modeling; optics; sea ice; Oceanography; Geophysics; Geochemistry and Petrology; Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous); Space and Planetary Science
Abstract :
[en] The intensity and spectrum of light under Arctic sea ice, key to the energy budget and primary productivity of the Arctic Ocean, are tedious to observe. Earth System Models (ESMs) are instrumental in understanding the large-scale properties and impacts of under-ice light. To date, however, ESM parameterizations of radiative transfer have been evaluated with a few observations only. From observational programs conducted over the past decade at four locations in the Northern Hemisphere sea ice zone, 349 observational records of under-ice light and coincident environmental characteristics were compiled. This data set was used to evaluate seven ESM parameterizations. Snow depth, melt pond presence and, to some extent, ice thickness explain the observed variance in light intensity, in agreement with previous work. The effects of Chlorophyll-a are also detected, with rather low intensity. The spectral distribution of under-ice light largely differs from typical open ocean spectra but weakly varies among the 349 records except for a weak effect of snow depth on the blue light contribution. Most parameterizations considered reproduce variations in under-ice light intensity. Large errors remain for individual records, on average by a factor of ∼3, however. Skill largely improves if more predictors are considered (snow and ponds in particular). Residual errors are attributed to missing physics in the parametrizations, inconsistencies in the model-observation comparison protocol, and measurement errors. We provide recommendations to improve the representation of light under sea ice in the ice-ocean model NEMO, which may also apply to other ESMs and help improve next-generation ESMs.
Research Center/Unit :
FOCUS - Freshwater and OCeanic science Unit of reSearch - ULiège
Disciplines :
Earth sciences & physical geography
Author, co-author :
Lebrun, Marion ; Sorbonne Université, LOCEAN-IPSL, CNRS/IRD/MNHN, Paris, France ; Takuvik International Research Laboratory, Université Laval and CNRS, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
Vancoppenolle, Martin ; Sorbonne Université, LOCEAN-IPSL, CNRS/IRD/MNHN, Paris, France
Madec, Gurvan; Sorbonne Université, LOCEAN-IPSL, CNRS/IRD/MNHN, Paris, France
Babin, Marcel ; Sorbonne Université, LOCEAN-IPSL, CNRS/IRD/MNHN, Paris, France
Becu, Guislain; Takuvik International Research Laboratory, Université Laval and CNRS, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
Lourenço, Antonio; Sorbonne Université, LOCEAN-IPSL, CNRS/IRD/MNHN, Paris, France
Nomura, Daiki ; Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan ; Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan ; Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
Vivier, Frederic; Sorbonne Université, LOCEAN-IPSL, CNRS/IRD/MNHN, Paris, France
Delille, Bruno ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO)
Language :
English
Title :
Light Under Arctic Sea Ice in Observations and Earth System Models
We thank all the scientists involved in the SLOPE 2019 campaign for their warm welcome at Saroma‐ko lagoon as well as for their contribution to the data collection and processing. We thank all contributors to the GreenEdge project fieldwork, data collection, data provision and support, Marie‐Hélène Forget, Joannie Ferland, Flavienne Bruyant, Simon Lambert‐Girard, Philippe Massicotte, Christian Haas and the Amundsen Science Data team. We also thank SUBICE contributors for fieldwork and data collection, in particular Gert van Dijken and Donald Perovich. We also thank both anonymous reviewers as well as Camille Lique, Roland Séférian and David Salas y Mélia for their precious comments. M.L. was supported by a CNES (Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales) Postdoctoral Fellowship. This work was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (17H04715, 18H03745, 18KK0292, and 20H04345). This paper is a contribution to the SCOR Working Group 152–Measuring Essential Climate Variables in Sea Ice (ECV‐Ice) and Biogeochemical Exchange Processes at Sea‐Ice Interfaces (BEPSII). The GreenEdge project is funded by the following French and Canadian programs and agencies: ANR (Contract #111112), ArcticNet, CERC on Remote sensing of Canada's new Arctic frontier, CNES (project #131425), French Arctic Initiative, Fondation Total, CSA, LEFE, and IPEV (project #1164). The GreenEdge project would not have been possible without the support of the Hamlet of Qikiqtarjuaq and the members of the community as well as the Inuksuit School and its Principal, Jacqueline Arsenault. The GreenEdge project was conducted under the scientific coordination of the Canada Excellence Research Chair on Remote sensing of Canada's new Arctic frontier, the CNRS & Université Laval Takuvik Joint International Laboratory (UMI3376). It was also conducted using the Canadian research icebreaker CCGS Amundsen with the support of the Amundsen Science program funded by the Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI) Major Science Initiatives (MSI) Fund. We wish to thank officers and crew of CCGS Amundsen. The field campaign was successful thanks to the contribution of C. Aubry, G. Bécu, M. Benoît‐Gagné, F. Bruyant, D. Christiansen‐Stowe, E. Devred, J. Ferland, M.‐H. Forget, J. Lagunas, C. Lalande, S. Lambert‐Girard, J. Larivière, A. LeBaron, C. Marty, E. Rehm, J. Sansoulet, A. Wells from Takuvik laboratory, J. Bourdon, C. Marec and M. Picheral from CNRS, C.J. Mundy and V. Galindo from University of Manitoba & F. Pinczon du Sel and E. Brossier from Vagabond. Michel Gosselin, Québec‐Océan, the CCGS and the Polar Continental Shelf Program have also contributed in terms of polar logistics and scientific equipment. The SUBICE project was supported by the NSF Office of Polar Programs (PLR‐1304563). The OPTIMISM‐bio project was supported by the French Polar Institute (IPEV program 1015) and CNRS (MI). Stefano Poli, Marie Kotovitch and Fanny Vanderlinden are gratefully acknowledged. Funding support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 824084 (IS‐ENES3) is acknowledged. AmundsenWe thank all the scientists involved in the SLOPE 2019 campaign for their warm welcome at Saroma-ko lagoon as well as for their contribution to the data collection and processing. We thank all contributors to the GreenEdge project fieldwork, data collection, data provision and support, Marie-Hélène Forget, Joannie Ferland, Flavienne Bruyant, Simon Lambert-Girard, Philippe Massicotte, Christian Haas and the Amundsen Science Data team. We also thank SUBICE contributors for fieldwork and data collection, in particular Gert van Dijken and Donald Perovich. We also thank both anonymous reviewers as well as Camille Lique, Roland Séférian and David Salas y Mélia for their precious comments. M.L. was supported by a CNES (Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales) Postdoctoral Fellowship. This work was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (17H04715, 18H03745, 18KK0292, and 20H04345). This paper is a contribution to the SCOR Working Group 152–Measuring Essential Climate Variables in Sea Ice (ECV-Ice) and Biogeochemical Exchange Processes at Sea-Ice Interfaces (BEPSII). The GreenEdge project is funded by the following French and Canadian programs and agencies: ANR (Contract #111112), ArcticNet, CERC on Remote sensing of Canada's new Arctic frontier, CNES (project #131425), French Arctic Initiative, Fondation Total, CSA, LEFE, and IPEV (project #1164). The GreenEdge project would not have been possible without the support of the Hamlet of Qikiqtarjuaq and the members of the community as well as the Inuksuit School and its Principal, Jacqueline Arsenault. The GreenEdge project was conducted under the scientific coordination of the Canada Excellence Research Chair on Remote sensing of Canada's new Arctic frontier, the CNRS & Université Laval Takuvik Joint International Laboratory (UMI3376). It was also conducted using the Canadian research icebreaker CCGS Amundsen with the support of the Amundsen Science program funded by the Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI) Major Science Initiatives (MSI) Fund. We wish to thank officers and crew of CCGS Amundsen. The field campaign was successful thanks to the contribution of C. Aubry, G. Bécu, M. Benoît-Gagné, F. Bruyant, D. Christiansen-Stowe, E. Devred, J. Ferland, M.-H. Forget, J. Lagunas, C. Lalande, S. Lambert-Girard, J. Larivière, A. LeBaron, C. Marty, E. Rehm, J. Sansoulet, A. Wells from Takuvik laboratory, J. Bourdon, C. Marec and M. Picheral from CNRS, C.J. Mundy and V. Galindo from University of Manitoba & F. Pinczon du Sel and E. Brossier from Vagabond. Michel Gosselin, Québec-Océan, the CCGS Amundsen and the Polar Continental Shelf Program have also contributed in terms of polar logistics and scientific equipment. The SUBICE project was supported by the NSF Office of Polar Programs (PLR-1304563). The OPTIMISM-bio project was supported by the French Polar Institute (IPEV program 1015) and CNRS (MI). Stefano Poli, Marie Kotovitch and Fanny Vanderlinden are gratefully acknowledged. Funding support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 824084 (IS-ENES3) is acknowledged.
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