Population genomics of introduced Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Repeated introductions since colonial times with multiple sources.
RAD sequencing; cichlid; genetic integrity; genetic structure; independent introductions; invasive species; Animals; Aquaculture; Democratic Republic of the Congo; Introduced Species; Metagenomics; Cichlids/genetics; Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics; Genetics
Abstract :
[en] During colonial times, Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) was introduced into non-native parts of the Congo Basin (Democratic Republic of the Congo, DRC) for the first time. Currently, it is the most farmed cichlid in the DRC, and is present throughout the Congo Basin. Although Nile tilapia has been reported as an invasive species, documentation of historical introductions into this basin and its consequences are scant. Here, we study the genetic consequences of these introductions by genotyping 213 Nile tilapia from native and introduced regions, focusing on the Congo Basin. Additionally, 48 specimens from 16 other tilapia species were included to test for hybridization. Using RAD sequencing (27,611 single nucleotide polymorphisms), we discovered genetic admixture with other tilapia species in several morphologically identified Nile tilapia from the Congo Basin, reflecting their ability to interbreed and the potential threat they pose to the genetic integrity of native tilapias. Nile tilapia populations from the Upper Congo and those from the Middle-Lower Congo are strongly differentiated. The former show genetic similarity to Nile tilapia from the White Nile, while specimens from the Benue Basin and Lake Kariba are similar to Nile tilapia from the Middle-Lower Congo, suggesting independent introductions using different sources. We conclude that the presence of Nile tilapia in the Congo Basin results from independent introductions, reflecting the dynamic aquaculture history, and that their introduction probably leads to genetic interactions with native tilapias, which could lower their fitness. We therefore urge avoiding further introductions of Nile tilapia in non-native regions and to use native tilapias in future aquaculture efforts.
Disciplines :
Aquatic sciences & oceanology
Author, co-author :
Geraerts, Mare ; Research Group Zoology: Biodiversity and Toxicology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
Vangestel, Carl ; OD Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium ; Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
Artois, Tom; Research Group Zoology: Biodiversity and Toxicology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
Fernandes, Jorge Manuel de Oliveira ; Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
Jorissen, Michiel W P; Research Group Zoology: Biodiversity and Toxicology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
Chocha Manda, Auguste; Unité de recherche en Biodiversité et Exploitation durable des Zones Humides (BEZHU), Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université de Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Danadu Mizani, Célestin; Département d'Ecologie et Biodiversité des Ressources Aquatique, Centre de Surveillance de la Biodiversité (CSB), Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Smeets, Karen ; Research Group Zoology: Biodiversity and Toxicology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
Snoeks, Jos; Department of Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium ; Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Sonet, Gontran; OD Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
Tingbao, Yang; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Key Laboratory for Improved Variety Reproduction of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhongshan University, Ghangzhou, China
Van Steenberge, Maarten; OD Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium ; Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Vreven, Emmanuel; Department of Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium ; Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Vanhove, Maarten P M; Research Group Zoology: Biodiversity and Toxicology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium ; Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium ; Zoology Unit, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ; Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
Huyse, Tine ; Department of Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium ; Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Population genomics of introduced Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Repeated introductions since colonial times with multiple sources.
RCN - Research Council of Norway EMBRC Belgium - European Marine Biological Resource Centre UGent - Ghent University FWO - Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Vlaanderen BELSPO - Belgian Science Policy Office
Funding text :
We would like to acknowledge the financial support of the Belgian Science Policy (BELSPO) through JEMU (Joint Experimental Molecular Unit), Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BRAIN-be Pioneer Project BR/132/PI/TILAPIA), EMBRC Belgium—FWO project GOH3817N, European Research Council project (no. 683210), Research Council of Norway (no. 250548/F20), VLIR-UOS South Initiative ZRDC2014MP084, the OCA type II project S1_RDC_TILAPIA and Mbisa Congo project (2013-2018), the last two being framework agreement projects of RMCA with the Belgian Development Cooperation, and the Czech Science Foundation (P505/12/G112—European Centre of Ichtyoparasitology ECIP). M.G. was supported by the Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds (BOF-project 7NI02) of Hasselt University for the analysis, interpretation of data and writing of the manuscript. M.W.P.J. was supported by a BOF Reserve Fellowship from Hasselt University. M.P.M.V. received travel grant K220314N from the Research Foundation—Flanders (FWO-Vlaanderen) and support from the Belgian Directorate-General for Development Cooperation and Humanitarian Aid (CEBioS programme at the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences), and was financed by the Special Research Fund of Hasselt University (BOF20TT06). Additionally, we appreciate the help of the people involved in field work and sampling. In particular, we thank Eva Řehulková, Maria Lujza Červenka Kičinja and Andrea Šimková (Masaryk University, Czech Republic), Shevy Rothman (Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Tel Aviv University, Israel), Stephan Koblmüller (University of Graz, Austria), Antoine Pariselle (Institute de Recherche pour le Développement, University of Montpellier, France; Université Mohammed V de Rabat, Morocco), Jeanne Rasamy Razanabolana, Jean Robertin Rasoloariniaina, Roger Daniel Randrianiana, Sarah Rakotomamonjy and Natacha Rasozolaka (University d’Antananarivo, Madagascar), and Maxwell Barson (University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe) for providing valuable samples for our data set. Fieldwork was carried out under permission 06/AR.ED./15 from the General Directorate for Fishery Resources and Fisheries, Ministry of Fisheries Resources and Fisheries of Madagascar, and mission statements 863/2014 (Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université de Lubumbashi), C/075/2015/I.S.P./MBNGU/AUT.AC and AC/076/2015/I.S.P./MBNGU/AUT.AC. We acknowledge the help of Massimiliano Virgilio in the analyses and interpretation of our results, and of Dirk F. E. Thys van den Audenaerde (Royal Museum for Central Africa/KU Leuven) for sharing his insights on tilapia. Finally, we thank Ria Vanderspikken (Hasselt University) and Natascha Steffanie (Hasselt University) for their technical support in the laboratory.
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