Cameron MC, Lee E, and Hibler BP, et al. Basal cell carcinoma: contemporary approaches to diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019; 80: 321–339.
Cameron MC, Lee E, and Hibler BP, et al. Basal cell carcinoma: epidemiology; pathophysiology; clinical and histological subtypes; and disease associations. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019; 80: 303–317.
Seidl-Philipp M, Frischhut N, Höllweger N, et al. Known and new facts on basal cell carcinoma. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2021; 19: 1021–1041.
Wu S, Han J, Li WQ, et al. Basal-cell carcinoma incidence and associated risk factors in U.S. women and men. Am J Epidemiol. 2013; 178: 890–897.
Puig S, and Berrocal A. Management of high-risk and advanced basal cell carcinoma. Clin Transl Oncol. 2015; 17: 497–503.
Peris K, Fargnoli MC, Garbe C, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of basal cell carcinoma: European consensus-based interdisciplinary guidelines. Eur J Cancer. 2019; 118: 10–34.
Migden M, Farberg AS, Dummer R, et al. A review of hedgehog inhibitors sonidegib and vismodegib for treatment of advanced basal cell carcinoma. J Drugs Dermatol. 2021; 20: 156–165.
Sekulic A, Migden MR, Oro AE, et al. Efficacy and safety of vismodegib in advanced basal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2012; 366: 2171–2179.
Sekulic A, Migden MR, Lewis K, et al. Pivotal ERIVANCE basal cell carcinoma (BCC) study: 12-month update of efficacy and safety of vismodegib in advanced BCC. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015; 72: 1021–6.e8.
Sekulic A, Migden MR, Basset-Seguin N, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of vismodegib in patients with advanced basal cell carcinoma: final update of the pivotal ERIVANCE BCC study. BMC Cancer. 2016; 17: 332.
Sekulic A, Migden MR, Basset-Seguin N, et al. Correction to: long-term safety and efficacy of vismodegib in patients with advanced basal cell carcinoma: final update of the pivotal ERIVANCE BCC study. BMC Cancer. 2019; 19: 366.
Dessinioti C, Plaka M, Stratigos AJ. Vismodegib for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma: results and implications of the ERIVANCE BCC trial. Future Oncol. 2014; 10: 927–936.
Basset-Seguin N, Hauschild A, Grob JJ, et al. Vismodegib in patients with advanced basal cell carcinoma (STEVIE): a pre-planned interim analysis of an international, open-label trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015; 16: 729–736.
Ben Ishai M, Tiosano A, Fenig E, et al. Outcomes of vismodegib for periocular locally advanced basal cell carcinoma from an open-label trial. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2020; 138: 749–755.
Fosko SW, Chu MB, Armbrecht E, et al. Efficacy, rate of tumor response, and safety of a short course (12–24 weeks) of oral vismodegib in various histologic subtypes (infiltrative, nodular, and superficial) of high-risk or locally advanced basal cell carcinoma, in an open-label, prospective case series clinical trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020; 82: 946–954.
Alfieri S, Bergamini C, Granata R, et al. Retreatment with vismodegib after progression in advanced basal cell carcinoma: first-time report of a single-institution experience. Target Oncol. 2018; 13: 253–256.
Migden MR, Guminski A, Gutzmer R, et al. Treatment with two different doses of sonidegib in patients with locally advanced or metastatic basal cell carcinoma (BOLT): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015; 16: 716–728.
Dummer R, Guminksi A, Gutzmer R, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of sonidegib in patients with advanced basal cell carcinoma: 42-month analysis of the phase II randomized, double-blind BOLT study. Br J Dermatol. 2020; 182: 1369–1378.
Dummer R, Lear JT, Guminski A, et al. Efficacy of sonidegib in histologic subtypes of advanced basal cell carcinoma: results from the final analysis of the randomized phase 2 Basal Cell Carcinoma Outcomes With LDE225 Treatment (BOLT) trial at 42 months. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021; 84: 1162–1164.
Villani A, Fabbrocini G, Costa C, et al. Sonidegib: safety and efficacy in treatment of advanced basal cell carcinoma. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2020; 10: 401–412.
Danial C, Sarin KY, Oro AE, et al. An investigator-initiated open-label trial of sonidegib in advanced basal cell carcinoma patients resistant to vismodegib. Clin Cancer Res. 2016; 22: 1325–1329.
Zelin E, Zalaudek I, Agozzino M, et al. Neoadjuvant therapy for non-melanoma skin cancer: updated therapeutic approaches for basal, squamous, and Merkel cell carcinoma. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2021 Mar 16; 22 (4): 35.
Ikeda S, Goodman AM, Cohen PR, et al. Metastatic basal cell carcinoma with amplification of PD-L1: exceptional response to anti-PD1 therapy. NPJ Genom Med. 2016; 1: 16037.
Büttner R, Longshore JW, López-Ríos F, et al. Implementing TMB measurement in clinical practice: considerations on assay requirements. ESMO Open. 2019; 4: e000442.
Choi FD, Kraus CN, Elsensohn AN, et al. Programmed cell death 1 protein and programmed death-ligand 1 inhibitors in the treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer: a systematic review. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020; 82: 440–459.
Zhao CY, Hwang SJE, Anforth R, et al. Incidence of basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma in patients on antiprogrammed cell death-1 therapy for metastatic melanoma. J Immunother. 2018; 41: 343–349.
Fischer S, Hasan Ali O, Jochum W, et al. Anti-PD-1 therapy leads to near-complete remission in a patient with metastatic basal cell carcinoma. Oncol Res Treat. 2018; 41: 391–394.
Chang ALS, Tran DC, Cannon JGD, et al. Pembrolizumab for advanced basal cell carcinoma: an investigator-initiated, proof-of-concept study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019; 80: 564–566.
Delaitre L, Martins-Héricher J, Truchot E, et al. Regression of cutaneous basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma under pembrolizumab. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2020; 147: 279–284.
Borradori L, Sutton B, Shayesteh P, et al. Rescue therapy with anti-programmed cell death protein 1 inhibitors of advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and basosquamous carcinoma: preliminary experience in five cases. Br J Dermatol. 2016; 175: 1382–1386.
Cohen PR, Kato S, Goodman AM, et al. Appearance of new cutaneous superficial basal cell carcinomas during successful nivolumab treatment of refractory metastatic disease: implications for immunotherapy in early versus late disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2017; 18: 1663.
Sabbatino F, Marra A, Liguori L, et al. Resistance to anti-PD-1-based immunotherapy in basal cell carcinoma: a case report and review of the literature. J Immunother Cancer. 2018; 6: 126.
Murphy AJ, Macdonald LE, Stevens S, et al. Mice with megabase humanization of their immunoglobulin genes generate antibodies as efficiently as normal mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014; 111: 5153–5158.
Macdonald LE, Karow M, Stevens S, et al. Precise and in situ genetic humanization of 6 Mb of mouse immunoglobulin genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014; 111: 5147–5152.
SPI. Cemiplimab. Available from: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/libtayo.
Vanhakendover L, Lebas E, Libon F, et al. Locally advanced and metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma treated with cemiplimab. Rev Med Liege. 2019; 74: 436–440.
Lebas E, Marchal N, and Rorive A, et al. Cemiplimab for locally advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: safety, efficacy, and position in therapy panel. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2021; 21: 355–363.
Falchook GS, Leidner R, Stankevich E, et al. Responses of metastatic basal cell and cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas to anti-PD1 monoclonal antibody REGN2810. J Immunother Cancer. 2016; 4: 70.
Stratigos AJ, Sekulic A, and Peris K, et al. Cemiplimab in locally advanced basal cell carcinoma after hedgehog inhibitor therapy: an open-label, multi-centre, single-arm, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2021; 22: 848–857.
Lewis K, Peris K, Sekulic A, et al. Interim analysis of phase 2 results for cemiplimab in patients with metastatic basal cell carcinoma (mBCC) who progressed on or are intolerant to hedgehog inhibitors (HHIs). J Immunother Cancer. 2021; 8 (suppl 3). DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-SITC2020.0428
Otsuka A, Dreier J, Cheng P, et al. Hedgehog pathway inhibitors promote adaptive immune responses in basal cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2015; 21: 1289–1297.
Gampala S, Yang J-Y. Hedgehog pathway inhibitors against tumor microenvironment. Cells. 2021; 10: 3135.
Grund-Gröschke S, Ortner D, Szenes-Nagy A, et al. Epidermal activation of Hedgehog signaling establishes an immunosuppressive microenvironment in basal cell carcinoma by modulating skin immunity. Mol Oncol. 2020; 14: 193046.
Abbatino F, Marra A, Liguori L, et al. Resistance to anti-PD-1-based immunotherapy in basal cell carcinoma: a case report and review of the literature. J Immunother Cancer. 2018; 6: 126.
Kash N, Silapunt S. A review of emerging and non-US FDA-approved topical agents for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma. Future Oncol. 2021; 17: 3111–3132.
Ip KH, McKerrow K. Itraconazole in the treatment of basal cell carcinoma: a case-based review of the literature. Australas J Dermatol. 2021; 62: 394–397.
Pollom EL, Bui TT, Chang ALS, et al. Concurrent vismodegib and radiotherapy for recurrent, advanced basal cell carcinoma. JAMA Dermatol. 2015; 151: 998–1001.
Hendel K, Jemec GBE, Haedersdal M, et al. Electrochemotherapy with bleomycin for basal cell carcinomas: a systematic review. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2021; 35: 2208–2215.