Astronomy and Astrophysics; Space and Planetary Science
Abstract :
[en] We report the first unambiguous detection and mass measurement of an isolated stellar-mass black hole (BH). We used the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) to carry out precise astrometry of the source star of the long-duration (t E ≃ 270 days), high-magnification microlensing event MOA-2011-BLG-191/OGLE-2011-BLG-0462 (hereafter designated as MOA-11-191/OGLE-11-462), in the direction of the Galactic bulge. HST imaging, conducted at eight epochs over an interval of 6 yr, reveals a clear relativistic astrometric deflection of the background star's apparent position. Ground-based photometry of MOA-11-191/OGLE-11-462 shows a parallactic signature of the effect of Earth's motion on the microlensing light curve. Combining the HST astrometry with the ground-based light curve and the derived parallax, we obtain a lens mass of 7.1 ± 1.3 M ⊙ and a distance of 1.58 ± 0.18 kpc. We show that the lens emits no detectable light, which, along with having a mass higher than is possible for a white dwarf or neutron star, confirms its BH nature. Our analysis also provides an absolute proper motion for the BH. The proper motion is offset from the mean motion of Galactic disk stars at similar distances by an amount corresponding to a transverse space velocity of �1/445 km s-1, suggesting that the BH received a "natal kick"from its supernova explosion. Previous mass determinations for stellar-mass BHs have come from radial velocity measurements of Galactic X-ray binaries and from gravitational radiation emitted by merging BHs in binary systems in external galaxies. Our mass measurement is the first for an isolated stellar-mass BH using any technique.
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
Sahu, Kailash C.; Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, United States
Anderson, Jay ; Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, United States
Casertano, Stefano; Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, United States
Bond, Howard E. ; Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, United States ; Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
Udalski, Andrzej ; Astronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
Dominik, Martin ; University of St Andrews, Centre for Exoplanet Science, SUPA School of Physics & Astronomy, St Andrews, United Kingdom
Calamida, Annalisa ; Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, United States
Bellini, Andrea ; Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, United States
Brown, Thomas M. ; Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, United States
Rejkuba, Marina ; European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, Garching bei München, Germany
Bajaj, Varun; Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, United States
Kains, Noé ; Department of Physics & Astronomy, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, United States
Ferguson, Henry C. ; Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, United States
Fryer, Chris L. ; Center for Theoretical Astrophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, United States
Yock, Philip
Mróz, Przemek; Astronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
Kozłowski, Szymon ; Astronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
Pietrukowicz, Paweł ; Astronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
Poleski, Radek ; Astronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
Skowron, Jan ; Astronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
Soszyński, Igor ; Astronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
Szymański, Michał K. ; Astronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
Ulaczyk, Krzysztof ; Astronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland ; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Wyrzykowski, Łukasz ; Astronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
Barry, Richard K. ; Code 667, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, United States
Bennett, David P. ; Code 667, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, United States ; Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, United States
Bond, Ian A.; Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
Hirao, Yuki ; Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
Silva, Stela Ishitani ; Code 667, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, United States ; Department of Physics, The Catholic University of America, Washington, United States
Kondo, Iona ; Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
Koshimoto, Naoki ; Code 667, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, United States
Ranc, Clément ; Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Heidelberg, Germany
Rattenbury, Nicholas J. ; Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Sumi, Takahiro ; Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
Suzuki, Daisuke ; Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
Tristram, Paul J.; University of Canterbury Mt. John Observatory, Lake Tekapo, New Zealand
Vandorou, Aikaterini ; Code 667, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, United States ; Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, United States
Beaulieu, Jean-Philippe; School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia ; Sorbonne Universite, UPMC, Univ Paris 6 et CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, Paris, France
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Cole, Andrew ; School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
Fouqué, Pascal ; Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, Toulouse, France
Hill, Kym; School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
Dieters, Stefan; School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
Coutures, Christian; Sorbonne Universite, UPMC, Univ Paris 6 et CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, Paris, France
Dominis-Prester, Dijana ; Faculty of Physics, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
Bennett, Clara; Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
Bachelet, Etienne ; Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network, Goleta, United States
Menzies, John; South African Astronomical Observatory, Observatory, South Africa
Albrow, Michael ; University of Canterbury, Department of Physics & Astronomy, Christchurch, New Zealand
Pollard, Karen; University of Canterbury, Department of Physics & Astronomy, Christchurch, New Zealand
Gould, Andrew; Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, Heidelberg, Germany ; Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
Yee, Jennifer C. ; Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, United States
Allen, William; Vintage Lane Observatory, Blenheim, New Zealand
Almeida, Leonardo A. ; Escola de Ciencias e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, Brazil ; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, Universidade Do Estado Do Rio Grande Do Norte, Mossoró, Brazil
Christie, Grant; Auckland Observatory, Auckland, New Zealand
Drummond, John; Possum Observatory, Patutahi, New Zealand ; Centre for Astrophysics, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia
Gal-Yam, Avishay ; Benoziyo Center for Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
Gorbikov, Evgeny; School of Physics and Astronomy, Raymond and Beverley Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
Jablonski, Francisco; Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Astrophysics Division, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil
Lee, Chung-Uk ; Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daejon, South Korea
Maoz, Dan; School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
Manulis, Ilan; Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
McCormick, Jennie; Farm Cove Observatory, Centre for Backyard Astrophysics, Auckland, New Zealand
Natusch, Tim; Auckland Observatory, Auckland, New Zealand ; Institute for Radio Astronomy and Space Research (IRASR), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
Pogge, Richard W. ; Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
Shvartzvald, Yossi ; Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
Jørgensen, Uffe G. ; Centre for ExoLife Sciences, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Alsubai, Khalid A.; Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), HBKU, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
Andersen, Michael I.; Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Bozza, Valerio ; Dipartimento di Fisica E.R. Caianiello, Università di Salerno, Fisciano, Italy ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
Novati, Sebastiano Calchi; IPAC, Mail Code 100-22, Pasadena, United States
Burgdorf, Martin ; Universität Hamburg, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Meteorological Institute, Hamburg, Germany
Hinse, Tobias C. ; Institute of Astronomy, Faculty of Physics Astronomy, and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Torun, Poland ; Chungnam National University, Department of Astronomy Space Science and Geology, Daejeon, South Korea
Hundertmark, Markus ; Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Heidelberg, Germany
Kerins, Eamonn ; Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
Longa-Peña, Penelope; Centro de Astronomía, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
Mancini, Luigi ; Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, Heidelberg, Germany ; Department of Physics, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy ; INAF, Astrophysical Observatory of Turin, Pino Torinese, Italy
Penny, Matthew; Louisiana State University, 261-B Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge, United States
Rahvar, Sohrab ; Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
Tsapras, Yiannis ; Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Heidelberg, Germany
Street, Rachel A. ; Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network, Goleta, United States
Bramich, D.M.; Center for Astro Particle and Planetary Physics, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates ; Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Horne, Keith ; University of St Andrews, Centre for Exoplanet Science, SUPA School of Physics & Astronomy, St Andrews, United Kingdom
Steele, Iain A.; Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
Sahu, Kailash C. ; Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, United States
U.G.J. acknowledges funding from the European Union H2020-MSCA-ITN-2019 under grant No. 860470 (CHAMELEON) and from the Novo Nordisk Foundation Interdisciplinary Synergy Programme grant no. NNF19OC0057374.T.C.H. acknowledges financial support from the National Research Foundation (NRF; No. 2019R1I1A1A 01059609).L.M. acknowledges support from the ``Fondi di Ricerca Scientificad’Ateneo 2021’’ of the University of Rome ``Tor Vergata.’’Based in part on observations made with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, obtained at STScI, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-26555. Support for this research was provided by NASA through grants from STScI. HST data used in this paper are available from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes at STScI, 82The MOA project is supported by JSPS KAK-ENHI grant Nos. JSPS24253004, JSPS26247023, JSPS23340064, JSPS15H00781, JP16H06287, 17H02871, and 19KK0082.Ł.W. acknowledges support from the Polish NCN grant Daina No. 2017/27/L/ST9/03221.D.D.P. acknowledges support by the University of Rijeka through the grant uniri-prirod-18-48.J.-P.B. acknowledges support by the University of Tasmania through the UTAS Foundation and the endowed Warren Chair in Astronomy, and support by ANR COLD-WORLDS (ANR-18-CE31-0002) at Le Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) in Paris and the Laboratoire d’astrophysique de Bordeaux.This research is based in part on observations made with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, obtained from the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-26555.
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