development in China: The Case of Commodity Trading Markets." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 32 (3): 471-90.
Warsame, Amina Mohamoud. 2004. "Crisis or Opportunity? Somali Women Traders and the War." In Somalia -The Untold Story: The War through the Eyes of Somali Women, edited by Judith Gardner and Judy El Bushra., 116-38. London: CIIR/Pluto Press.
Webersik, Christian. 2006. "Mogadishu: An Economy without a State." Third World Quarterly 27 (8): 1463-80.
Weitzberg, Keren. 2017. We Do Not Have Borders: Greater Somalia and the Predicaments of Belonging in Kenya. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press.
Yükseker, Deniz. 2007. "Shuttling Goods, Weaving Consumer Tastes: Informal Trade between Turkey and Russia." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 31 (1): 60-72.