Altimetry; Data analysis; Spatial interpolation; Arctic Sea; DIVA
Abstract :
[en] Satellite altimetry missions flying over the ice-covered Arctic Ocean have opened the possibility of further understanding changes in the ocean beneath the sea ice. This requires complex processing of satellite signals emerging from the sea surface in leads within the sea ice, with efforts to generate consistent Arctic-wide datasets of sea surface height ongoing. The aim of this paper is to provide and assess a novel gridded dataset of sea surface height anomaly and geostrophic velocity, which incorporates both the ice-covered and open ocean areas of the Arctic. Data from the CryoSat-2 mission in the period 2011–2020 were gridded at monthly intervals, up to 88∘ N, using the Data-Interpolating Variational Analysis (DIVA) method. To examine the robustness of our results, we compare our dataset to independent satellite data, mooring time series and Arctic-wide hydrographic observations. We find that our dataset is well correlated with independent satellite data at monthly timescales. Comparisons to in situ ocean observations show that our dataset provides reliable information on the variability of sea surface height and surface geostrophic currents over geographically diverse regions of the Arctic Ocean and different dynamical regimes and sea ice states. At all comparison sites we find agreement with in situ observed variability at seasonal to interannual timescales. Furthermore, we find that our geostrophic velocity fields can resolve the variability of boundary currents wider than about 50 km, a result relevant for studies of Arctic Ocean circulation. Additionally, large-scale seasonal features emerge. Sea surface height exhibits a wintertime Arctic-wide maximum, with the highest amplitude over the shelves. Also, we find a basin-wide seasonal acceleration of Arctic slope currents in winter. We suggest that this dataset can be used to study not only the large-scale sea surface height and circulation, but also the regionally confined boundary currents. The dataset is available in netCDF format from PANGAEA at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.931869 (Doglioni et al., 2021d).
Research Center/Unit :
FOCUS - Freshwater and OCeanic science Unit of reSearch - ULiège
Disciplines :
Earth sciences & physical geography
Author, co-author :
Doglioni, Francesca
Ricker, Robert
Rabe, Benjamin
Barth, Alexander ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > GeoHydrodynamics and Environment Research (GHER) ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Freshwater and OCeanic science Unit of reSearch (FOCUS)
Troupin, Charles ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > GeoHydrodynamics and Environment Research (GHER) ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Freshwater and OCeanic science Unit of reSearch (FOCUS)
Kanzow, Torsten
Language :
English
Title :
Sea surface height anomaly and geostrophic current velocity from altimetry measurements over the Arctic Ocean (2011–2020)
Aksenov, Y., Ivanov, V. V., Nurser, A. J. G., Bacon, S., Polyakov, I. V., Coward, A. C., Naveira-Garabato, A. C., and Beszczynska-Moeller, A.: The Arctic Circumpolar Boundary Current, J. Geophys. Res., 116, 11, C09017, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006637, 2011.
Alexandrov, V., Sandven, S., Wahlin, J., and Johannessen, O. M.: The relation between sea ice thickness and freeboard in the Arctic, The Cryosphere, 4, 373-380, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-4- 373-2010, 2010.
Andersen, O., Knudsen, P., and Stenseng, L.: The DTU13 MSS (Mean Sea Surface) and MDT (Mean Dynamic Topography) from 20 Years of Satellite Altimetry, in: IGFS 2014, Springer, Cham, Cham, 111-121, https://doi.org/10.1007/1345-2015-182, 2015.
Armitage, T. W. K. and Davidson, M. W. J.: Using the Interferometric Capabilities of the ESA CryoSat-2 Mission to Improve the Accuracy of Sea Ice Freeboard Retrievals, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 52, 529-536, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2013.2242082, 2014.
Armitage, T. W. K., Bacon, S., Ridout, A. L., Thomas, S. F., Aksenov, Y., and Wingham, D. J.: Arctic sea surface height variability and change from satellite radar altimetry and GRACE, 2003-2014, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 121, 4303-4322, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011579, 2016.
Armitage, T. W. K., Bacon, S., Ridout, A. L., Petty, A. A., Wolbach, S., and Tsamados, M.: Arctic Ocean surface geostrophic circulation 2003-2014, The Cryosphere, 11, 1767- 1780, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1767-2017, 2017.
Bacon, S., Marshall, A., Holliday, N. P., Aksenov, Y., and Dye, S. R.: Seasonal variability of the East Greenland Coastal Current, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 119, 3967-3987, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009279, 2014.
Barth, A., Beckers, J.-M., Troupin, C., Alvera-Azcárate, A., and Vandenbulcke, L.: divand-1.0: n-dimensional variational data analysis for ocean observations, Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 225-241, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-225-2014, 2014.
Barth, A., Troupin, C., Reyes, E., Alvera-Azcárate, A., Beckers, J.- M., and Tintoré, J.: Variational interpolation of high-frequency radar surface currents using DIVAnd, Ocean Dynam., 71, 293- 308, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-020-01432-x, 2021.
Baumann, T. M., Polyakov, I. V., Pnyushkov, A. V., Rember, R., Ivanov, V. V., Alkire, M. B., Goszczko, I., and Carmack, E. C.: On the Seasonal Cycles Observed at the Continental Slope of the Eastern Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 48, 1451-1470, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-17-0163.1, 2018.
Beckers, J.-M., Barth, A., Troupin, C., and Alvera-Azcárate, A.: Approximate and Efficient Methods to Assess Error Fields in Spatial Gridding with Data Interpolating Variational Analysis (DIVA), J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 31, 515-530, https://doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-13-00130.1, 2014.
Belgacem, M., Schroeder, K., Barth, A., Troupin, C., Pavoni, B., Raimbault, P., Garcia, N., Borghini, M., and Chiggiato, J.: Climatological distribution of dissolved inorganic nutrients in the western Mediterranean Sea (1981-2017), Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5915-5949, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5915-2021, 2021.
Beszczynska-Möller, A., Fahrbach, E., Schauer, U., and Hansen, E.: Variability in Atlantic water temperature and transport at the entrance to the Arctic Ocean, 1997-2010, ICES J. Marine Sci., 69, 852-863, https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fss056, 2012.
Birol, F., Fuller, N., Lyard, F., Cancet, M., Niño, F., Delebecque, C., Fleury, S., Toublanc, F., Melet, A., Saraceno, M., and Léger, F.: Coastal applications from nadir altimetry: Example of the X-TRACK regional products, Adv. Space Res., 59, 936-953, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2016.11.005, 2017.
Bouffard, J., Naeije, M., Banks, C. J., Calafat, F. M., Cipollini, P., Snaith, H. M., Webb, E., Hall, A., Mannan, R., Féménias, P., and Parrinello, T.: CryoSat ocean product quality status and future evolution, Adv. Space Res., 62, 1549-1563, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2017.11.043, 2017.
Bouzinac, C.: CryoSat Product Handbook, Tech. rep., European Space Agency, https://earth.esa.int/documents/10174/125272/ CryoSat-Product-Handbook, 2012.
Brasseur, P., Beckers, J., Brankart, J., and Schoenauen, R.: Seasonal temperature and salinity fields in the Mediterranean Sea: Climatological analyses of a historical data set, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 43, 159-192, https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(96)00012-x, 1996.
Brasseur, P. P. and Haus, J. A.: Application of a 3-D variational inverse model to the analysis of ecohydrodynamic data in the Northern Bering and Southern Chukchi Seas, J. Marine Syst., 1, 383-401, https://doi.org/10.1016/0924-7963(91)90006-g, 1991.
Bretherton, F. P., Davis, R. E., and Fandry, C. B.: A technique for objective analysis and design of oceanographic experiments applied to MODE-73, Deep-Sea Res., 23, 559-582, https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(76)90001-2, 1976.
Bruinsma, S. L., Förste, C., Abrikosov, O., Lemoine, J.-M., Marty, J.-C., Mulet, S., Rio, M. H., and Bonvalot, S.: ESA's satellite-only gravity field model via the direct approach based on all GOCE data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 7508-7514, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL062045, 2014.
Bulczak, A. I., Bacon, S., Garabato, A. C. N., Ridout, A., Sonnewald, M. J. P., and Laxon, S. W.: Seasonal variability of sea surface height in the coastal waters and deep basins of the Nordic Seas, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 113-120, https://doi.org/10.1002/(ISSN)1944-8007, 2015.
Cancet, M., Andersen, O. B., Lyard, F., Cotton, D., and Benveniste, J.: Arctide2017, a high-resolution regional tidal model in the Arctic Ocean, Adv. Space Res., 62, 1324-1343, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2018.01.007, 2018.
Capet, A., Troupin, C., Carstensen, J., Grégoire, M., and Beckers, J.-M.: Untangling spatial and temporal trends in the variability of the Black Sea Cold Intermediate Layer and mixed Layer Depth using the DIVA detrending procedure, Ocean Dynam., 64, 315- 324, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-013-0683-4, 2014.
Carrère, L. and Lyard, F.: Modeling the barotropic response of the global ocean to atmospheric wind and pressure forcing - comparisons with observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 405, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016473, 2003.
Carrere, L., Faugère, Y., and Ablain, M.: Major improvement of altimetry sea level estimations using pressure-derived corrections based on ERA-Interim atmospheric reanalysis, Ocean Sci., 12, 825-842, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-825-2016, 2016.
Cartwright, D. E. and Edden, A. C.: Corrected Tables of Tidal Harmonics, Geophys. J. Int., 33, 253-264., https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1973.tb03420.x, 1973.
Cole, S. T., Timmermans, M.-L., Toole, J. M., Krishfield, R. A., and Thwaites, F. T.: Ekman Veering, Internal Waves, and Turbulence Observed under Arctic Sea Ice, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 44, 1306- 1328, https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-12-0191.1, 2014.
Danielson, S. L., Hennon, T. D., Hedstrom, K. S., Pnyushkov, A. V., Polyakov, I. V., Carmack, E. C., Filchuk, K., Janout, M., Makhotin, M., Williams, W. J., and Padman, L.: Oceanic Routing of Wind-Sourced Energy Along the Arctic Continental Shelves, Front. Marine Sci., 7, 815, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00509, 2020.
de Steur, L., Hansen, E., Gerdes, R., Karcher, M., Fahrbach, E., and Holfort, J.: Freshwater fluxes in the East Greenland Current: A decade of observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, 14485, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL041278, 2009.
de Steur, L., Peralta-Ferriz, C., and Pavlova, O.: Freshwater Export in the East Greenland Current Freshens the North Atlantic, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 13359-13366, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL080207, 2018.
Dettmering, D., Wynne, A., Müller, F. L., Passaro, M., and Seitz, F.: Lead Detection in Polar Oceans - A Comparison of Different Classification Methods for Cryosat-2 SAR Data, Remote Sens., 10, 1190, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10081190, 2018.
Doglioni, F., Ivanov, V., Kanzow, T., Rabe, B., and Ricker, R.: Steric height and bottom pressure water equivalent derived from mooring data at the shelf break north of the Arctic Cape, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.931878, 2021a.
Doglioni, F., Ivanov, V., Kanzow, T., Rabe, B., and Ricker, R.: Steric height and bottom pressure water equivalent derived from mooring data at the Laptev Sea continental slope, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.931875, 2021b.
Doglioni, F., Kanzow, T., Rabe, B., and Ricker, R.: Steric height and bottom pressure water equivalent derived from mooring data in the Fram Strait, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.931871, 2021c.
Doglioni, F., Ricker, R., Rabe, B., Barth, A., Troupin, C., and Kanzow, T.: Pan-Arctic monthly maps of sea surface height anomaly and geostrophic velocity from the satellite altimetry Cryosat-2 mission, 2011-2020, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.931869, 2021d. Doglioni, F., Kanzow, T., Rabe, B., and Ricker, R.: Steric height and bottom pressure water equivalent derived from mooring data in the Beaufort Sea, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.949695, 2022.
Emery, W. J. and Thomson, R. E.: Chapter 3 - Statistical Methods and Error Handling, in: Data Analysis Methods in Physical Oceanography, edited by: Emery, W. J. and Thomson, R. E., Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 193-304, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044450756-3/50004-6, 2001.
European Space Agency: Geophysical Corrections in Level 2 CryoSat Data Products, Tech. Rep. IDEAS-VEG-IPF-MEM- 1288, European Space Agency, 2016.
Fang, Y. C., Weingartner, T. J., Dobbins, E. L., Winsor, P., Statscewich, H., Potter, R. A., Mudge, T. D., Stoudt, C. A., and Borg, K.: Circulation and Thermohaline Variability of the Hanna Shoal Region on the Northeastern Chukchi Sea Shelf, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 125, 195, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019jc015639, 2020.
Farrell, S. L., McAdoo, D. C., Laxon, S. W., Zwally, H. J., Yi, D., Ridout, A., and Giles, K. A.: Mean dynamic topography of the Arctic Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, 1-5, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL050052, 2012.
Fofonoff, N. P. and Millard Jr., R. C.: Algorithms for the computation of fundamental properties of seawater, Technical Papers in Marine Sciences no. 44, UNESCO, https://doi.org/10.25607/OBP-1450, 1983.
Fukumori, I., Raghunath, R., and Fu, L. L.: Nature of global largescale sea level variability in relation to atmospheric forcing: A modeling study, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 103, 5493-5512, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JC02907, 1998.
Fukumori, I., Wang, O., Llovel, W., Fenty, I., and Forget, G.: A near-uniform fluctuation of ocean bottom pressure and sea level across the deep ocean basins of the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic Seas, Prog. Oceanogr., 134, 152-172, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2015.01.013, 2015.
Fukumori, I., Wang, O., and Fenty, I.: Causal Mechanisms of Sealevel and Freshwater Content Change in the Beaufort Sea, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 51, 3217-3234, https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d- 21-0069.1, 2021.
Giles, K. A., Laxon, S. W., Ridout, A. L., Wingham, D. J., and Bacon, S.: Western Arctic Ocean freshwater storage increased by wind-driven spin-up of the Beaufort Gyre, Nat. Geosci., 5, 194- 197, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1379, 2012.
Gruber, T. andWillberg, M.: Signal and error assessment of GOCEbased high resolution gravity field models, J. Geod. Sci., 9, 71- 86, https://doi.org/10.1515/jogs-2019-0008, 2019.
Hakkinen, S., Proshutinsky, A., and Ashik, I.: Sea ice drift in the Arctic since the 1950s, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, 1-5, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gl034791, 2008.
Haller, M., Brümmer, B., and Müller, G.: Atmosphere-ice forcing in the transpolar drift stream: results from the DAMOCLES ice-buoy campaigns 2007-2009, The Cryosphere, 8, 275-288, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-275-2014, 2014.
Hattermann, T., Isachsen, P. E., von Appen, W.-J., and Sundfjord, A.: Eddy-driven recirculation of Atlantic Water in Fram Strait, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 3406-3414, https://doi.org/10.1002/(ISSN)1944-8007, 2016.
Hendricks, S., Ricker, R., and Paul, S.: Product User Guide & Algorithm Specification: AWI CryoSat-2 Sea Ice Thickness (version 2.4), EPIC.awi.de, AlfredWegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/ 54733/ (last access: 7 February 2022), 2021.
Iona, A., Theodorou, A., Watelet, S., Troupin, C., Beckers, J.- M., and Simoncelli, S.: Mediterranean Sea Hydrographic Atlas: towards optimal data analysis by including time-dependent statistical parameters, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 1281-1300, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1281-2018, 2018.
Jahn, A., Tremblay, L. B., Newton, R., Holland, M. M., Mysak, L. A., and Dmitrenko, I. A.: A tracer study of the Arctic Ocean's liquid freshwater export variability, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 115, 10419, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005873, 2010.
Jakobsson, M., Mayer, L., Coakley, B., Dowdeswell, J. A., Forbes, S., Fridman, B., Hodnesdal, H., Noormets, R., Pedersen, R., Rebesco, M., Schenke, H. W., Zarayskaya, Y., Accettella, D., Armstrong, A., Anderson, R. M., Bienhoff, P., Camerlenghi, A., Church, I., Edwards, M., Gardner, J. V., Hall, J. K., Hell, B., Hestvik, O., Kristoffersen, Y., Marcussen, C., Mohammad, R., Mosher, D., Nghiem, S. V., Pedrosa, M. T., Travaglini, P. G., and Weatherall, P.: The International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean (IBCAO) Version 3.0, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L12609, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012gl052219, 2012.
Janout, M. A., Aksenov, Y., Hölemann, J. A., Rabe, B., Schauer, U., Polyakov, I. V., Bacon, S., Coward, A. C., Karcher, M., Lenn, Y.-D., Kassens, H., and Timokhov, L.: Kara Sea freshwater transport through Vilkitsky Strait: Variability, forcing, and further pathways toward the western Arctic Ocean from a model and observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 120, 4925-4944, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JC010635, 2015.
Kaur, S., Ehn, J. K., and Barber, D. G.: Pan-arctic winter drift speeds and changing patterns of sea ice motion: 1979-2015, Polar Record, 54, 303-311, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0032247418000566, 2018.
Knudsen, P., Andersen, O., and Maximenko, N.: A new ocean mean dynamic topography model, derived from a combination of gravity, altimetry and drifter velocity data, Adv. Space Res., 68, 1090-1102, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2019.12.001, 2019.
Komjathy, A. and Born, G. H.: GPS-based ionospheric corrections for single frequency radar altimetry, J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phy., 61, 1197-1203, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6826(99)00051- 6, 1999.
Korhonen, M., Rudels, B., Marnela, M., Wisotzki, A., and Zhao, J.: Time and space variability of freshwater content, heat content and seasonal ice melt in the Arctic Ocean from 1991 to 2011, Ocean Sci., 9, 1015-1055, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9- 1015-2013, 2013.
Kwok, R. and Morison, J.: Dynamic topography of the icecovered Arctic Ocean from ICESat, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, 1-6, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL046063, 2011.
Kwok, R. and Morison, J.: Sea surface height and dynamic topography of the ice-covered oceans from CryoSat- 2: 2011-2014, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 121, 674-692, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011357, 2016.
Kwok, R., Spreen, G., and Pang, S.: Arctic sea ice circulation and drift speed: Decadal trends and ocean currents, J. Geophys. Res.- Oceans, 118, 2408-2425, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20191, 2013.
Landerer, F.: JPL TELLUS GRACE Level-3 Monthly LAND Water-Equivalent-Thickness Surface-Mass Anomaly Release 6.0 in netCDF/ASCII/GeoTIFF Formats, Ver. 6.0, PO.DAAC [data set], CA, USA, https://doi.org/10.5067/TELND-3AJ06, 2019.
Landy, J. C., Bouffard, J., Wilson, C., Rynders, S., Aksenov, Y., and Tsamados, M.: Improved Arctic Sea Ice Freeboard Retrieval From Satellite Altimetry Using Optimized Sea Surface Decorrelation Scales, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 126, e2021JC017466, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021jc017466, 2021.
Lauvset, S. K., Key, R. M., Olsen, A., van Heuven, S., Velo, A., Lin, X., Schirnick, C., Kozyr, A., Tanhua, T., Hoppema, M., Jutterström, S., Steinfeldt, R., Jeansson, E., Ishii, M., Perez, F. F., Suzuki, T., and Watelet, S.: A new global interior ocean mapped climatology: the 1- -1- GLODAP version 2, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 325-340, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-325- 2016, 2016.
Laxon, S. W.: Sea ice altimeter processing scheme at the EODC, Int. J. Remote Sens., 15, 915-924, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431169408954124, 1994.
Le Bras, I. A. A., Straneo, F., Holte, J., and Holliday, N. P.: Seasonality of Freshwater in the East Greenland Current System From 2014 to 2016, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 123, 8828-8848, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014511, 2018.
Lenartz, F., Troupin, C., and Lefebvre, W.: Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXV, Springer Proceedings in Complexity, 231-235, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57645-9-37, 2017.
Liu, Y., Weisberg, R. H., Vignudelli, S., Roblou, L., and Merz, C. R.: Comparison of the X-TRACK altimetry estimated currents with moored ADCP and HF radar observations on the West Florida Shelf, Adv. Space Res., 50, 1085-1098, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2011.09.012, 2012.
Lyard, F., Lefevre, F., Letellier, T., and Francis, O.: Modelling the global ocean tides: modern insights from FES2004, Ocean Dynam., 56, 394-415, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-006-0086-x, 2006.
Lyard, F. H., Allain, D. J., Cancet, M., Carrère, L., and Picot, N.: FES2014 global ocean tide atlas: design and performance, Ocean Sci., 17, 615-649, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17- 615-2021, 2021.
Ma, B., Steele, M., and Lee, C. M.: Ekman circulation in the Arctic Ocean: Beyond the Beaufort Gyre, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122, 3358-3374, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012624, 2017.
McPhee, M. G.: Turbulent heat flux in the upper ocean under sea ice, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 97, 5365-5379, https://doi.org/10.1029/92jc00239, 1992.
McPhee, M. G.: Intensification of Geostrophic Currents in the Canada Basin, Arctic Ocean, J. Climate, 26, 3130-3138, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00289.1, 2012.
Min, L., Pickart, R. S., Spall, M. A., Weingartner, T. J., Lin, P., Moore, G. W. K., and Qi, Y.: Circulation of the Chukchi Sea shelfbreak and slope from moored timeseries, Prog. Oceanogr., 172, 14-33, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2019.01.002, 2019.
Mizobata, K.,Watanabe, E., and Kimura, N.:Wintertime variability of the Beaufort gyre in the Arctic Ocean derived from CryoSat- 2/SIRAL observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 121, 1685- 1699, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011218, 2016.
Morison, J., Kwok, R., Peralta-Ferriz, C., Alkire, M., Rigor, I., Andersen, R., and Steele, M.: Changing Arctic Ocean freshwater pathways, Nature, 481, 66-70, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10705, 2012.
Morison, J., Kwok, R., Dickinson, S., Morison, D., Peralta-Ferriz, C., and Andersen, R.: Sea State Bias of ICESat in the Subarctic Seas, IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett., 15, 1144-1148, https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2018.2834362, 2018.
Morison, J., Kwok, R., Dickinson, S., Andersen, R., Peralta-Ferriz, C., Morison, D., Rigor, I., Dewey, S., and Guthrie, J.: The Cyclonic Mode of Arctic Ocean Circulation, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 51, 1053-1075, https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-20-0190.1, 2021.
Mudge, T., Fissel, D., Sadowy, D., Borg, K., Billenness, D., and Knox, K.: Analysis of ice and Metocean measurements, Chukchi Sea 2013-2014, for Shell. Project Report for Shell International Exporation and Production Inc., Houston, Texas by ASL Environmental Sciences Inc., Tech. rep., ASL Environmental Sciences Inc., Victoria, B.C. Canada, https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0111/0164964/1.1/data/ 0-data/Chukchi-IndustryMoorings-reports/reports-public/ 2013-14/Shell/ASL-Report-PR-862-Chukchi-Sea-Shell.pdf (last access: 15 September 2022), 2015.
Mudge, T., Weingartner, T., and Dobbins, E.: Eastward and northward components of ocean current, temperature, salinity and ice analysis collected from industry sponsored moorings in the Chukchi Sea, Alaska from 2008-09-08 to 2016- 10-13, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0164964 (last access: 15 September 2022), 2017.
Mulet, S., Rio, M.-H., Etienne, H., Artana, C., Cancet, M., Dibarboure, G., Feng, H., Husson, R., Picot, N., Provost, C., and Strub, P. T.: The new CNES-CLS18 global mean dynamic topography, Ocean Sci., 17, 789-808, https://doi.org/10.5194/os- 17-789-2021, 2021.
Müller, F. L., Wekerle, C., Dettmering, D., Passaro, M., Bosch, W., and Seitz, F.: Dynamic ocean topography of the northern Nordic seas: a comparison between satellite altimetry and ocean modeling, The Cryosphere, 13, 611-626, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc- 13-611-2019, 2019.
Nguyen, A. T., Pillar, H., Ocaña, V., Bigdeli, A., Smith, T. A., and Heimbach, P.: The Arctic Subpolar Gyre sTate Estimate: Description and Assessment of a Data-Constrained, Dynamically Consistent Ocean-Sea Ice Estimate for 2002- 2017, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 13, e2020MS002398, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020ms002398, 2021.
Nurser, A. J. G. and Bacon, S.: The Rossby radius in the Arctic Ocean, Ocean Sci., 10, 967-975, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10- 967-2014, 2014.
Passaro, M., Cipollini, P., Vignudelli, S., Quartly, G. D., and Snaith, H. M.: ALES: A multi-mission adaptive subwaveform retracker for coastal and open ocean altimetry, Remote Sens. Environ., 145, 173-189, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.02.008, 2014.
Pawlowicz, R., Beardsley, B., and Lentz, S.: Classical tidal harmonic analysis including error estimates in MATLAB using T-TIDE, Comput. Geosci., 28, 929-937, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(02)00013-4, 2002.
Peralta-Ferriz, C. and Morison, J.: Understanding the annual cycle of the Arctic Ocean bottom pressure, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, 1-6, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL042827, 2010.
Peralta-Ferriz, C. and Woodgate, R. A.: The Dominant Role of the East Siberian Sea in Driving the Oceanic Flow Through the Bering Strait - Conclusions From GRACE Ocean Mass Satellite Data and In Situ Mooring Observations Between 2002 and 2016, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 11472-11481, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL075179, 2017.
Peralta-Ferriz, C., Morison, J. H., Wallace, J. M., and Zhang, J.: A basin-coherent mode of sub-monthly variability in Arctic Ocean bottom pressure, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L14606, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048142, 2011.
Pérez Hernández, M. D., Pickart, R. S., Torres, D. J., Bahr, F., Sundfjord, A., Ingvaldsen, R., Renner, A. H. H., Möller, A. B., von Appen, W.-J., and Pavlov, V.: Structure, Transport, and Seasonality of the Atlantic Water Boundary Current North of Svalbard: Results From a Yearlong Mooring Array, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 124, 1679-1698, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014759, 2019.
Piecuch, C. G., Fukumori, I., Ponte, R. M., Schindelegger, M., Wang, O., and Zhao, M.: Low-Frequency Dynamic Ocean Response to Barometric-Pressure Loading, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 52, 2627-2641, https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-22-0090.1, 2022.
Pnyushkov, A. V., Polyakov, I. V., Ivanov, V. V., Aksenov, Y., Coward, A. C., Janout, M., and Rabe, B.: Structure and variability of the boundary current in the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 101, 80-97, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2015.03.001, 2015.
Pnyushkov, A., Polyakov, I. V., Padman, L., and Nguyen, A. T.: Structure and dynamics of mesoscale eddies over the Laptev Sea continental slope in the Arctic Ocean, Ocean Sci., 14, 1329- 1347, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1329-2018, 2018.
Polyakov, I. V.: NABOS II - ADCP Water Current Data 2013-2015, Arctic Data Center [data set], https://doi.org/10.18739/A28G8FJ3H, 2016.
Polyakov, I. V.: Acoustic Dopper Current Profiler (ADCP) from moorings taken in the Eurasian and Makarov basins, Arctic Ocean, 2015-2018, Arctic Data Center [data set], https://doi.org/10.18739/A2HT2GB80, 2019.
Polyakov, I. V. and Rembert, R.: Conductivity, Temperature, Pressure (CTD) measurements from Sea Bird Electronics SBE37 instruments taken in the Eurasian and Makarov basins, Arctic Ocean, 2015-2018, Arctic Data Center [data set], https://doi.org/10.18739/A2NK3652R, 2019.
Ponte, R. M. and Gaspar, P.: Regional analysis of the inverted barometer effect over the global ocean using TOPEX/POSEIDON data and model results, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 15587- 15601, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JC900113, 1999.
Prandi, P., Poisson, J.-C., Faugère, Y., Guillot, A., and Dibarboure, G.: Arctic sea surface height maps from multialtimeter combination, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5469-5482, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5469-2021, 2021.
Proshutinsky, A., Krishfield, R., Timmermans, M.-L., Toole, J., Carmack, E. C., McLaughlin, F., Williams, W. J., Zimmermann, S., Itoh, M., and Shimada, K.: Beaufort Gyre freshwater reservoir: State and variability from observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 114, 14485, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JC005104, 2009.
Proshutinsky, A. Y. and Johnson, M. A.: Two circulation regimes of the wind-driven Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 102, 12493-12514, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JC00738, 1997.
Pujol, M. I., Dobricic, S., Pinardi, N., and Adani, M.: Impact of Multialtimeter Sea Level Assimilation in the Mediterranean Forecasting Model, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 27, 2065-2082, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010jtecho715.1, 2010.
Pujol, M.-I., Faugère, Y., Taburet, G., Dupuy, S., Pelloquin, C., Ablain, M., and Picot, N.: DUACS DT2014: the new multimission altimeter data set reprocessed over 20 years, Ocean Sci., 12, 1067-1090, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-1067-2016, 2016.
Quartly, G. D., Rinne, E., Passaro, M., Andersen, O. B., Dinardo, S., Fleury, S., Guillot, A., Hendricks, S., Kurekin, A. A., Müller, F. L., Ricker, R., Skourup, H., and Tsamados, M.: Retrieving Sea Level and Freeboard in the Arctic: A Review of Current Radar Altimetry Methodologies and Future Perspectives, Remote Sens., 11, 881, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11070881, 2019.
Quinn, K. J. and Ponte, R. M.: High frequency barotropic ocean variability observed by GRACE and satellite altimetry, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, 1-5, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051301, 2012.
Rabe, B., Karcher, M., Kauker, F., Schauer, U., Toole, J. M., Krishfield, R. A., Pisarev, S., Kikuchi, T., and Su, J.: Arctic Ocean basin liquid freshwater storage trend 1992-2012, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 961-968, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013gl058121, 2014.
Ricker, R., Hendricks, S., Helm, V., Skourup, H., and Davidson, M.: Sensitivity of CryoSat-2 Arctic sea-ice freeboard and thickness on radar-waveform interpretation, The Cryosphere, 8, 1607- 1622, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1607-2014, 2014.
Ricker, R., Hendricks, S., and Beckers, J.: The Impact of Geophysical Corrections on Sea-Ice Freeboard Retrieved from Satellite Altimetry, Remote Sens., 8, 1-15, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8040317, 2016.
Rio, M. H., Guinehut, S., and Larnicol, G.: New CNESCLS09 global mean dynamic topography computed from the combination of GRACE data, altimetry, and in situ measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C11001-25, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006505, 2011.
Rixen, M., Beckers, J. M., Brankart, J. M., and Brasseur, P.: A numerically efficient data analysis method with error map generation, Ocean Model., 2, 45-60, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1463- 5003(00)00009-3, 2000.
Robbins, J. W., Neumann, T. A., Kwok, R., and Morison, J.: ICESat-2 Oceanic & Sea Ice Responses to Atmospheric Forcing, in: AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2016 Fall meeting, AGU, San Francisco, CA, 12-16 December, https://ui. adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.C11A0744R/abstract (last access: 30 March 2022), 2016.
Rose, S. K., Andersen, O. B., Passaro, M., Ludwigsen, C. A., and Schwatke, C.: Arctic Ocean Sea Level Record from the Complete Radar Altimetry Era: 1991-2018, Remote Sens., 11, 1672, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11141672, 2019.
Scharroo, R.: RADS data manual., Tech. rep., NOAA, https:// usermanual.wiki/Document/rads4datamanual.1752171340/help (last access: 20 September 2021), 2018.
Scharroo, R. and Lillibridge, J.: Non-Parametric Sea-State Bias Models and Their Relevance to Sea Level Change Studies, in: Proc. of the 2004 Envisat & ERS Symposium, Salzburg, Austria, 6-10 September 2004, https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/ 2005ESASP.572E..39S (last access: 5 January 2023), 2005.
Schauer, U., Loeng, H., Rudels, B., Ozhigin, V. K., and Dieck, W.: Atlantic Water flow through the Barents and Kara Seas, Deep- Sea Res. Pt. I, 49, 2281-2298, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967- 0637(02)00125-5, 2002.
Siegismund, F., Johannessen, J., Drange, H., Mork, K. A., and Korablev, A.: Steric height variability in the Nordic Seas, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 112, 2733, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004221, 2007.
Solomon, A., Heuzé, C., Rabe, B., Bacon, S., Bertino, L., Heimbach, P., Inoue, J., Iovino, D., Mottram, R., Zhang, X., Aksenov, Y., McAdam, R., Nguyen, A., Raj, R. P., and Tang, H.: Freshwater in the Arctic Ocean 2010-2019, Ocean Sci., 17, 1081-1102, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1081-2021, 2021.
Spreen, G., Kwok, R., and Menemenlis, D.: Trends in Arctic sea ice drift and role of wind forcing: 1992-2009, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, 1-6, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048970, 2011.
Stammer, D., Wunsch, C., and Ponte, R. M.: De-aliasing of global high frequency barotropic motions in altimeter observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 1175-1178, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL011263, 2000.
Timmermans, M.-L. and Marshall, J.: Understanding Arctic Ocean Circulation: A Review of Ocean Dynamics in a Changing Climate, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 125, C04S02, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018jc014378, 2020.
Troupin, C., Machín, F., Ouberdous, M., Sirjacobs, D., Barth, A., and Beckers, J. M.: High-resolution climatology of the northeast Atlantic using Data-Interpolating Variational Analysis (Diva), J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 115, 455, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jc005512, 2010.
Troupin, C., Barth, A., Sirjacobs, D., Ouberdous, M., Brankart, J. M., Brasseur, P., Rixen, M., Alvera-Azcárate, A., Belounis, M., Capet, A., Lenartz, F., Toussaint, M. E., and Beckers, J. M.: Generation of analysis and consistent error fields using the Data Interpolating Variational Analysis (DIVA), Ocean Model., 52-53, 90-101, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2012.05.002, 2012.
Tyberghein, L., Verbruggen, H., Pauly, K., Troupin, C., Mineur, F., and Clerck, O. D.: Bio-ORACLE: a global environmental dataset for marine species distribution modelling, Global Ecol. Biogeogr., 21, 272-281, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466- 8238.2011.00656.x, 2012.
Vinogradova, N. T., Ponte, R. M., and Stammer, D.: Relation between sea level and bottom pressure and the vertical dependence of oceanic variability, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, C03010, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028588, 2007.
Volkov, D. L. and Pujol, M. I.: Quality assessment of a satellite altimetry data product in the Nordic, Barents, and Kara seas, J. Geophys. Res., 117, 1-12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007557, 2012.
Volkov, D. L., Landerer, F. W., and Kirillov, S. A.: The genesis of sea level variability in the Barents Sea, Cont. Shelf Res., 66, 92- 104, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2013.07.007, 2013.
von Appen, W.-J.: Physical oceanography and current meter data (including raw data) from FRAM moorings in the Fram Strait, 2016-2018, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.904565, 2019.
von Appen, W.-J., Schauer, U., Somavilla Cabrillo, R., Bauerfeind, E., and Beszczynska-Möller, A.: Physical oceanography during various cruises to the Fram Strait, 1998-2012, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.150007, 2015.
von Appen, W.-J., Schauer, U., Hattermann, T., and Beszczynska- Möller, A.: Seasonal Cycle of Mesoscale Instability of the West Spitsbergen Current, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 46, 1231-1254, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-15-0184.1, 2016.
von Appen, W.-J., Beszczynska-Möller, A., Schauer, U., and Fahrbach, E.: Physical oceanography and current meter data from moorings F1-F14 and F15/F16 in the Fram Strait, 1997-2016, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.900883, 2019.
Wahr, J. M.: Deformation induced by polar motion, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 90, 9363-9368, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB090iB11p09363, 1985.
Watelet, S., Skagseth, Ø., Lien, V. S., Sagen, H., Østensen, Ø., Ivshin, V., and Beckers, J.-M.: A volumetric census of the Barents Sea in a changing climate, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2447- 2457, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2447-2020, 2020.
Willmes, S. and Heinemann, G.: Sea-IceWintertime Lead Frequencies and Regional Characteristics in the Arctic, 2003-2015, Remote Sens., 8, 4, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8010004, 2016.
Wingham, D. J., Francis, C. R., Baker, S., Bouzinac, C., Brockley, D., Cullen, R., de Chateau-Thierry, P., Laxon, S.W., Mallow, U., Mavrocordatos, C., Phalippou, L., Ratier, G., Rey, L., Rostan, F., Viau, P., and Wallis, D. W.: CryoSat: A mission to determine the fluctuations in Earth's land and marine ice fields, Adv. Space Res., 37, 841-871, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2005.07.027, 2006.
Woodgate, R. A., Aagaard, K., and Weingartner, T. J.: A year in the physical oceanography of the Chukchi Sea: Moored measurements from autumn 1990-1991, Deep-Sea Res. Pt II, 52, 3116- 3149, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2005.10.016, 2005.
Zhao, M., Timmermans, M., Cole, S., Krishfield, R., and Toole, J.: Evolution of the eddy field in the Arctic Ocean's Canada Basin, 2005-2015, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 8106-8114, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016gl069671, 2016.
