2023_Fonnteyn et al._Diversity and Distributions_Biogeography of central African forests_Determinants ongoing threats and conservation priorities of mammal assemblages.pdf
[en] Aim: Central Africa shelters diverse and iconic megafauna, which is threatened by climate and land-use changes and increased hunting-induced defaunation. Though crucial for coordinating regional conservation actions, how species assemblages are spatially structured remains poorly understood. This study aims to fill this knowledge gap for mammals across central African forests.Location: Tropical moist forests from Nigeria to the Albertine Rift. Methods: An extensive compilation of forest-dwelling mammal species lists was made from wildlife and bushmeat- related surveys across central Africa. A beta-diversity approach enabling the clustering of surveys composed of similar species was imple-mented to identify and delimit zoogeographic districts, separately for three well- documented mammal orders: carnivores, primates and artiodactyls. Random forest classification models were then used to identify the environmental determinants of the district's distribution and to produce a continuous zoogeographic map (and associ-ated uncertainties) critical to assess the conservation status of each district and their ongoing threats. Results: While carnivores do not present a clear spatial structure within central African forests, our findings highlight the structuring role of rivers on both primate and artiodactyl assemblages' distributions. We retained eight and six spatially congru-ent districts for primates and artiodactyls, respectively. These districts were shaped by the Ubangi-Congo River system, and the Cross and Sanaga Rivers, with a second-ary role of insularity and precipitation identified for primates. Highly threatened dis-tricts were highlighted, especially in Nigeria and in the Democratic Republic of Congo, the latter including vast areas that are understudied and poorly represented in the protected area network. Main Conclusions: Beyond refining our understanding of the diversity and uniqueness of mammalian assemblages across central African forests, our map of zoogeographic districts has far- reaching implications for the conservation of highly threatened taxa, allowing to target species and areas of interest for further sampling, conservation and rewilding efforts.
Research Center/Unit :
CIRAD, UPR Forêts et Sociétés Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University Center for Biodiversity Outcomes, Arizona State University
Disciplines :
Zoology
Author, co-author :
Fonteyn, Davy ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département GxABT > Gestion des ressources forestières et des milieux naturels ; CIRAD, UPR Forêts et Sociétés Campus International de Baillarguet Montpellier Cedex 5 France ; Forêts et Sociétés Univ Montpellier, CIRAD Montpellier France
Vermeulen, Cédric ; Université de Liège - ULiège > TERRA Research Centre > Gestion des ressources forestières et des milieux naturels
Gorel, Anaïs ; Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University Ghent Belgium
Silva de Miranda, Pedro Luiz ; Gembloux Agro‐Bio Tech‐University of Liège Gembloux Belgium
Lhoest, Simon ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département GxABT > Gestion des ressources forestières et des milieux naturels ; Center for Biodiversity Outcomes Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA
Fayolle, Adeline ; Université de Liège - ULiège > TERRA Research Centre > Gestion des ressources forestières et des milieux naturels
Language :
English
Title :
Biogeography of central African forests: Determinants, ongoing threats and conservation priorities of mammal assemblages
Alternative titles :
[fr] Biogéographie des forêts d'Afrique centrale : Déterminants, menaces et priorités de conservation des assemblages de mammifères
PPECF - Programme de Promotion de l'Exploitation Certifiée des Forêts
Funders :
BAEF - Belgian American Educational Foundation FRIA - Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture UGent - Ghent University ULiège - University of Liège
Funding number :
BOF postdoctoral fellowship of Ghent University (BOF20/PDO/003); IPD- STEMA
Abernethy, K. A., Maisels, F., & White, L. J. (2016). Environmental issues in Central Africa. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 41, 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085415
Aliaga-Samanez, A., Real, R., Vermeer, J., & Olivero, J. (2020). Modelling species distributions limited by geographical barriers: A case study with African and American primates. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 29(3), 444–453. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13041
Allan, J. R., Watson, J. E., Di Marco, M., O'Bryan, C. J., Possingham, H. P., Atkinson, S. C., & Venter, O. (2019). Hotspots of human impact on threatened terrestrial vertebrates. PLoS Biology, 17(3), e3000158. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000158
Anthony, N. M., Johnson-Bawe, M., Jeffery, K., Clifford, S. L., Abernethy, K. A., Tutin, C. E., Lahm, S. A., White, L. J., Utley, J. F., Wickings, E. J., & Bruford, M. W. (2007). The role of Pleistocene refugia and rivers in shaping gorilla genetic diversity in Central Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104(51), 20432–20436. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0704816105
Bahaa-el-din, L., Henschel, P., Butynski, T. M., Macdonald, D. W., Mills, D., Slotow, R., & Hunter, L. (2015). The African golden cat Caracal aurata: Africa's least-known felid. Mammal Review, 45(1), 63–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/mam.12033
Benítez-López, A., Santini, L., Schipper, A. M., Busana, M., & Huijbregts, M. A. (2019). Intact but empty forests? Patterns of hunting-induced mammal defaunation in the tropics. PLoS Biology, 17(5), e3000247. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000247
Buchhorn, M., Smets, B., Bertels, L., De Roo, B., Lesiv, M., Tsendbazar, N.-E., Herold, M., & Fritz, S. (2020). Copernicus Global Land Service: Land Cover 100 m: Collection 3: Epoch 2019: Globe (Version V3.0.1) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3939050
Bush, E. R., Whytock, R. C., Bourgeois, S., Bunnefeld, N., Cardoso, A. W., Dikangadissi, J. T., Dimbonda, P., Dimoto, E., Ndong, J. E., & Jeffery, K. J. (2020). Long-term collapse in fruit availability threatens central African forest megafauna. Science, 370(6521), 1219–1222. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abc7791
Ceballos, G., & Ehrlich, P. R. (2006). Global mammal distributions, biodiversity hotspots, and conservation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103(51), 19374–19379. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0609334103
Chapman, C. A. (1995). Primate seed dispersal: Coevolution and conservation implications. Evolutionary Anthropology, 4(3), 74–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/evan.1360040303
Chapman, C. A., Gautier-Hion, A., Oates, J. F., & Onderdonk, D. A. (1999). African primate communities: Determinants of structure and threats to survival. In J. G. Fleagle, C. H. Janson, & K. E. Reed (Eds.), Primate communities (pp. 1–37). Cambridge University Press.
Chifundera, K. Z. (2019). Using diversity indices for identifying the priority sites for herpetofauna conservation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Nature Conservation Research, 4(3), 13–33. https://doi.org/10.24189/ncr.2019.035
Colyn, M., & Deleporte, P. (2004). Biogeographic analysis of central African forest guenons. In M. E. Glenn & M. Cords (Eds.), The guenons: Diversity and adaptation in African monkeys. Developments in primatology: Progress and prospects (pp. 61–78). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48417-X_6
Colyn, M., Gautier-Hion, A., & Verheyen, W. (1991). A re-appraisal of palaeoenvironmental history in central Africa: Evidence for a major fluvial refuge in the Zaire Basin. Journal of Biogeography, 18(4), 403–407. https://doi.org/10.2307/2845482
Couteron, P., Pélissier, R., Mapaga, D., Molino, J.-F., & Teillier, L. (2003). Drawing ecological insights from a management-oriented forest inventory in French Guiana. Forest Ecology and Management, 172(1), 89–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00310-9
Couvreur, T. L., Dauby, G., Blach-Overgaard, A., Deblauwe, V., Dessein, S., Droissart, V., Hardy, O. J., Harris, D. J., Janssens, S. B., & Ley, A. C. (2021). Tectonics, climate and the diversification of the tropical African terrestrial flora and fauna. Biological Reviews, 96(1), 16–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12644
Cronin, D. T., Sesink Clee, P. R., Mitchell, M. W., Bocuma Meñe, D., Fernández, D., Riaco, C., Fero Meñe, M., Esara Echube, J. M., Hearn, G. W., & Gonder, M. K. (2017). Conservation strategies for understanding and combating the primate bushmeat trade on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea. American Journal of Primatology, 79(11), 22663. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22663
Cruz, L. R., Muylaert, R. L., Galetti, M., & Pires, M. M. (2022). The geography of diet variation in Neotropical Carnivora. Mammal Review, 52(1), 112–128. https://doi.org/10.1111/mam.12266
Dargie, G. C., Lewis, S. L., Lawson, I. T., Mitchard, E. T. A., Page, S. E., Bocko, Y. E., & Ifo, S. A. (2017). Age, extent and carbon storage of the Central Congo Basin peatland complex. Nature, 542(7639), 86–90. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21048
De Cáceres, M. (2020). How to use the indicspecies package (ver. 1.7.8). http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/indicspecies/vignettes/indicspeciesTutorial.pdf
De Cáceres, M., & Legendre, P. (2009). Associations between species and groups of sites: Indices and statistical inference. Ecology, 90(12), 3566–3574. https://doi.org/10.1890/08-1823.1
De Klerk, H. M., Crowe, T. M., Fjeldså, J., & Burgess, N. D. (2002). Biogeographical patterns of endemic terrestrial Afrotropical birds. Diversity and Distributions, 8(3), 147–162. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-4642.2002.00142.x
Dinerstein, E., Olson, D., Joshi, A., Vynne, C., Burgess, N. D., Wikramanayake, E., Hahn, N., Palminteri, S., Hedao, P., & Noss, R. (2017). An ecoregion-based approach to protecting half the terrestrial realm. Bioscience, 67(6), 534–545. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix014
Doumenge, C., Palla, F., Scholte, P., Hiol Hiol, F., & Larzillière, A. (Eds.). (2015). Aires protégées d'Afrique centrale – État 2015 (OFAC, Kinshasa, République Démocratique du Congo et Yaoundé, Cameroun). OFAC.
Droissart, V., Dauby, G., Hardy, O. J., Deblauwe, V., Harris, D. J., Janssens, S., Mackinder, B. A., Blach-Overgaard, A., Sonké, B., Sosef, M. S. M., Stévart, T., Svenning, J.-C., Wieringa, J. J., & Couvreur, T. L. P. (2018). Beyond trees: Biogeographical regionalization of tropical Africa. Journal of Biogeography, 45(5), 1153–1167. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.13190
Edler, D., Guedes, T., Zizka, A., Rosvall, M., & Antonelli, A. (2016). Infomap bioregions: Interactive mapping of biogeographical regions from species distributions. Systematic Biology, 66(2), 197–204. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syw087
Eriksson, J., Hohmann, G., Boesch, C., & Vigilant, L. (2004). Rivers influence the population genetic structure of bonobos (Pan paniscus). Molecular Ecology, 13(11), 3425–3435. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02332.x
European Commission, Directorate-General for International Cooperation and Development, MacKinnon, J., Aveling, C., Olivier, R., Murray, M., & Paolini, C. (2017). Larger than elephants: Inputs for an EU strategic approach to wildlife conservation in Africa: Synthesis. Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2841/909032
European Commission, Directorate-General for International Partnerships. (2021). NaturAfrica: The green Deal approach for EU support to biodiversity conservation in Africa. Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2841/09962
Fa, J. E., Farfán, M. A., Marquez, A. L., Duarte, J., Nackoney, J., Hall, A., Dupain, J., Seymour, S., Johnson, P. J., Macdonald, D. W., & Vargas, J. M. (2014). Mapping hotspots of threatened species traded in Bushmeat markets in the Cross–Sanaga rivers region. Conservation Biology, 28(1), 224–233. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12151
Fa, J. E., & Funk, S. M. (2007). Global endemicity centres for terrestrial vertebrates: An ecoregions approach. Endangered Species Research, 3(1), 31–42. https://doi.org/10.3354/esr003031
Fa, J. E., Seymour, S., Dupain, J. E. F., Amin, R., Albrechtsen, L., & Macdonald, D. (2006). Getting to grips with the magnitude of exploitation: Bushmeat in the Cross–Sanaga rivers region, Nigeria and Cameroon. Biological Conservation, 129(4), 497–510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2005.11.031
Fayolle, A., Swaine, M. D., Bastin, J.-F., Bourland, N., Comiskey, J. A., Dauby, G., Doucet, J.-L., Gillet, J.-F., Gourlet-Fleury, S., Hardy, O. J., Kirunda, B., Kouamé, F. N., & Plumptre, A. J. (2014). Patterns of tree species composition across tropical African forests. Journal of Biogeography, 41(12), 2320–2331. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12382
Fick, S. E., & Hijmans, R. J. (2017). WorldClim 2: New 1-km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology, 37(12), 4302–4315. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5086
Gautier-Hion, A., Colyn, M., Gautier, J.-P., Dewynter, M., & Bouchain, C. (1999). Histoire naturelle des primates d'Afrique Centrale. Ecofac Libreville.
Gonder, M. K., & Disotell, T. R. (2006). Contrasting phylogeographic histories of chimpanzees in Nigeria and Cameroon: A multi-locus genetic analysis. In Primate biogeography. Developments in primatology: Progress and prospects (pp. 135–168). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-31710-4_5
Gosain, A., & Sardana, S. (2017). Handling class imbalance problem using oversampling techniques: A review. 2017 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI), pp. 79–85. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICACCI.2017.8125820
Grantham, H. S., Duncan, A., Evans, T. D., Jones, K. R., Beyer, H. L., Schuster, R., Walston, J., Ray, J. C., Robinson, J. G., & Callow, M. (2020). Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity. Nature Communications, 11(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3
Hansen, M. C., Potapov, P. V., Moore, R., Hancher, M., Turubanova, S. A., Tyukavina, A., Thau, D., Stehman, S. V., Goetz, S. J., & Loveland, T. R. (2013). High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change. Science, 342(6160), 850–853. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1244693
Harris, N. L., Goldman, E., Gabris, C., Nordling, J., Minnemeyer, S., Ansari, S., Lippmann, M., Bennett, L., Raad, M., & Hansen, M. (2017). Using spatial statistics to identify emerging hot spots of forest loss. Environmental Research Letters, 12(2), 024012. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa5a2f
Hart, J. A., Detwiler, K. M., Gilbert, C. C., Burrell, A. S., Fuller, J. L., Emetshu, M., Hart, T. B., Vosper, A., Sargis, E. J., & Tosi, A. J. (2012). Lesula: A new species of Cercopithecus monkey endemic to the Democratic Republic of Congo and implications for conservation of Congo's central basin. PLoS One, 7(9), e44271. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0044271
Hempson, G. P., Archibald, S., & Bond, W. J. (2015). A continent-wide assessment of the form and intensity of large mammal herbivory in Africa. Science, 350(6264), 1056–1061. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac7978
IUCN & UNEP-WCMC. (2018). Protected planet: The world database on protected areas (WDPA). UNEP-WCMC and IUCN. https://www.protectedplanet.net/en
Jarvis, A., Reuter, H. I., Nelson, A., & Guevara, E. (2008). Hole-filled SRTM for the globe: Version 4: Data grid. CGIAR-CSI SRTM 90m Database. http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org
Jones, P. J. (1994). Biodiversity in the Gulf of Guinea: An overview. Biodiversity and Conservation, 3(9), 772–784. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00129657
Kingdon, J., Happold, D., Butynski, T., Hoffmann, M., Happold, M., & Kalina, J. (2013). Mammals of Africa (6 vols). Bloomsbury Publishing.
Koleff, P., Gaston, K. J., & Lennon, J. J. (2003). Measuring beta diversity for presence-absence data. Journal of Animal Ecology, 72(3), 367–382. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2656.2003.00710.x
Kreft, H., & Jetz, W. (2010). A framework for delineating biogeographical regions based on species distributions: Global quantitative biogeographical regionalizations. Journal of Biogeography, 37(11), 2029–2053. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02375.x
Küper, W., Sommer, J. H., Lovett, J. C., Mutke, J., Linder, H. P., Beentje, H. J., Van Rompaey, R. S. A. R., Chatelain, C., Sosef, M., & Barthlott, W. (2004). Africa's hotspots of biodiversity redefined. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 91, 525–535.
Laurance, W. F., Carolina Useche, D., Rendeiro, J., Kalka, M., Bradshaw, C. J. A., Sloan, S. P., Laurance, S. G., Campbell, M., Abernethy, K., Alvarez, P., Arroyo-Rodriguez, V., Ashton, P., Benítez-Malvido, J., Blom, A., Bobo, K. S., Cannon, C. H., Cao, M., Carroll, R., Chapman, C., … Zamzani, F. (2012). Averting biodiversity collapse in tropical forest protected areas. Nature, 489(7415), 290–294. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11318
Linder, H. P., de Klerk, H. M., Born, J., Burgess, N. D., Fjeldså, J., & Rahbek, C. (2012). The partitioning of Africa: Statistically defined biogeographical regions in sub-Saharan Africa: African regionalization. Journal of Biogeography, 39(7), 1189–1205. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2012.02728.x
Maechler, M., Rousseeuw, P., Struyf, A., Hubert, M., & Hornik, K. (2019). Cluster: Cluster analysis basics and extensions. R package version 2.1.0.
Maisels, F., & Devreese, L. (2020). Piliocolobus bouvieri (amended version of 2019 assessment). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
Marshall, C. A., Wieringa, J. J., & Hawthorne, W. D. (2021). An interpolated biogeographical framework for tropical Africa using plant species distributions and the physical environment. Journal of Biogeography, 48(1), 23–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.13976
Mittermeier, R. A., Mittermeier, C. G., Brooks, T. M., Pilgrim, J. D., Konstant, W. R., Da Fonseca, G. A. B., & Kormos, C. (2003). Wilderness and biodiversity conservation. PNAS, 100(18), 10309–10313. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1732458100
Mittermeier, R. A., Rylands, A. B., & Wilson, D. E. (2013). Handbook of the mammals of the world. Vol. 3. Primates. Lynx Edicions.
Moodley, Y., & Bruford, M. W. (2007). Molecular biogeography: Towards an integrated framework for conserving pan-African biodiversity. PLoS One, 2(5), e454. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000454
Moura, M. R., & Jetz, W. (2021). Shortfalls and opportunities in terrestrial vertebrate species discovery. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 5, 631–639. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-021-01411-5
Myers, N., Mittermeier, R. A., Mittermeier, C. G., Da Fonseca, G. A., & Kent, J. (2000). Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature, 403(6772), 853–858. https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501
Nicolas, V., Missoup, A. D., Denys, C., Kerbis Peterhans, J., Katuala, P., Couloux, A., & Colyn, M. (2011). The roles of rivers and Pleistocene refugia in shaping genetic diversity in Praomys misonnei in tropical Africa. Journal of Biogeography, 38(1), 191–207. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02399.x
Oksanen, J., Blanchet, F. G., Friendly, M., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., McGlinn, D., Minchin, P. R., O'Hara, R. B., Simpson, G. L., & Solymos, P. (2019). Vegan: Community ecology package. 2018.
Oliveira, U., Vasconcelos, M. F., & Santos, A. J. (2017). Biogeography of Amazon birds: Rivers limit species composition, but not areas of endemism. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 2992. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-03098-w
Olson, D. M., Dinerstein, E., Wikramanayake, E. D., Burgess, N. D., Powell, G. V., Underwood, E. C., D'amico, J. A., Itoua, I., Strand, H. E., & Morrison, J. C. (2001). Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: A new map of life on earth: A new global map of terrestrial ecoregions provides an innovative tool for conserving biodiversity. Bioscience, 51(11), 933–938. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2
Plumptre, A. J., Baisero, D., Belote, T., Vázquez-Domínguez, E., Faurby, S., Jedrzejewske, W., Kiara, H., Kuehl, H., Benítez-López, A., & Luna-Aranguré, C. (2021). Where might we find ecologically intact communities? Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 4, 26. https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2021.626635
Portik, D. M., Leaché, A. D., Rivera, D., Barej, M. F., Burger, M., Hirschfeld, M., Rödel, M.-O., Blackburn, D. C., & Fujita, M. K. (2017). Evaluating mechanisms of diversification in a Guineo-Congolian tropical forest frog using demographic model selection. Molecular Ecology, 26(19), 5245–5263. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.14266
Potapov, P., Hansen, M. C., Laestadius, L., Turubanova, S., Yaroshenko, A., Thies, C., Smith, W., Zhuravleva, I., Komarova, A., & Minnemeyer, S. (2017). The last frontiers of wilderness: Tracking loss of intact forest landscapes from 2000 to 2013. Science Advances, 3(1), e1600821. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1600821
Poulsen, J. R., Clark, C. J., Connor, E. F., & Smith, T. B. (2002). Differential resource use by primates and hornbills: Implications for seed dispersal. Ecology, 83(1), 228–240. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[0228:DRUBPA]2.0.CO;2
R Core Team. (2019). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/
Réjou-Méchain, M., Mortier, F., Bastin, J.-F., Cornu, G., Barbier, N., Bayol, N., Bénédet, F., Bry, X., Dauby, G., & Deblauwe, V. (2021). Unveiling African rainforest composition and vulnerability to global change. Nature, 593(7857), 90–94. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03483-6
Siddig, A. A. H. (2019). Why is biodiversity data-deficiency an ongoing conservation dilemma in Africa? Journal for Nature Conservation, 50, 125719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2019.125719
Strobl, C., Boulesteix, A.-L., Zeileis, A., & Hothorn, T. (2007). Bias in random forest variable importance measures: Illustrations, sources and a solution. BMC Bioinformatics, 8(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-8-25
Strobl, C., Hothorn, T., & Zeileis, A. (2009). Party on! A new, conditional variable importance measure for random forests available in the party package (Technical report no 50). Department of Statistics, University of Munich. https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9387/1/techreport.pdf
Telfer, P. T., Souquiere, S., Clifford, S. L., Abernethy, K. A., Bruford, M. W., Disotell, T. R., Sterner, K. N., Roques, P., Marx, P. A., & Wickings, E. J. (2003). Molecular evidence for deep phylogenetic divergence in Mandrillus sphinx. Molecular Ecology, 12(7), 2019–2024. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01877.x
UN CBD. (2010). United nations convention on biological diversity conference of the parties 10 decision X/2. Strategic Plan Biodiversity 2011–2020.
Vancutsem, C., Achard, F., Pekel, J.-F., Vieilledent, G., Carboni, S., Simonetti, D., Gallego, J., Aragao, L. E., & Nasi, R. (2021). Long-term (1990–2019) monitoring of forest cover changes in the humid tropics. Science Advances, 7(10), eabe1603. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abe1603
Venter, O., Sanderson, E. W., Magrach, A., Allan, J. R., Beher, J., Jones, K. R., Possingham, H. P., Laurance, W. F., Wood, P., & Fekete, B. M. (2016). Global terrestrial human footprint maps for 1993 and 2009. Scientific Data, 3(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.67
Verbeeck, H., Boeckx, P., & Steppe, K. (2011). Tropical forests: Include Congo basin. Nature, 479(7372), 179. https://doi.org/10.1038/479179b
Vollset, S. E., Goren, E., Yuan, C.-W., Cao, J., Smith, A. E., Hsiao, T., Bisignano, C., Azhar, G. S., Castro, E., & Chalek, J. (2020). Fertility, mortality, migration, and population scenarios for 195 countries and territories from 2017 to 2100: A forecasting analysis for the global burden of disease study. The Lancet, 396(10258), 1285–1306. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30677-2
White, F. (1983). The Vegetation of Africa: A Descriptive Memoir to Accompany the UNESCO/AETFAT/UNSO Vegetation Map of Africa. (ORSTOM – UNESCO, Vol. 20).
Wilson, D. E., & Mittermeier, R. A. (2009). Handbook of the mammals of the world. Vol. 1. Carnivores. Lynx Edicions.
Wilson, D. E., & Mittermeier, R. A. (2011). Handbook of the mammals of the world. Vol. 2. Hoofed mammals. Lynx Edicions.
Wyborn, C., & Evans, M. C. (2021). Conservation needs to break free from global priority mapping. Nature Ecology and Evolution, 5(10), 1322–1324. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-021-01540-x
Zizka, A., Carvalho, F. A., Calvente, A., Baez-Lizarazo, M. R., Cabral, A., Coelho, J. F. R., Colli-Silva, M., Fantinati, M. R., Fernandes, M. F., Ferreira-Araújo, T., Moreira, F. G. L., Santos, N. M. C., Santos, T. A. B., Santos-Costa, R. C. D., Serrano, F. C., Da Silva, A. P. A., Soares, A. D. S., De Souza, P. G. C., Tomaz, E. C., … Antonelli, A. (2020). No one-size-fits-all solution to clean GBIF. PeerJ, 8, e9916. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9916
