Towards modern post-coma care based on neuroscientific evidence.

CRS-R, Coma Recovery Scale - Revised; Coma; Disorders of Consciousness; DoC, Disorders of Consciousness; EEG, Electroencephalography; MCS, Minimally Conscious State; Minimally Conscious State; Neuroimaging; PET, Positron Emission Tomography; SECONDs, Short Evaluation of Consciousness Disorders; UWS, Unresponsive Wakefulness Syndrome; Unresponsive Wakefulness Syndrome; VS, Vegetative State; fMRI, Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Clinical Psychology

Abstract :

[en] [en] BACKGROUND: Understanding the mechanisms underlying human consciousness is pivotal to improve the prognostication and treatment of severely brain-injured patients. Consciousness remains an elusive concept and the identification of its neural correlates is an active subject of research, however recent neuroscientific advances have allowed scientists to better characterize disorders of consciousness. These breakthroughs question the historical nomenclature and our current management of post-comatose patients. METHOD: This review examines the contribution of consciousness neurosciences to the current clinical management of severe brain injury. It investigates the major impact of consciousness disorders on healthcare systems, the scientific frameworks employed to identify their neural correlates and how evidence-based data from neuroimaging research have reshaped the landscape of post-coma care in recent years. RESULTS: Our increased ability to detect behavioral and neurophysiological signatures of consciousness has led to significant changes in taxonomy and clinical practice. We advocate for a multimodal framework for the management of severely brain-injured patients based on precision medicine and evidence-based decisions, integrating epidemiology, health economics and neuroethics. CONCLUSIONS: Major progress in brain imaging and clinical assessment have opened the door to a new era of post-coma care based on standardized neuroscientific evidence. We highlight its implications in clinical applications and call for improved collaborations between researchers and clinicians to better translate findings to the bedside.

Disciplines :

Neurosciences & behavior

Author, co-author :

Sanz, Leandro ; Université de Liège - ULiège > GIGA > GIGA Consciousness - Coma Science Group

Laureys, Steven ; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège - CHU > > Centre du Cerveau² ; Joint International Research Unit on Consciousness, CERVO Brain Research Centre, CIUSS, Laval University, Québec, Canada

Gosseries, Olivia ; Université de Liège - ULiège > GIGA > GIGA Consciousness - Coma Science Group

Language :

English

Title :

Towards modern post-coma care based on neuroscientific evidence.

Publication date :

2023

Journal title :

International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology

ISSN :

1697-2600

eISSN :

2174-0852

Publisher :

Elsevier BV, Spain

Volume :

Issue :

Pages :

100370

Peer reviewed :

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Additional URL :

https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S1697260023000066?httpAccept=text/xml

Available on ORBi :

since 17 March 2023

Statistics

Number of views

89 (3 by ULiège)

Number of downloads

117 (2 by ULiège)

More statistics

Scopus citations^®

Scopus citations^®
without self-citations

OpenCitations

OpenAlex citations

Bibliography

Abdalmalak, A., Milej, D., Norton, L., Debicki, D.B., Owen, A.M., St Lawrence, K., The Potential Role of fNIRS in Evaluating Levels of Consciousness. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 15, 2021, 10.3389/fnhum.2021.703405.
Adams, Z.M., Fins, J.J., The historical origins of the vegetative state: Received wisdom and the utility of the text. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 26:2 (2017), 140–153, 10.1080/0964704X.2016.1184074.
American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine, Recommendations for use of uniform nomenclature pertinent to patients with severe alterations in consciousness. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 76:2 (1995), 205–209, 10.1016/S0003-9993(95)80031-X.
Arnts, H., van Erp, W.S., Sanz, L.R.D., Lavrijsen, J.C.M., Schuurman, R., Laureys, S., van den Munckhof, P., The Dilemma of Hydrocephalus in Prolonged Disorders of Consciousness. Journal of Neurotrauma 37:20 (2020), 2150–2156, 10.1089/neu.2020.7129.
Aubinet, C., Cassol, H., Bodart, O., Sanz, L.R.D., Wannez, S., Martial, C., Thibaut, A., Martens, G., Carrière, M., Gosseries, O., Laureys, S., Chatelle, C., Simplified evaluation of CONsciousness disorders (SECONDs) in individuals with severe brain injury: A validation study. Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 64(5), 2021, 101432, 10.1016/j.rehab.2020.09.001.
Baars, B.J., The conscious access hypothesis: Origins and recent evidence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 6:1 (2002), 47–52, 10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01819-2.
Ballanti, S., Campagnini, S., Liuzzi, P., Hakiki, B., Scarpino, M., Macchi, C., Oddo, C.M., Carrozza, M.C., Grippo, A., Mannini, A., EEG-based methods for recovery prognosis of patients with disorders of consciousness: A systematic review. Clinical Neurophysiology 144 (2022), 98–114, 10.1016/j.clinph.2022.09.017.
Barr, J., Fraser, G.L., Puntillo, K., Ely, E.W., Gélinas, C., Dasta, J.F., Davidson, J.E., Devlin, J.W., Kress, J.P., Joffe, A.M., Coursin, D.B., Herr, D.L., Tung, A., Robinson, B.R.H., Fontaine, D.K., Ramsay, M.A., Riker, R.R., Sessler, C.N., Pun, B., Jaeschke, R., Clinical practice guidelines for the management of pain, agitation, and delirium in adult patients in the intensive care unit. Critical Care Medicine 41:1 (2013), 263–306, 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182783b72.
Barra, A., Monti, M., Thibaut, A., Noninvasive brain stimulation therapies to promote recovery of consciousness: Where we are and where we should go. Seminars in Neurology 42:03 (2022), 348–362, 10.1055/s-0042-1755562.
Bashir, S., Vernet, M., Yoo, W.-K., Mizrahi, I., Theoret, H., Pascual-Leone, A., Changes in cortical plasticity after mild traumatic brain injury. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience 30:4 (2012), 277–282, 10.3233/RNN-2012-110207.
Bassetti, C.L., Transient loss of consciousness and syncope. Biller, J., Ferro, J.M., (eds.) Handbook of clinical neurology, 2014, 169–191 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780702040863000138.
Bayne, T., Hohwy, J., Owen, A.M., Reforming the taxonomy in disorders of consciousness. Annals of Neurology 82:6 (2017), 866–872, 10.1002/ana.25088.
Block, N., Comparing the major theories of consciousness. The cognitive neurosciences, 4th ed., 2009, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1111–1122.
Bodart, O., Gosseries, O., Wannez, S., Thibaut, A., Annen, J., Boly, M., Rosanova, M., Casali, A.G., Casarotto, S., Tononi, G., Massimini, M., Laureys, S., Measures of metabolism and complexity in the brain of patients with disorders of consciousness. NeuroImage Clinical 14 (2017), 354–362, 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.02.002.
Bodien, Y.G., Martens, G., Ostrow, J., Sheau, K., Giacino, J.T., Cognitive impairment, clinical symptoms and functional disability in patients emerging from the minimally conscious state. NeuroRehabilitation 46:1 (2020), 65–74, 10.3233/NRE-192860.
Boly, M., Massimini, M., Tsuchiya, N., Postle, B.R., Koch, C., Tononi, G., Are the neural correlates of consciousness in the front or in the back of the cerebral cortex? Clinical and neuroimaging evidence. Journal of Neuroscience 37:40 (2017), 9603–9613, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3218-16.2017.
Bruno, M.-A., Ledoux, D., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Gosseries, O., Thibaut, A., Laureys, S., Prognosis of patients with altered state of consciousness. Coma and disorders of consciousness, 2012, Springer, London, 11–23, 10.1007/978-1-4471-2440-5_2.
Bruno, M.-A., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Thibaut, A., Moonen, G., Laureys, S., From unresponsive wakefulness to minimally conscious PLUS and functional locked-in syndromes: Recent advances in our understanding of disorders of consciousness. Journal of Neurology 258:7 (2011), 1373–1384, 10.1007/s00415-011-6114-x.
Butler, A.B., Hallmarks of consciousness. Sensing in nature, 2012, 291–309, 10.1007/978-1-4614-1704-0_19.
Callaway, C.W., Neuroprognostication postcardiac arrest: Translating probabilities to individuals. Current Opinion in Critical Care 24:3 (2018), 158–164, 10.1097/MCC.0000000000000500.
Carrière, M., Cassol, H., Aubinet, C., Panda, R., Thibaut, A., Larroque, S.K., Simon, J., Martial, C., Bahri, M.A., Chatelle, C., Martens, G., Chennu, S., Laureys, S., Gosseries, O., Auditory localization should be considered as a sign of minimally conscious state based on multimodal findings. Brain Communications, 2(2), 2020, 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa195.
Casali, A.G., Gosseries, O., Rosanova, M., Boly, M., Sarasso, S., Casali, K.R., Casarotto, S., Bruno, M.-A., Laureys, S., Tononi, G., Massimini, M., A theoretically based index of consciousness independent of sensory processing and behavior. Science Translational Medicine(198), 2013, 5, 10.1126/scitranslmed.3006294.
Casarotto, S., Comanducci, A., Rosanova, M., Sarasso, S., Fecchio, M., Napolitani, M., Pigorini, A., G. Casali, A., Trimarchi, P.D., Boly, M., Gosseries, O., Bodart, O., Curto, F., Landi, C., Mariotti, M., Devalle, G., Laureys, S., Tononi, G., Massimini, M., Stratification of unresponsive patients by an independently validated index of brain complexity. Annals of Neurology 80:5 (2016), 718–729, 10.1002/ana.24779.
Chalmers, D.J., Facing up to the problem of consciousness. Journal of consciousness studies, 2(3), 200-219, 1995, 10.4324/9780203826430-11.
Chatelle, C., Thibaut, A., Whyte, J., De Val, M.D., Laureys, S., Schnakers, C., Pain issues in disorders of consciousness. Brain Injury 28:9 (2014), 1202–1208, 10.3109/02699052.2014.920518.
Chennu, S., Annen, J., Wannez, S., Thibaut, A., Chatelle, C., Cassol, H., Martens, G., Schnakers, C., Gosseries, O., Menon, D., Laureys, S., Brain networks predict metabolism, diagnosis and prognosis at the bedside in disorders of consciousness. Brain 140:8 (2017), 2120–2132, 10.1093/brain/awx163.
Chennu, S., Finoia, P., Kamau, E., Allanson, J., Williams, G.B., Monti, M.M., Noreika, V., Arnatkeviciute, A., Canales-Johnson, A., Olivares, F., Cabezas-Soto, D., Menon, D.K., Pickard, J.D., Owen, A.M., Bekinschtein, T.A., Spectral signatures of reorganised brain networks in disorders of consciousness. PLoS Computational Biology, 10(10), 2014, e1003887, 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003887.
Claassen, J., Doyle, K., Matory, A., Couch, C., Burger, K.M., Velazquez, A., Okonkwo, J.U., King, J.-R., Park, S., Agarwal, S., Roh, D., Megjhani, M., Eliseyev, A., Connolly, E.S., Rohaut, B., Detection of brain activation in unresponsive patients with acute brain injury. New England Journal of Medicine 380:26 (2019), 2497–2505, 10.1056/NEJMoa1812757.
Cruse, D., Chennu, S., Chatelle, C., Bekinschtein, T.A., Fernández-Espejo, D., Pickard, J.D., Laureys, S., Owen, A.M., Fernandez-Espejo, D., Pickard, J.D., Laureys, S., Owen, A.M., Bedside detection of awareness in the vegetative state: A cohort study. The Lancet 378:9809 (2011), 2088–2094, 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61224-5.
Cruzado, J.A., Elvira de la Morena, M.J., Coping and distress in caregivers of patients with disorders of consciousness. Brain Injury 27:7–8 (2013), 793–798, 10.3109/02699052.2013.793402.
Dehaene, S., Changeux, J.-P., Experimental and theoretical approaches to conscious processing. Neuron 70:2 (2011), 200–227, 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.03.018.
Demertzi, A., Antonopoulos, G., Heine, L., Voss, H.U., Crone, J.S., de Los Angeles, C., Bahri, M.A., Di Perri, C., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Charland-Verville, V., Kronbichler, M., Trinka, E., Phillips, C., Gomez, F., Tshibanda, L., Soddu, A., Schiff, N.D., Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., Laureys, S., Intrinsic functional connectivity differentiates minimally conscious from unresponsive patients. Brain 138:9 (2015), 2619–2631, 10.1093/brain/awv169.
Dewan, M.C., Rattani, A., Gupta, S., Baticulon, R.E., Hung, Y.-C., Punchak, M., Agrawal, A., Adeleye, A.O., Shrime, M.G., Rubiano, A.M., Rosenfeld, J.V., Park, K.B., Estimating the global incidence of traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurosurgery 130:4 (2019), 1080–1097, 10.3171/2017.10.JNS17352.
Dhamapurkar, S.K., Rose, A., Florschutz, G., Wilson, B.A., The natural history of continuing improvement in an individual after a long period of impaired consciousness: The story of I.J. Brain Injury 30:2 (2016), 230–236, 10.3109/02699052.2015.1094132.
Doerig, A., Schurger, A., Herzog, M.H., Hard criteria for empirical theories of consciousness. Cognitive Neuroscience 12:2 (2021), 41–62, 10.1080/17588928.2020.1772214.
Driessen, D.M.F., Utens, C.M.A., Ribbers, G.M., van Erp, W.S., Heijenbrok-Kal, M.H., Outcome registry of early intensive neurorehabilitation in patients with disorders of consciousness: Study protocol of a prospective cohort study. BMC Neurology, 21(1), 2021, 69, 10.1186/s12883-021-02099-7.
Edelman, G.M., Gally, J.A., Reentry: A key mechanism for integration of brain function. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 7, 2013, 10.3389/fnint.2013.00063.
Edlow, B.L., Chatelle, C., Spencer, C.A., Chu, C.J., Bodien, Y.G., O'Connor, K.L., Hirschberg, R.E., Hochberg, L.R., Giacino, J.T., Rosenthal, E.S., Wu, O., Early detection of consciousness in patients with acute severe traumatic brain injury. Brain 140:9 (2017), 2399–2414, 10.1093/brain/awx176.
Edlow, B.L., Claassen, J., Schiff, N.D., Greer, D.M., Recovery from disorders of consciousness: Mechanisms, prognosis and emerging therapies. Nature Reviews Neurology 17:3 (2020), 135–156, 10.1038/s41582-020-00428-x.
Edlow, B.L., Sanz, L.R.D., Polizzotto, L., Pouratian, N., Rolston, J.D., Snider, S.B., Thibaut, A., Stevens, R.D., Gosseries, O., Akbari, Y., Bleck, T.P., Diringer, M.N., Foreman, B., Hartings, J.A., Helbok, R., Hemphill, J.C., Ling, G.S.F., Mayer, S.A., McNett, M., Ziai, W., Therapies to restore consciousness in patients with severe brain injuries: A gap analysis and future directions. Neurocritical Care 35:S1 (2021), 68–85, 10.1007/s12028-021-01227-y.
Errante, A., Saviola, D., Fasano, F., Basagni, B., Alinovi, S., Bosetti, S., Chiari, M., Minardi, R., Pinardi, C., Crisi, G., Fogassi, L., De Tanti, A., Application of an intensive rehabilitation program after very late recovery of consciousness: A single-case neurorehabilitation and neuroimaging study. Journal of Central Nervous System Disease, 11, 2019, 117957351984349, 10.1177/1179573519843492.
Estraneo, A., Magliacano, A., Fiorenza, S., Formisano, R., Grippo, A., Angelakis, E., Cassol, H., Thibaut, A., Gosseries, O., Lamberti, G., Noé, E., Bagnato, S., Edlow, B.L., Chatelle, C., Lejeune, N., Veeramuthu, V., Bartolo, M., Mattia, D., Toppi, J., Trojano, L., Risk factors for 2-year mortality in patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness: An international multicentre study. European Journal of Neurology 29:2 (2022), 390–399, 10.1111/ene.15143.
Estraneo, A., Moretta, P., Loreto, V., Santoro, L., Trojano, L., Clinical and neuropsychological long-term outcomes after late recovery of responsiveness: A case series. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 95:4 (2014), 711–716, 10.1016/j.apmr.2013.11.004.
Estraneo, A., Trojano, L., Prognosis in disorders of consciousness. Schnakers, C., Laureys, S., (eds.) Coma and disorders of consciousness, 2018, Springer International Publishing, 17–36, 10.1007/978-3-319-55964-3_2.
Fabbro, F., Cantone, D., Feruglio, S., & Crescentini, C. (2019). Origin and evolution of human consciousness (pp. 317–343). https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0079612319300615.
Fernández-Espejo, D., Rossit, S., Owen, A.M., A thalamocortical mechanism for the absence of overt motor behavior in covertly aware patients. JAMA Neurology, 72(12), 2015, 1442, 10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.2614.
Fins, J.J., Disorders of consciousness, past, present, and future. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 28:4 (2019), 603–615, 10.1017/S0963180119000719.
Fitzpatrick-DeSalme, E., Long, A., Patel, F., Whyte, J., Behavioral assessment of patients with disorders of consciousness. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology 39:1 (2022), 4–11, 10.1097/WNP.0000000000000666.
Forgacs, P.B., Conte, M.M., Fridman, E.A., Voss, H.U., Victor, J.D., Schiff, N.D., Preservation of electroencephalographic organization in patients with impaired consciousness and imaging-based evidence of command-following. Annals of Neurology 76:6 (2014), 869–879, 10.1002/ana.24283.
Formby, A.P., Cookson, R.A., Halliday, S., Cost analysis of the legal declaratory relief requirement for withdrawing Clinically Assisted Nutrition and Hydration (CANH) from patients in the Permanent Vegetative State (PVS) in England and Wales (CHE research paper. issue, 108, 2015, Centre for Health Economics, University of York https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/83781/.
Formisano, R., Contrada, M., Ferri, G., Schiattone, S., Iosa, M., Aloisi, M., The Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended-Revised (GOSE-R) to include Minimally Conscious State in the Vegetative State/Unresponsive Wakefulness Syndrome category: A correlation with Coma Recovery Scale-Revised (CRS-R). European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 55:1 (2019), 139–140, 10.23736/S1973-9087.18.05441-2.
Giacino, J.T., Ashwal, S., Childs, N., Cranford, R., Jennett, B., Katz, D.I., Zasler, N.D., The minimally conscious state: Definition and diagnostic criteria. Neurology 58:3 (2002), 349–353, 10.1212/wnl.58.3.349.
Giacino, J.T., Kalmar, K., Whyte, J., The JFK Coma Recovery Scale-Revised: Measurement characteristics and diagnostic utility. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 85:12 (2004), 2020–2029, 10.1016/j.apmr.2004.02.033.
Giacino, J.T., Katz, D.I., Schiff, N.D., Whyte, J., Ashman, E.J., Ashwal, S., Armstrong, M.J., Practice guideline update recommendations summary: Disorders of consciousness. Neurology 91:10 (2018), 450–460, 10.1016/j.apmr.2018.07.001.
Giacino, J.T., Whyte, J., Bagiella, E., Kalmar, K., Childs, N., Khademi, A., Sherer, M., Placebo-controlled trial of amantadine for severe traumatic brain injury. New England Journal of Medicine 366:9 (2012), 819–826, 10.1056/NEJMoa1102609.
Giacino, J.T., Fins, J.J., Laureys, S., Schiff, N.D., Disorders of consciousness after acquired brain injury: The state of the science. Nature Reviews Neurology 10:2 (2014), 99–114, 10.1038/nrneurol.2013.279.
Giacino, J.T., Katz, D., Whyte, J., Neurorehabilitation in disorders of consciousness. Seminars in Neurology 33:02 (2013), 142–156, 10.1055/s-0033-1348960.
Golkowski, D., Merz, K., Mlynarcik, C., Kiel, T., Schorr, B., Lopez-Rolon, A., Lukas, M., Jordan, D., Bender, A., Ilg, R., Simultaneous EEG–PET–fMRI measurements in disorders of consciousness: An exploratory study on diagnosis and prognosis. Journal of Neurology 264:9 (2017), 1986–1995, 10.1007/s00415-017-8591-z.
Gonzalez-Lara, L.E., Munce, S., Christian, J., Owen, A.M., Weijer, C., Webster, F., The multiplicity of caregiving burden: A qualitative analysis of families with prolonged disorders of consciousness. Brain Injury 35:2 (2021), 200–208, 10.1080/02699052.2020.1865565.
Gosseries, O., Zasler, N.D., Laureys, S., Recent advances in disorders of consciousness: Focus on the diagnosis. Brain Injury 28:9 (2014), 1141–1150, 10.3109/02699052.2014.920522.
Gray, K., Anne Knickman, T., Wegner, D.M., More dead than dead: Perceptions of persons in the persistent vegetative state. Cognition 121:2 (2011), 275–280, 10.1016/j.cognition.2011.06.014.
Guldenmund, P., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Boly, M., Laureys, S., Soddu, A., A default mode of brain function in altered states of consciousness. Archives Italiennes de Biologie 150:2–3 (2012), 107–121, 10.4449/aib.v150i2.1373.
Haarbauer-Krupa, J., Pugh, M.J., Prager, E.M., Harmon, N., Wolfe, J., Yaffe, K., Epidemiology of chronic effects of traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma 38:23 (2021), 3235–3247, 10.1089/neu.2021.0062.
Hammond, F.M., Katta-Charles, S., Russell, M.B., Zafonte, R.D., Claassen, J., Wagner, A.K., Puybasset, L., Egawa, S., Laureys, S., Diringer, M., Stevens, R.D., Research needs for prognostic modeling and trajectory analysis in patients with disorders of consciousness. Neurocritical Care 35:S1 (2021), 55–67, 10.1007/s12028-021-01289-y.
Hermann, B., Salah, A.Ben, Perlbarg, V., Valente, M., Pyatigorskaya, N., Habert, M.-O., Raimondo, F., Stender, J., Galanaud, D., Kas, A., Puybasset, L., Perez, P., Sitt, J.D., Rohaut, B., Naccache, L., Habituation of auditory startle reflex is a new sign of minimally conscious state. Brain 143:7 (2020), 2154–2172, 10.1093/brain/awaa159.
Iaccarino, C., Carretta, A., Nicolosi, F., Morselli, C., Epidemiology of severe traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurosurgical Sciences(5), 2018, 62, 10.23736/S0390-5616.18.04532-0.
Jackson, D.L., Proudfoot, C.W., Cann, K.F., Walsh, T., A systematic review of the impact of sedation practice in the ICU on resource use, costs and patient safety. Critical Care, 14(2), 2010, R59, 10.1186/cc8956.
James, S.L., Theadom, A., Ellenbogen, R.G., Bannick, M.S., Montjoy-Venning, W., Lucchesi, L.R., Abbasi, N., Abdulkader, R., Abraha, H.N., Adsuar, J.C., Afarideh, M., Agrawal, S., Ahmadi, A., Ahmed, M.B., Aichour, A.N., Aichour, I., Aichour, M.T.E., Akinyemi, R.O., Akseer, N., Murray, C.J.L., Global, regional, and national burden of traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, 1990–2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Neurology 18:1 (2019), 56–87, 10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30415-0.
Jennett, B., Plum, F., Persistent vegetative state after brain damage. A syndrome in search of a name. Lancet 1:7753 (1972), 734–737, 10.1016/s0140-6736(72)90242-5.
Jöhr, J., Halimi, F., Pasquier, J., Pincherle, A., Schiff, N., Diserens, K., Recovery in cognitive motor dissociation after severe brain injury: A cohort study. PLOS ONE, 15(2), 2020, e0228474, 10.1371/journal.pone.0228474.
Katz, D.I., Polyak, M., Coughlan, D., Nichols, M., Roche, A., Natural history of recovery from brain injury after prolonged disorders of consciousness: Outcome of patients admitted to inpatient rehabilitation with 1–4 year follow-up. Progress in brain research, 177, 2009, 73–88, 10.1016/S0079-6123(09)17707-5.
Kondziella, D., Bender, A., Diserens, K., van Erp, W., Estraneo, A., Formisano, R., Laureys, S., Naccache, L., Ozturk, S., Rohaut, B., Sitt, J.D., Stender, J., Tiainen, M., Rossetti, A.O., Gosseries, O., Chatelle, C., European Academy of Neurology guideline on the diagnosis of coma and other disorders of consciousness. European Journal of Neurology 27:5 (2020), 741–756, 10.1111/ene.14151.
Kondziella, Daniel, Amiri, M., Othman, M.H., Beghi, E., Bodien, Y.G., Citerio, G., Ziai, W., Incidence and prevalence of coma in the UK and the USA. Brain Communications, 4(5), 2022, fcac188, 10.1093/braincomms/fcac188.
Kondziella, Daniel, Cheung, M.C., Dutta, A., Public perception of the vegetative state/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome: A crowdsourced study. PeerJ, 7, 2019, e6575, 10.7717/peerj.6575.
Kondziella, Daniel, Friberg, C.K., Frokjaer, V.G., Fabricius, M., Møller, K., Preserved consciousness in vegetative and minimal conscious states: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 87:5 (2016), 485–492, 10.1136/jnnp-2015-310958.
Kouider, S., Dehaene, S., Levels of processing during non-conscious perception: A critical review of visual masking. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 362:1481 (2007), 857–875, 10.1098/rstb.2007.2093.
Laureys, S., The neural correlate of (un)awareness: Lessons from the vegetative state. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 9:12 (2005), 556–559, 10.1016/j.tics.2005.10.010.
Laureys, S., Celesia, G.G., Cohadon, F., Lavrijsen, J., León-Carrión, J., Sannita, W.G., Sazbon, L., Schmutzhard, E., von Wild, K.R., Zeman, A., Dolce, G., Unresponsive wakefulness syndrome: A new name for the vegetative state or apallic syndrome. BMC Medicine 8:1 (2010), 2–5, 10.1186/1741-7015-8-68.
Lee, M., Sanz, L.R.D., Barra, A., Wolff, A., Nieminen, J.O., Boly, M., Rosanova, M., Casarotto, S., Bodart, O., Annen, J., Thibaut, A., Panda, R., Bonhomme, V., Massimini, M., Tononi, G., Laureys, S., Gosseries, O., Lee, S.-W., Quantifying arousal and awareness in altered states of consciousness using interpretable deep learning. Nature Communications 13:1 (2022), 1–14, 10.1038/s41467-022-28451-0.
Lejeune, N., van Erp, W., Rohaut, B., Sanz, L.R.D., Laureys, S., Chatelle, C., Chapitre 30. États de conscience altérée : Soins palliatifs et décisions de fin de vie. Manuel de soins palliatifs, 5, 2020, Dunod, 727–743, 10.3917/dunod.centr.2020.01.0727.
Lejeune, N., Zasler, N., Formisano, R., Estraneo, A., Bodart, O., Magee, W.L., Thibaut, A., Epilepsy in prolonged disorders of consciousness: A systematic review. Brain Injury 35:12–13 (2021), 1485–1495, 10.1080/02699052.2021.1973104.
Levin, H.S., Boake, C., Song, J., Cauley, S.M.C., Contant, C., Diaz-Marchan, P., Brundage, S., Goodman, H., Kotrla, K.J., Al, L.E.T., McCauley, S., Contant, C., Diaz-Marchan, P., Brundage, S., Goodman, H., Kotrla, K.J., Validity and sensitivity to change of the extended glasgow outcome scale in mild to moderate traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma 18:6 (2001), 575–584, 10.1089/089771501750291819.
Li, X., Li, C., Hu, N., Wang, T., Music interventions for disorders of consciousness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing 52:4 (2020), 146–151, 10.1097/JNN.0000000000000511.
Luppi, A.I., Cain, J., Spindler, L.R.B., Górska, U.J., Toker, D., Hudson, A.E., Brown, E.N., Diringer, M.N., Stevens, R.D., Massimini, M., Monti, M.M., Stamatakis, E.A., Boly, M., Mechanisms underlying disorders of consciousness: Bridging gaps to move toward an integrated translational science. Neurocritical Care 35:S1 (2021), 37–54, 10.1007/s12028-021-01281-6.
Magliacano, A., Rosenfelder, M., Hieber, N., Bender, A., Estraneo, A., Trojano, L., Spontaneous eye blinking as a diagnostic marker in prolonged disorders of consciousness. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 2021, 22393, 10.1038/s41598-021-01858-3.
Martial, C., Cassol, H., Laureys, S., Gosseries, O., Near-death experience as a probe to explore (disconnected) consciousness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 24:3 (2020), 173–183, 10.1016/j.tics.2019.12.010.
Mat, B., Sanz, L.R.D., Arzi, A., Boly, M., Laureys, S., Gosseries, O., New behavioral signs of consciousness in patients with severe brain injuries. Seminars in Neurology 42:3 (2022), 259–272, 10.1055/a-1883-0861.
Melloni, L., Mudrik, L., Pitts, M., Koch, C., Making the hard problem of consciousness easier. Science 372:6545 (2021), 911–912, 10.1126/science.abj3259.
Miller, G. A. (1962). Psychology: The science of mental life. Harper & Row. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1963-07418-000.
Monti, M.M., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Coleman, M.R., Boly, M., Pickard, J.D., Tshibanda, L., Owen, A.M., Laureys, S., Willful modulation of brain activity in disorders of consciousness. New England Journal of Medicine 362:7 (2010), 579–589, 10.1056/NEJMoa0905370.
Moretta, P., Estraneo, A., De Lucia, L., Cardinale, V., Loreto, V., Trojano, L., A study of the psychological distress in family caregivers of patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness during in-hospital rehabilitation. Clinical Rehabilitation 28:7 (2014), 717–725, 10.1177/0269215514521826.
Nolan, J.P., Abella, B.S., Postresuscitation care and prognostication. Current Opinion in Critical Care 27:6 (2021), 649–655, 10.1097/MCC.0000000000000877.
Northoff, G., Lamme, V., Neural signs and mechanisms of consciousness: Is there a potential convergence of theories of consciousness in sight?. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 118 (2020), 568–587, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.07.019.
Oddo, M., Crippa, I.A., Mehta, S., Menon, D., Payen, J.-F., Taccone, F.S., Citerio, G., Optimizing sedation in patients with acute brain injury. Critical Care, 20(1), 2016, 128, 10.1186/s13054-016-1294-5.
Ommen, H.J.Van, Thibaut, A., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Heine, L., Charland, V., Sarah, V., Olivier, W., Steven, B., Olivia, L., van Ommen, H.J., Thibaut, A., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Heine, L., Charland-Verville, V., Wannez, S., Bodart, O., Laureys, S., Gosseries, O., Resistance to eye opening in patients with disorders of consciousness. Journal of Neurology 265:6 (2018), 1376–1380, 10.1007/s00415-018-8849-0.
Owen, A.M., Coleman, M.R., Boly, M., Davis, M.H., Laureys, S., Pickard, J.D., Detecting awareness in the vegetative state. Science, 313(5792), 2006, 1402, 10.1126/science.1130197.
Pan, J., Xie, Q., Qin, P., Chen, Y., He, Y., Huang, H., Wang, F., Ni, X., Cichocki, A., Yu, R., Li, Y., Prognosis for patients with cognitive motor dissociation identified by brain-computer interface. Brain 143:4 (2020), 1177–1189, 10.1093/brain/awaa026.
Paul, E.S., Sher, S., Tamietto, M., Winkielman, P., Mendl, M.T., Towards a comparative science of emotion: Affect and consciousness in humans and animals. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 108 (2020), 749–770, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.11.014.
Pisa, F.E., Biasutti, E., Drigo, D., Barbone, F., The prevalence of vegetative and minimally conscious states. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 29:4 (2014), E23–E30, 10.1097/HTR.0b013e3182a4469f.
Racine, E., Rodrigue, C., Bernat, J.L., Riopelle, R., Shemie, S.D., Observations on the ethical and social aspects of disorders of consciousness. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences /Journal Canadien Des Sciences Neurologiques 37:6 (2010), 758–768, 10.1017/S0317167100051416.
Rohaut, B., Claassen, J., Decision making in perceived devastating brain injury: A call to explore the impact of cognitive biases. British Journal of Anaesthesia 120:1 (2018), 5–9, 10.1016/j.bja.2017.11.007.
Romaniello, C., Bertoletti, E., Matera, N., Farinelli, M., Pedone, V., Morfeo Study II: Clinical course and complications in patients with long-term disorders of consciousness. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 351:6 (2016), 563–569, 10.1016/j.amjms.2016.01.024.
Roskies, A., Neuroethics for the new millenium. Neuron 35:1 (2002), 21–23, 10.1016/S0896-6273(02)00763-8.
Rubiano, A.M., Carney, N., Chesnut, R., Puyana, J.C., Global neurotrauma research challenges and opportunities. Nature 527:7578 (2015), S193–S197, 10.1038/nature16035.
Sancisi, E., Battistini, A., Stefano, C.Di, Simoncini, L., Simoncini, L., Montagna, P., Piperno, R., Late recovery from post-traumatic vegetative state. Brain Injury 23:2 (2009), 163–166, 10.1080/02699050802660446.
Sanz, L.R.D., Aubinet, C., Cassol, H., Bodart, O., Wannez, S., Bonin, E.A.C., Barra, A., Lejeune, N., Martial, C., Chatelle, C., Ledoux, D., Laureys, S., Thibaut, A., Gosseries, O., SECONDs Administration Guidelines: A fast tool to assess consciousness in brain-injured patients. Journal of Visualized Experiments, 168, 2021, e61968, 10.3791/61968.
Sanz, L.R.D., Thibaut, A., Edlow, B.L., Laureys, S., Gosseries, O., Update on neuroimaging in disorders of consciousness. Current Opinion in Neurology 34:4 (2021), 488–496, 10.1097/WCO.0000000000000951.
Schiff, N.D., Cognitive motor dissociation following severe brain injuries. JAMA Neurology, 72(12), 2015, 1413, 10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.2899.
Schnakers, C., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Giacino, J., Ventura, M., Boly, M., Majerus, S., Moonen, G., Laureys, S., Diagnostic accuracy of the vegetative and minimally conscious state : Clinical consensus versus standardized neurobehavioral assessment. BMC Neurology 5:1 (2009), 1–5, 10.1186/1471-2377-9-35.
Seel, R.T., Sherer, M., Whyte, J., Katz, D.I., Giacino, J.T., Rosenbaum, A.M., Hammond, F.M., Kalmar, K., Pape, T.L.B., Zafonte, R., Biester, R.C., Kaelin, D., Kean, J., Zasler, N., Assessment scales for disorders of consciousness: Evidence-based recommendations for clinical practice and research. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 91:12 (2010), 1795–1813, 10.1016/j.apmr.2010.07.218.
Sherer, M., Katz, D.I., Bodien, Y.G., Arciniegas, D.B., Block, C., Blum, S., Doiron, M., Frey, K., Giacino, J.T., Graf, M.J.P., Greenwald, B., Hammond, F.M., Kalmar, K., Kean, J., Kraus, M.F., Nakase-Richardson, R., Pavawalla, S., Rosenbaum, A., Stuss, D.T., Yablon, S.A., Post-traumatic confusional state: A case definition and diagnostic criteria. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 101:11 (2020), 2041–2050, 10.1016/j.apmr.2020.06.021.
Siclari, F., Baird, B., Perogamvros, L., Bernardi, G., LaRocque, J.J., Riedner, B., Boly, M., Postle, B.R., Tononi, G., The neural correlates of dreaming. Nature Neuroscience 20:6 (2017), 872–878, 10.1038/nn.4545.
Sitt, J.D., King, J.-R., El Karoui, I., Rohaut, B., Faugeras, F., Gramfort, A., Naccache, L., Large scale screening of neural signatures of consciousness in patients in a vegetative or minimally conscious state. Brain 137:8 (2014), 2258–2270, 10.1093/brain/awu141.
Soeterik, S.M., Connolly, S., Playford, E.D., Duport, S., Riazi, A., The psychological impact of prolonged disorders of consciousness on caregivers: A systematic review of quantitative studies. Clinical Rehabilitation 31:10 (2017), 1374–1385, 10.1177/0269215517695372.
Stender, J., Gosseries, O., Bruno, M.-A., Charland-Verville, V., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Demertzi, A., Laureys, S., Diagnostic precision of PET imaging and functional MRI in disorders of consciousness: A clinical validation study. The Lancet 384:9942 (2014), 514–522, 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60042-8.
Stender, J., Mortensen, K.N., Thibaut, A., Darkner, S., Laureys, S., Gjedde, A., Kupers, R., The minimal energetic requirement of sustained awareness after brain injury. Current Biology 26:11 (2016), 1494–1499, 10.1016/j.cub.2016.04.024.
Stoljar, D., Physicalism. Zalta, E.N., (eds.) The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. (Summer 2), 2021, Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/physicalism/.
The Multi-Society Task Force on PVS. Medical aspects of the persistent vegetative state (2). The New England Journal of Medicine 330:22 (1994), 1499–1508, 10.1056/NEJM199406023302206.
Thibaut, A., Bodien, Y.G., Laureys, S., Giacino, J.T., Minimally conscious state “plus”: Diagnostic criteria and relation to functional recovery. Journal of Neurology 267:5 (2020), 1245–1254, 10.1007/s00415-019-09628-y.
Thibaut, A., Bruno, M., Chatelle, C., Gosseries, O., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Demertzi, A., Schnakers, C., Thonnard, M., Charland-Verville, V., Bernard, C., Bahri, M., Phillips, C., Boly, M., Hustinx, R., Laureys, S., Metabolic activity in external and internal awareness networks in severely brain-damaged patients. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 44:6 (2012), 487–494, 10.2340/16501977-0940.
Thibaut, A., Panda, R., Annen, J., Sanz, L.R.D., Naccache, L., Martial, C., Gosseries, O., Preservation of brain activity in unresponsive patients identifies MCS star. Annals of Neurology 90:1 (2021), 89–100, 10.1002/ana.26095.
Tononi, G., Consciousness, information integration, and the brain. Progress in Brain Research 150 (2005), 109–126, 10.1016/S0079-6123(05)50009-8.
Tononi, G., Koch, C., Consciousness: Here, there and everywhere?. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 370(1668), 2015, 20140167, 10.1098/rstb.2014.0167.
Turner-Stokes, L., Bill, A., Dredge, R., A cost analysis of specialist inpatient neurorehabilitation services in the UK. Clinical Rehabilitation 26:3 (2012), 256–263, 10.1177/0269215511417469.
van Erp, W.S., Lavrijsen, J.C.M., van de Laar, F.A., Vos, P.E., Laureys, S., Koopmans, R.T.C.M., The vegetative state/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome: A systematic review of prevalence studies. European Journal of Neurology 21:11 (2014), 1361–1368, 10.1111/ene.12483.
Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Demertzi, A., Schabus, M., Noirhomme, Q., Bredart, S., Boly, M., Phillips, C., Soddu, A., Luxen, A., Moonen, G., Laureys, S., Two distinct neuronal networks mediate the awareness of environment and of self. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23:3 (2011), 570–578, 10.1162/jocn.2010.21488.
Varelas, P., Abdelhak, T., Hacein-Bey, L., Withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies and brain death in the intensive care unit. Seminars in Neurology 28:05 (2008), 726–735, 10.1055/s-0028-1105969.
Velly, L., Perlbarg, V., Boulier, T., Adam, N., Delphine, S., Luyt, C.E., Battisti, V., Torkomian, G., Arbelot, C., Chabanne, R., Jean, B., Di Perri, C., Laureys, S., Citerio, G., Vargiolu, A., Rohaut, B., Bruder, N., Girard, N., Silva, S., Rohaut, B., Use of brain diffusion tensor imaging for the prediction of long-term neurological outcomes in patients after cardiac arrest: A multicentre, international, prospective, observational, cohort study. The Lancet Neurology 17:4 (2018), 317–326, 10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30027-9.
Wade, D.T., Johnston, C., The permanent vegetative state: Practical guidance on diagnosis and management. BMJ 319:7213 (1999), 841–844, 10.1136/bmj.319.7213.841.
Walter, J., Consciousness as a multidimensional phenomenon: Implications for the assessment of disorders of consciousness. Neuroscience of Consciousness(2), 2021, 2021, 10.1093/nc/niab047.
Wannez, S., Heine, L., Thonnard, M., Gosseries, O., Laureys, S., The repetition of behavioral assessments in diagnosis of disorders of consciousness. Annals of Neurology 81:6 (2017), 883–889, 10.1002/ana.24962.
Wislowska, M., del Giudice, R., Lechinger, J., Wielek, T., Heib, D.P.J., Pitiot, A., Pichler, G., Michitsch, G., Donis, J., Schabus, M., Night and day variations of sleep in patients with disorders of consciousness. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 2017, 266, 10.1038/s41598-017-00323-4.
Young, G.B., Coma. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1157:1 (2009), 32–47, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04471.x.
Young, M.J., Bodien, Y.G., Giacino, J.T., Fins, J.J., Truog, R.D., Hochberg, L.R., Edlow, B.L., The neuroethics of disorders of consciousness: A brief history of evolving ideas. Brain 144:11 (2021), 3291–3310, 10.1093/brain/awab290.
Zasler, N.D., Aloisi, M., Contrada, M., Formisano, R., Disorders of consciousness terminology: History, evolution and future directions. Brain Injury 33:13–14 (2019), 1684–1689, 10.1080/02699052.2019.1656821.
Zeman, A., Consciousness. Brain : A Journal of Neurology 124:Pt 7 (2001), 1263–1289, 10.1093/brain/124.7.1263.
Zheng, W.-L., Amorim, E., Jing, J., Ge, W., Hong, S., Wu, O., Ghassemi, M., Lee, J.W., Sivaraju, A., Pang, T., Herman, S.T., Gaspard, N., Ruijter, B.J., Sun, J., Tjepkema-Cloostermans, M.C., Hofmeijer, J., van Putten, M.J.A.M., Westover, M.B., Predicting neurological outcome in comatose patients after cardiac arrest with multiscale deep neural networks. Resuscitation 169 (2021), 86–94, 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.10.034.