Implementation of ISO/DIS 52016-3 for adaptive façades: A case study of an office building

[en] Adaptive building envelope technologies can increase the energy efficiency of buildings. Adaptive facades can be controlled automatically and respond to environmental changes. There is no standard method for evaluating control strategies for adaptive façade elements, particularly for dynamic shadings. Therefore, the ISO/DIS 52016–3 recommended different default control strategies to compare the energy use of various building variants. ISO/DIS 52016–3 presents the procedures for considering the effect of adaptive building envelope elements in calculating the energy needs for heating, cooling, internal temperatures, and sensible and latent heat loads. This paper presents a comprehensive study of the impacts of the newly published ISO/DIS 52016–3 on energy performances and thermal comfort in office buildings with adaptive facades. The simulations were performed for an office room in Brussels with four scenarios: no shading and fixed shading (fixed horizontal louvers) with static control, external roller blinds, and Venetian blinds employing automatic control strategies suggested by ISO/DIS 52016–3. Energy Management Systems (EMS) as a user-customized coding plugin in EnergyPlus was utilized for the implementation of each control strategy algorithm. The findings indicated that in the case of roller blinds, the energy performance of the selected office was improved by 19.47% compared to the fixed shading. This study shows that the chosen roller blinds performed the best in decreasing the annual cooling loads with a value of 63.9%, 44.12%, and 8.2% compared to scenarios of no shading, fixed shading, and Venetian blind, respectively. Furthermore, the results showed that the fixed shading would occasionally outperform automated Venetian blinds.

Research Center/Unit :

SBD Lab

Disciplines :

Architecture

Author, co-author :

Norouziasas, Alireza

Tabadkani, Amir

Rahif, Ramin ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Urban and Environmental Engineering

Amer, Mohamed ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département ArGEnCo > Techniques de construction des bâtiments

van Dijk, Dick

Lamy, Hervé

Attia, Shady ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département ArGEnCo > Techniques de construction des bâtiments

Language :

English

Title :

Implementation of ISO/DIS 52016-3 for adaptive façades: A case study of an office building

Publication date :

March 2023

Journal title :

Building and Environment

ISSN :

0360-1323

eISSN :

1873-684X

Publisher :

Elsevier BV

Pages :

110195

Peer reviewed :

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Development Goals :

11. Sustainable cities and communities

Additional URL :

https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0360132323002226?httpAccept=text/xml

Available on ORBi :

since 24 March 2023

Statistics

Number of views

289 (12 by ULiège)

Number of downloads

162 (3 by ULiège)

More statistics

Scopus citations^®

Scopus citations^®
without self-citations

OpenCitations

OpenAlex citations

Bibliography

Human UN 2017. Index D. OUTLOOK for ENERGY: 2018 Outlook for Energy: A View to 2040 A PERSPECTIVE to 2040 the. 2019, World Energy Outlook 2019 https://corporate.exxonmo;bil.com/-/media/Global/Files/outlook-for-energy/20;pdf.
European Commission. EU Buildings Factsheets - Energy Use in Buildings. Energy. 2022 151–6 https://ec.europa.eu/energy/eu-buildings-factsheets_en. (Accessed 5 July 2022)
Sokol, N., Kurek, J., Martyniuk-Peczek, J., Naves David Amorim, C., Giraldo Vasquez, N., Resende Kanno, J., et al. Boundary conditions for non-residential buildings from the user's perspective: literature review. Energy Build., 268, 2022, 112192, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2022.112192.
Luxury Properties, Best Properties in Iran, Luxurious Building Materials & Building Professionals. 2020 http://luxuryproperties.ir/destinations/city/18. (Accessed 19 March 2021)
De Luca, F., Voll, H., Thalfeldt, M., Comparison of static and dynamic shading systems for office building energy consumption and cooling load assessment. Manag. Environ. Qual. Int. J. 29 (2018), 978–998, 10.1108/MEQ-01-2018-0008.
Bustamante, W., Uribe, D., Vera, S., Solar and Lighting Transmission in Complex Fenestration Systems with Perforated Solar Protection Systems. 2018, 373–378, 10.14305/ibpc.2018.be-10.03.
Bustamante, W., Vera, S., Prieto, A., Vásquez, C., Solar and lighting transmission through complex fenestration systems of office buildings in a warm and dry climate of Chile. Sustain. Times 6 (2014), 2786–2801, 10.3390/su6052786.
Flamant, G., Bustamante, W., Tzempelikos, A., Vera, S., Evaluation of view clarity through solar shading fabrics. Build. Environ., 212, 2022, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108750.
Da Silva, P.C., Leal, V., Andersen, M., Influence of shading control patterns on the energy assessment of office spaces. Energy Build. 50 (2012), 35–48, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.03.019.
Uribe, D., Vera, S., Bustamante, W., McNeil, A., Flamant, G., Impact of different control strategies of perforated curved louvers on the visual comfort and energy consumption of office buildings in different climates. Sol. Energy 190 (2019), 495–510, 10.1016/j.solener.2019.07.027.
Konstantzos, I., Tzempelikos, A., Chan, Y.C., Experimental and simulation analysis of daylight glare probability inoffices with dynamic window shades. Build. Environ. 87 (2015), 244–254, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.02.007.
Day, J.K., McIlvennie, C., Brackley, C., Tarantini, M., Piselli, C., Hahn, J., et al. A review of select human-building interfaces and their relationship to human behavior, energy use and occupant comfort. Build. Environ., 178, 2020, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.106920.
Rizi, R.A., Eltaweel, A., A user detective adaptive facade towards improving visual and thermal comfort. J. Build. Eng., 33, 2021, 10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101554.
Norouziasas, A., Pilehchi Ha, P., Ahmadi, M., Rijal, H.B., Evaluation of urban form influence on pedestrians' wind comfort. Build. Environ., 224, 2022, 109522, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109522.
Tabadkani, A., Roetzel, A., Xian Li, H., Tsangrassoulis, A., Attia, S., Analysis of the impact of automatic shading control scenarios on occupant's comfort and energy load. Appl. Energy, 294, 2021, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116904.
Hong, S., Choi, A.S., Sung, M., Development and verification of a slat control method for a bi-directional PV blind. Appl. Energy, 2017, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.10.009.
Valitabar, M., GhaffarianHoseini, A., GhaffarianHoseini, A., Attia, S., Advanced control strategy to maximize view and control discomforting glare: a complex adaptive façade. Architect. Eng. Des. Manag., 2022, 10.1080/17452007.2022.2032576.
Roberts, J.A., De Michele, G., Pernigotto, G., Gasparella, A., Avesani, S., Impact of active façade control parameters and sensor network complexity on comfort and efficiency: a residential Italian case-study. Energy Build., 2022, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111650.
Singh, R., Lazarus, I.J., Kishore, V.V.N., Effect of internal woven roller shade and glazing on the energy and daylighting performances of an office building in the cold climate of Shillong. Appl. Energy, 2015, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.09.009.
Yao, J., Determining the energy performance of manually controlled solar shades: a stochastic model based co-simulation analysis. Appl. Energy, 2014, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.04.046.
Bastien, D., Athienitis, A.K., Methodology for selecting fenestration systems in heating dominated climates. Appl. Energy, 2015, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.05.083.
Ward, G.J., Bueno, B., Geisler-Moroder, D., Grobe, L.O., Jonsson, J.C., Lee, E.S., et al. Daylight simulation workflows incorporating measured bidirectional scattering distribution functions. Energy Build., 2022, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2022.111890.
Tabadkani, A., Roetzel, A., Li, H.X., Tsangrassoulis, A., Design approaches and typologies of adaptive facades: a review. Autom. ConStruct., 2021, 121, 10.1016/j.autcon.2020.103450.
Perino, M., Serra, V., Switching from static to adaptable and dynamic building envelopes: a paradigm shift for the energy efficiency in buildings. J. Facade Des. Eng. 3 (2015), 143–163, 10.3233/fde-150039.
Loonen, R.C.G.M., Trčka, M., Cóstola, D., Hensen, J.L.M., Climate adaptive building shells: state-of-the-art and future challenges. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 25 (2013), 483–493, 10.1016/j.rser.2013.04.016.
Attia, S., Adaptive Facades Performance Assessment: Interviews with Facade Experts, vol. 148, 2019, Université de Liège > Département ArGEnCo > Techniques de Construction Des Bâtiments: SBD Lab PP - Liege, Belgium, 10.13140/RG.2.2.15828.35202.
Favoino, F., Overend, M., Jin, Q., The optimal thermo-optical properties and energy saving potential of adaptive glazing technologies. Appl. Energy, 2015, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.05.065.
Meerbeek, B., te Kulve, M., Gritti, T., Aarts, M., van Loenen, E., Aarts, E., Building automation and perceived control: a field study on motorized exterior blinds in Dutch offices. Build. Environ. 79 (2014), 66–77, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.04.023.
Meerbeek, B.W., de Bakker, C., de Kort, Y.A.W., van Loenen, E.J., Bergman, T., Automated blinds with light feedback to increase occupant satisfaction and energy saving. Build. Environ. 103 (2016), 70–85, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.04.002.
Van Den Wymelenberg, K., Patterns of occupant interaction with window blinds: a literature review. Energy Build. 51 (2012), 165–176, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.05.008.
Carletti, C., Sciurpi, F., Pierangioli, L., Asdrubali, F., Pisello, A.L., Bianchi, F., et al. Thermal and lighting effects of an external Venetian blind: experimental analysis in a full scale test room. Build. Environ. 106 (2016), 45–56, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.06.017.
Tan, Y., Peng, J., Luo, Y., Gao, J., Luo, Z., Wang, M., et al. Parametric study of Venetian blinds for energy performance evaluation and classification in residential buildings. Energy, 239, 2022, 10.1016/j.energy.2021.122266.
Tzempelikos, A., Athienitis, A.K., The impact of shading design and control on building cooling and lighting demand. Sol. Energy 81 (2007), 369–382, 10.1016/j.solener.2006.06.015.
Correia da Silva, P., Leal, V., Andersen, M., Occupants interaction with electric lighting and shading systems in real single-occupied offices: results from a monitoring campaign. Build. Environ. 64 (2013), 152–168, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.03.015.
Karlsen, L., Heiselberg, P., Bryn, I., Johra, H., Solar shading control strategy for office buildings in cold climate. Energy Build. 118 (2016), 316–328, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.03.014.
Huchuk, B., Gunay, H.B., O'Brien, W., Cruickshank, C.A., Model-based predictive control of office window shades. Build. Res. Inf. 44 (2016), 445–455, 10.1080/09613218.2016.1101949.
European Solar-Shading Organization. Thermal Comfort. 2023 https://es-so.com/solar-shading-benefits/thermal-comfort. (Accessed 18 January 2023)
2002/91/EC D. Directive 2002/91/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2002 on the Energy Performance of Buildings (OJ L 001 04.01.2003 P. 65). 2010, Doc Eur Community Environ Law, 10.1017/cbo9780511610851.032 485–97.
Zakula, T., Badun, N., Ferdelji, N., Ugrina, I., Framework for the ISO 52016 standard accuracy prediction based on the in-depth sensitivity analysis. Appl. Energy, 298, 2021, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117089.
ISO 52016-1:2017(E). Energy performance of buildings — energy needs for heating and cooling, internal temperatures and sensible and latent heat loads — Part 1: calculation procedures. Int Stand, 2017, 214.
Banos, G., Woolliams, J.A., Woodward, B.W., Forbes, A.B., Coffey, M.P., Impact of single nucleotide polymorphisms in leptin, leptin receptor, growth hormone receptor, and diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT1) gene loci on milk production, feed, and body energy traits of UK dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 91 (2008), 3190–3200, 10.3168/jds.2007-0930.
van Dijk, D., EPB standards: why choose hourly calculation procedures?. REHVA Eur HVAC J 55 (2018), 6–12.
van Dijk, D., EN ISO 52016-1: the new international standard to calculate building energy needs for heating and cooling, internal temperatures and heating and cooling load. Build. Simul. Conf. Proc. 6 (2019), 4061–4068, 10.26868/25222708.2019.211405.
Ballarini, I., Costantino, A., Fabrizio, E., Corrado, V., A methodology to investigate the deviations between simple and detailed dynamic methods for the building energy performance assessment. Energies, 13, 2020, 10.3390/en13236217.
Zakula, T., Bagaric, M., Ferdelji, N., Milovanovic, B., Mudrinic, S., Ritosa, K., Comparison of dynamic simulations and the ISO 52016 standard for the assessment of building energy performance. Appl. Energy, 254, 2019, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113553.
ISO 52016-1:2017(E). Energy Performance of Buildings — Energy Needs for Heating and Cooling, Internal Temperatures and Sensible and Latent Heat Loads — Part 1: Calculation Procedures. 2017.
International Organization for Standardization. ISO 52120-1-2021-Energy Performance of Buildings — Contribution of Building Automation, Controls and Building Management — Part 1 General Framework and Procedures. 2021, ISO, Geneva, Switz.
Kuhn, T.E., State of the art of advanced solar control devices for buildings. Sol. Energy 154 (2017), 112–133, 10.1016/j.solener.2016.12.044.
Luo, Z., Sun, C., Dong, Q., A daylight-linked shading strategy for automated blinds based on model-based control and Radial Basis Function (RBF) optimization. Build. Environ., 177, 2020, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.106854.
Fernandes, L.L., Lee, E.S., Thanachareonkit, A., Selkowitz, S.E., Potential annual daylighting performance of a high-efficiency daylight redirecting slat system. Build. Simulat. 14 (2021), 495–510, 10.1007/s12273-020-0674-6.
Nielsen, M.V., Svendsen, S., Jensen, L.B., Quantifying the potential of automated dynamic solar shading in office buildings through integrated simulations of energy and daylight. Sol. Energy 85 (2011), 757–768, 10.1016/j.solener.2011.01.010.
Liu, M., Wittchen, K.B., Heiselberg, P.K., Control strategies for intelligent glazed façade and their influence on energy and comfort performance of office buildings in Denmark. Appl. Energy 145 (2015), 43–51, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.02.003.
Loonen, R.C.G.M., de Klijn-Chevalerias, M.L., Hensen, J.L.M., Opportunities and pitfalls of using building performance simulation in explorative R&D contexts. J Build Perform Simul 12 (2019), 272–288, 10.1080/19401493.2018.1561754.
Yao, J., An investigation into the impact of movable solar shades on energy, indoor thermal and visual comfort improvements. Build. Environ. 71 (2014), 24–32, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.09.011.
Tzempelikos, A., Bessoudo, M., Athienitis, A.K., Zmeureanu, R., Indoor thermal environmental conditions near glazed facades with shading devices - Part II: thermal comfort simulation and impact of glazing and shading properties. Build. Environ. 45 (2010), 2517–2525, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.05.014.
Bessoudo, M., Tzempelikos, A., Athienitis, A.K., Zmeureanu, R., Indoor thermal environmental conditions near glazed facades with shading devices - Part I: experiments and building thermal model. Build. Environ. 45 (2010), 2506–2516, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.05.013.
Tzempelikos, A., Shen, H., Comparative control strategies for roller shades with respect to daylighting and energy performance. Build. Environ. 67 (2013), 179–192, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.05.016.
Katsifaraki, A., Bueno, B., Kuhn, T.E., A daylight optimized simulation-based shading controller for Venetian blinds. Build. Environ. 126 (2017), 207–220, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.10.003.
Atzeri, A.M., Pernigotto, G., Cappelletti, F., Gasparella, A., Tzempelikos, A., Energy performance of shading devices for thermal and lighting comfort in offices. Build. Simul. Appl. 2013 (2013), 233–242 Janua.
Bustamante, W., Uribe, D., Vera, S., Molina, G., An integrated thermal and lighting simulation tool to support the design process of complex fenestration systems for office buildings. Appl. Energy 198 (2017), 36–48, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.04.046.
Nezamdoost, A., Van Den Wymelenberg, K., Mahic, A., Assessing the energy and daylighting impacts of human behavior with window shades, a life-cycle comparison of manual and automated blinds. Autom. ConStruct. 92 (2018), 133–150, 10.1016/j.autcon.2018.03.033.
Yeon, S., Yu, B., Seo, B., Yoon, Y., Lee, K.H., ANN based automatic slat angle control of Venetian blind for minimized total load in an office building. Sol. Energy 180 (2019), 133–145, 10.1016/j.solener.2019.01.027.
Kheybari, A.G., Hoffmann, S., Exploring the potential of dynamic façade systems: an exterior shading system versus a switchable window. Bauphysik 42 (2020), 277–288, 10.1002/bapi.202000034.
Naderi, E., Sajadi, B., Behabadi, M.A., Naderi, E., Multi-objective simulation-based optimization of controlled blind specifications to reduce energy consumption, and thermal and visual discomfort: case studies in Iran. Build. Environ., 169, 2020, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.106570.
Pilechiha, P., Norouziasas, A., Ghorbani Naeini, H., Jolma, K., Evaluation of occupant's adaptive thermal comfort behaviour in naturally ventilated courtyard houses. Smart Sustain Built Environ, 2021, 10.1108/SASBE-02-2021-0020.
Montaser Koohsari, A., Heidari, S., Subdivided Venetian blind control strategies considering visual satisfaction of occupants, daylight metrics, and energy analyses. Energy Build., 257, 2022, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111767.
Newsham, G.R., Manual control of window blinds and electric lighting: implications for comfort and energy consumption. Indoor Built Environ. 3 (1994), 135–144, 10.1177/1420326X9400300307.
Reinhart, C.F., Voss, K., Monitoring manual control of electric lighting and blinds. Light. Res. Technol. 35 (2003), 243–258, 10.1191/1365782803li064oa.
Wienold, J., Dynamic Simulation of Blind Control Strategies for Visual Comfort and Energy Balance Analysis. 2007, IBPSA 2007 - Int. Build. Perform. Simul. Assoc. 2007, 1197–1204.
van Moeseke, G., Bruyère, I., De Herde, A., Impact of control rules on the efficiency of shading devices and free cooling for office buildings. Build. Environ. 42 (2007), 784–793, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.09.015.
Mahdavi, A., Mohammadi, A., Kabir, E., Lambeva, L., Occupants' operation of lighting and shading systems in office buildings. J Build Perform Simul 1 (2008), 57–65, 10.1080/19401490801906502.
Oh, M.H., Lee, K.H., Yoon, J.H., Automated control strategies of inside slat-type blind considering visual comfort and building energy performance. Energy Build. 55 (2012), 728–737, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.09.019.
Evola, G., Gullo, F., Marletta, L., The role of shading devices to improve thermal and visual comfort in existing glazed buildings. Energy Proc. 134 (2017), 346–355, 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.09.543.
Rahif, R., Norouziasas, A., Elnagar, E., Doutreloup, S., Pourkiaei, S.M., Amaripadath, D., et al. Impact of climate change on nearly zero-energy dwelling in temperate climate: time-integrated discomfort, HVAC energy performance, and GHG emissions. Build. Environ., 223, 2022, 109397, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109397.
Inoue, T., Kawase, T., Ibamoto, T., Takakusa, S., Matsuo, Y., The development of an optimal control system for window shading devices based on investigations in office buildings. Build. Eng. 94 (1988), 1034–1049.
Karlsen, L., Heiselberg, P., Bryn, I., Johra, H., Verification of simple illuminance based measures for indication of discomfort glare from windows. Build. Environ. 92 (2015), 615–626, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.05.040.
Yun, G., Park, D.Y., Kim, K.S., Appropriate activation threshold of the external blind for visual comfort and lighting energy saving in different climate conditions. Build. Environ. 113 (2017), 247–266, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.11.021.
de Vries, S.B., Loonen, R.C.G.M., Hensen, J.L.M., Multi-state vertical-blinds solar shading - performance assessment and recommended development directions. J. Build. Eng., 40, 2021, 10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102743.
Piraei, F., Matusiak, B., Lo Verso, V.R., Evaluation and optimization of daylighting in heritage buildings; a case study at high latitudes. Buildings, 12, 2022, 131, 10.3390/buildings12122045.
Inkarojrit, V., Monitoring and modelling of manually-controlled Venetian blinds in private offices: a pilot study. J Build Perform Simul 1 (2008), 75–89, 10.1080/19401490802021012.
Zhang, Y., Barrett, P., Factors influencing occupants' blind-control behaviour in a naturally ventilated office building. Build. Environ. 54 (2012), 137–147, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.02.016.
Karlsen, L., Heiselberg, P., Bryn, I., Occupant satisfaction with two blind control strategies: slats closed and slats in cut-off position. Sol. Energy 115 (2015), 166–179, 10.1016/j.solener.2015.02.031.
Nicoletti, F., Carpino, C., Cucumo, M.A., Arcuri, N., The control of Venetian blinds: a solution for reduction of energy consumption preserving visual comfort. Energies, 2020, 10.3390/en13071731.
Xie, J., Sawyer, A.O., Simulation-assisted data-driven method for glare control with automated shading systems in office buildings. Build. Environ., 2021, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107801.
Attia, S., Bilir, S., Safy, T., Struck, C., Loonen, R., Goia, F., Current trends and future challenges in the performance assessment of adaptive façade systems. Energy Build. 179 (2018), 165–182, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.09.017.
Hong, X., Leung, M.K.H., He, W., Effective use of Venetian blind in Trombe wall for solar space conditioning control. Appl. Energy, 2019, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.04.128.
Singh, R., Lazarus, I.J., Kishore, V.V.N., Uncertainty and sensitivity analyses of energy and visual performances of office building with external Venetian blind shading in hot-dry climate. Appl. Energy 184 (2016), 155–170, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.10.007.
Wu, Y., Kämpf, J.H., Scartezzini, J.L., Automated ‘Eye-sight’ Venetian blinds based on an embedded photometric device with real-time daylighting computing. Appl. Energy, 2019, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113317.
Do, C.T., Chan, Y.C., Daylighting performance analysis of a facade combining daylight-redirecting window film and automated roller shade. Build. Environ., 191, 2021, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107596.
Do, C.T., Chan, Y.C., Evaluation of the effectiveness of a multi-sectional facade with Venetian blinds and roller shades with automated shading control strategies. Sol. Energy, 2020, 10.1016/j.solener.2020.11.003.
ISO, Geneva S. ISO/DIS 52016-3. Energy Performance of Buildings — Energy Needs for Heating and Cooling, Internal Temperatures and Sensible and Latent Heat Loads — Part 3: Calculation Procedures Regarding Adaptive Building Envelope Elements. 2022.
van Dijk, D., Spiekman, M., Hoes - Van Oeffelen, L., EPB standard EN ISO 52016: calculation of the building's energy needs for heating and cooling, internal temperatures and heating and cooling load. REHVA Eur HVAC J. 03 (2016), 27–30.
Bruno, R., Bevilacqua, P., Arcuri, N., Assessing cooling energy demands with the EN ISO 52016-1 quasi-steady approach in the Mediterranean area. J. Build. Eng., 2019, 10.1016/j.jobe.2019.100740.
Mazzarella, L., Scoccia, R., Colombo, P., Motta, M., Improvement to EN ISO 52016-1:2017 hourly heat transfer through a wall assessment: the Italian National Annex. Energy Build., 210, 2020, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.109758.
ASHRAE. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 169-2013 Climatic Data for Building Design Standards. 2013.
Versuch einer, W.K., {Klassifikation} der {Klimate}. Vorz Nach Ihren {Beziehungen} Zur {Pflanzen}-Welt {Geogr} {Zeitschr}, vol. 6, 1900, 593–611.
Raziei, T., Köppen-Geiger climate classification of Iran and investigation of its changes during 20th century. J. Earth Space Phys. 43 (2017), 419–439.
EU, E.U., Directive 2018/844/EU Energy Performance of Buildings. 2018, Off J Eur Union.
Official Journal of the European Union, DIRECTIVE 2010/31/EU of the EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT and of the COUNCIL of 19 May 2010 on the Energy Performance of Buildings. Dir 2010/31/EU Eur Parliam Counc 19 May 2010. 2010, Energy Perform Build, 13–35.
Feist, W., Peper, S., Görg, M., CEPHEUS - final technical report. CEPHEUS Projectinformation No, 36, 2001.
Amaripadath, D., Velickovic, M., Attia, S., Performance evaluation of a nearly zero-energy office building in temperate oceanic climate based on field measurements. Energies, 15, 2022, 10.3390/en15186755.
The Daylight Metrics Committee. Approved Method: IES Spatial Daylight Autonomy (sDA) and Annual Sunlight Exposure. 2012, ASE.
ASHRAE. Measurement of Energy and Demand Savings, vol. 8400, 2002.
Cacabelos, A., Eguía, P., Febrero, L., Granada, E., Development of a new multi-stage building energy model calibration methodology and validation in a public library. Energy Build. 146 (2017), 182–199, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.04.071.
Ascione, F., Bianco, N., Böttcher, O., Kaltenbrunner, R., Vanoli, G.P., Net zero-energy buildings in Germany: design, model calibration and lessons learned from a case-study in Berlin. Energy Build. 133 (2016), 688–710, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.10.019.
Royapoor, M., Roskilly, T., Building model calibration using energy and environmental data. Energy Build. 94 (2015), 109–120, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.02.050.
Coakley, D., Raftery, P., Keane, M., A review of methods to match building energy simulation models to measured data. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 37 (2014), 123–141, 10.1016/j.rser.2014.05.007.
Sadeghi, S.A., Karava, P., Konstantzos, I., Tzempelikos, A., Occupant interactions with shading and lighting systems using different control interfaces: a pilot field study. Build. Environ. 97 (2016), 177–195, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.12.008.
Babu, S., Zhou, J., Wan, M.P., Lamano, A.S., Sarvaiya, J.N., Zhang, Z., et al. Investigation of an integrated automated blinds and dimmable lighting system for tropical climate in a rotatable testbed facility. Energy Build. 183 (2019), 356–376, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.11.007.
Loonen, R.C.G.M., Favoino, F., Hensen, J.L.M., Overend, M., Review of current status, requirements and opportunities for building performance simulation of adaptive facades. J Build Perform Simul 10 (2017), 205–223, 10.1080/19401493.2016.1152303.
Yan, D., O'Brien, W., Hong, T., Feng, X., Burak Gunay, H., Tahmasebi, F., et al. Occupant behavior modeling for building performance simulation: current state and future challenges. Energy Build. 107 (2015), 264–278, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.08.032.
Evola, G., Costanzo, V., Magrì, C., Margani, G., Marletta, L., Naboni, E., A novel comprehensive workflow for modelling outdoor thermal comfort and energy demand in urban canyons: results and critical issues. Energy Build., 216, 2020, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.109946.
Ibrahim, Y., Kershaw, T., Shepherd, P., Elwy, I., A parametric optimisation study of urban geometry design to assess outdoor thermal comfort. Sustain. Cities Soc., 75, 2021, 10.1016/j.scs.2021.103352.
Standard, E., Energy Performance of Buildings - Module M9 - Energy Requirements for Lighting - Part 1. 2014, Specifications.
Touma, A Al, Ouahrani, D., Shading and day-lighting controls energy savings in offices with fully-Glazed façades in hot climates. Energy Build. 151 (2017), 263–274, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.06.058.
Sharma, L., Kishan Lal, K., Rakshit, D., Evaluation of impact of passive design measures with energy saving potential through estimation of shading control for visual comfort. J. Build. Phys. 42 (2018), 220–238, 10.1177/1744259117742989.
EN 16798-1. Energy performance of buildings - ventilation for buildings - Part 1: indoor environmental input parameters for design and assessment of energy performance of buildings addressing indoor air quality, thermal environment, lighting and acoustics - module M1. Eur Stand, 18, 2019 22+95.
U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC). LEED V4- Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction. 2013, US Green Build Counc.
Carletti, C., Sciurpi, F., Pierangioli, L., Asdrubali, F., Pisello, A.L., Bianchi, F., et al. Thermal and lighting effects of an external Venetian blind: experimental analysis in a full scale test room. Build. Environ. 106 (2016), 45–56, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.06.017.
EN 15251 EC for S. EN 15251. Indoor Environmental Input Parameters for Design and Assessment of Energy Performance of Buildings Addressing Indoor Air Quality, Thermal Environment, vol. 44, 2012, lighting and acoustics 2012.
van Dijk, D., Demo Spreadsheet on (EN) ISO 52016-1 (Energy Needs Heating and Cooling, Internal Temperatures and Loads). 2019 https://epb.center/support/documents/demo-en-iso-52016-1.
van Dijk, D., Report of Case Study on EN ISO 52016-1 – Heating and Cooling Needs and Internal Temperatures., 2021 https://epb.center/support/documents/case-iso-52016-1.